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托福阅读得分总是比听力高

时间：2022年12月12日

来源：Chhokmah

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下面是小编整理的托福阅读得分总是比听力高，本文共6篇，欢迎您能喜欢，也请多多分享。本文原稿由网友“Chhokmah”提供。

篇1：托福阅读得分总是比听力高

托福阅读得分总是比听力高?问题不在难度问题而在学习方法

托福听力得分低于阅读问题在学习方法

托福分数当前已经处于89-100分数段的同学，一般来讲英语基础都很不错，89-100分已经算是托福的高分，只是这个分数还不够有竞争力，所以大家还不能就此止步。国内体系(非国际部国际学校)培养出来的学生，通常更擅长托福阅读，因为教学体系不重视听力，分数上阅读远远比听力更有竞争力。阅读比听力高，这说明大家的基础语法和词汇没问题，但是存在在相当量的阅读能看懂的信息，听力是听不懂的。但是有阅读成绩打前锋，意味着听力一定可以追上阅读。

提升听力得分要建立词汇听觉形象

那么解决方案第一步，再过一轮托福词汇，这一轮必须校准发音，而且背诵的时候，要一边大声读，一边背。声音要大，自己低声嘟囔不算。只有背词的时候建立听觉形象，听到的时候才可能听懂。

全文跟读提升听力语感

解决方案第二步，每次只要刷完托福官方模考真题，改完错后，必须进行全文跟读。听一句原文，眼睛看着文本读一句，再听下一句。如此往复，旨在校准发音，建立语感。

通过上述方法，小编相信大家都能把托福听力的水平和得分提高到阅读的水准，这样一来大家的托福考试成绩也就能获得长足的进步了。

托福听力：听力考试的精彩句子

具体的句子如下：

leave no stone unturned 不遗余力;全力以赴

——Lynn left no stone unturned in her research, and handed in an excellent paper.(Lynn全力以赴做她的研究，交了一篇优秀的论文。)

eg：on cloud nine 沉浸在幸福之中;非常高兴

——Marcia looks like she's on cloud nine.Do you know what made her so happy? (Marcia好象沉浸在幸福之中。你知道她为什么这么高兴吗?)

——She just had a paper accepted for publication.(她有一篇文章要发表了。)

eg：on the tip of one's tongue 一时想不起来，话到嘴边又忘记

——Are you sure you can't remember the name of that record? (你肯定记不起来那张唱片的名字吗?)

——It's just on the tip of my tongue! (我就是一时想不起来了。

eg：reach the bottom of the barrel 用完，弹尽粮绝

——Don't you have any other clean shirts? (你还有其它干净衬衫吗?)

——I guess I've reached the bottom of the barrel.(我想我已经用完了。)

eg：rub sb.the wrong way 使(某人)有点恼火;惹怒;引起反感;烦扰，打搅

——What do you think of our new economics instructor? (你觉得新经济学老师怎么样?)

——I don't know.Something about him rubs me the wrong way.(不知怎么的，他有点让我反感。)

eg：scratch the surface 只懂皮毛，很不了解(通常和限制性副词如only, hardly等词连用)

——You've certainly done a lot of research for your project.(你显然对你的课题做了不少研究。)

——It seems like a lot, but actually I've only scratched the surface.(看上去不少，但事实上我只懂一些毛皮。)

eg：up in the air 尚未决定的;捉摸不定的;悬而未决的

——Her plans for the weekend are still up in the air.(她尚未决定如何度过这个周末。)

eg：wear and tear 磨损;消耗

——Why do you always put on slippers when you go into your apartment? (为什么你老是一进公寓就穿上拖鞋?)

——It saves wear and tear on the carpet.(拖鞋不磨损地毯。)

eg：with flying colors 大获全胜;胜利地

——How did Ellen do on her Ancient History exam? (Ellen古代史考得怎么样?)

——She passed with flying colors.(她考得好极了。)

eg：get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利;一开始就犯了个错误

Model：[1995.5.]

——I hate to get off on the wrong foot.(我讨厌一开始就犯错误。)

eg：get on someone's nerves 使人不安，使人心烦

Model：[.8.]

——Why did you come to the meeting late? I left a message with your roommate about the time change.(为什么你开会迟到?我让你的同屋告诉你改时间的事了。)

——She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerves sometimes.(她记性不好，有时真让我心烦。)

eg：give someone a break 不要去管，饶了某人吧

Model：[1994.5.]

——Give me a break.I'm nervous enough as it is.(不要管我，我已经够紧张了。)

eg：head and shoulders above (在…方面)强于某人

Model：[1991.10.]

——In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.(在计算机编程上，Susan比我们强。)

eg：in the red 赤字，负债

Model：[1996.5.]

——So far the clubs are about three hundred dollars in the red, and we still have four months to go before membership renewal.( 到目前为止，俱乐部有300元赤字，然而还有4个月才到交会员费的时间。)

——Well, we may have to raise our dues.(那么，我们必须提高会员费了。)

eg：in the dark 一无所知;不了解情况

Model：[1994.1.]

——Do you have any idea what this notice is about? (你知道这通知讲的是什么吗?)

——I'm as in the dark as you are.(我也跟你一样不了解情况。)

托福听力：精听与泛听的结合

材料的选择

精听的选材很重要，比如托福听力历年的真题，SSS等，就是很好的精听素材。而且精听的练习要选择比较集中的时间，严格按照考试时间进行答题，答完题之后进行详细精听。泛听与精听所不同的是，泛听可以广泛灵活的选择听力素材。每天可以抽出半个小时，新概念英语、托福听力练习，BBC、CNN等都可以拿来听。

练习步骤

精听是指一边听一边看着原文，手上拿着笔，划出自己不认识或似曾相识但反应不过来的词，一边放录音，并且嘴上跟读，反复几遍，一直听到可以不看原文彻底听懂为止。泛听不用像精听那样每个细节都得突破，只需要把握住整体的语流，听懂说话人的大概意思就可以。而高质量的泛听，指的是必须全神贯注的听。

精听泛听相结合

在准备托福听力的时候可以采用“粗细结合”的方法来解决托福听力的语音问题。所谓的“ 精细相结合“指的是精听和泛听相结合，指在进行大量泛听的同时，选定某些段子进行精听。通过精听可以掌握单词的弱读、连读、爆破和省略等语音规则;而泛听帮助我们处于一个英语的环境之中，练习自己发音的语调和语感。

注意事项

无论是精听还是泛听的练习都要避免以下这七种误区。第一只做题。不可否认的，无论什么样的方法，托福听力水平提高的最后落脚点还是会放在“听”本身上，只有足够的题量用来把耳朵叫醒，才能在考试的时候事半功倍。第二，无解析。只有有了准确精辟的听力材料解析，才能使考生们明白，何处对，和出错，该如何改进才能提高托福听力的实力。第三，贪图量。高质量的听才是提高托福听力能力的唯一标准。第四，没分类。通过对听力进行分类练习帮助同学们对听力的整体有更好的把握。第五，只一遍，对于听力不进行反复的听，只听一遍是没有任何作用的。第六，缺精选。在进行训练的时候一定要针对托福的经典的话题进行，只有对这些熟悉了，对托福听力才有帮助。第七，看不懂。看不懂听力原文要想办法让自己把这些内容都弄懂。

篇2：为什么托福口语得分总是比较低?

为什么托福口语得分总是比较低?3个低分主要原因深度剖析讲解

口语练习内容不贴近日常生活

语言学习的目的是交流。日常交流最多的场景是教育、科技、环境、衣食住行等等。在以往的学习过程中，学生对这些场景都有过一些接触。但是有一个普遍的问题是：学的不精。做一个简单的测试，有这几个口语题目：

What is your favorite subject in school?

How does the Internet change the world?

Describe an memorable experience of eating in a restaurant.

能马上用英文流利回答30秒或以上的。恭喜你，口语很棒了!

但相信很多人没法做到这一点。面对这些经常在日常生活中遇到的话题，口语一般的人的可能只想到几个零星的单词，程度稍好的能说上一两句。如何再往下走就有些难度了。

过去的学习，往往是在基础还没有打牢的情况下，就开始往其他更复杂更深奥的领域学了。相当于还没有学会走路就开始学跑步了，自然到最后是连走路也不会了。

目前的出国类考试，比如雅思和托福，独立口语考察的重点也是这些日常生活话题。而很多英语基础不错的同学，经常在口语部分败下阵来。拿托福来说，中国考生的托福口语平均分是19(总分30)，在亚洲是最低水平。而我们的邻居印度人的口语平均分是24。平均分都超过大概80%以上的中国考生水平。

没有坚持每天进行口语训练

寄希望于突击一到两个月来提升口语，是很多学习者的一个误区。口语学习并非一种知识积累，而是一种生理训练。

好比开车，没有人一出生就是赛车手。有过学车经验的朋友都知道，刚上马路时是很紧张的，因为需要注意的东西太多：刹车、离合器、油门、前后车距、左右车距、前进方向、交通信号等等。就算理论知识考满分，新手上路肯定也是手忙脚乱。

而在说口语时，需要注意的东西同样有很多：单词，语音，语调，停顿，语法，内容等等。所以，刚开始练习的时候也一定是慌乱的。如同开车需要几千公里才能完全熟练一样。口语练习同样需要半年到一年持续的积累，且中间不能有长时间间断。

没有合适的口语练习对象

自学的同学也许在语言的读和听等方面有很多的进步，但口语一定不能只靠自学。回想我们从小学习母语的经历。一开始是丫丫学语，中间经历了无数家人、朋友、老师对语言的指导和纠正，才有了今天的流利和顺畅。

同样，学习外语也需要一个语言家长。当说的不对或者不知道如何去表达的时候，语言家长可以帮助进行完善和补充。日积月累，语言水平才会逐步接近身边的语言家长的水平。

注意，老师并不等于语音家长。传统意义上的老师以授课为主，他们一定程度上也能够帮助学生提升语言能力，但是起到的作用还远远不够。你还需要一个时常能在身边答疑解惑的语言家长。

新托福考试口语部分中常考题型分析

现象 + 举例

新托福口语考试的最后一关task 6中，我们唯一所能依靠的听力材料是学术性较强的一篇lecture，少了阅读材料的辅助，更加深了同学们对讲座内容以及对讲座(monologue)形式的恐惧感，很多刚刚接触新托福的同学甚至对这一部分多少抱有听天由命的想法。其实，随着大家对task 6题目深入的了解，就会发现，这一部分所出现的lecture虽然内容保罗万象，但是大部分都是按照一种套路进行的，也就是：提出一种现象+举例的模式。了解了讲座的常见模式，也就意味着我们在考试时短时间内组织语言也可以有一套一模一样的简洁公式了，也就是topic sentence + example的形式，本文将通过探讨一些常考的不同类型的task 6真题，使同学们对这一部分的答题模式更加熟悉以助同学们备考。

心理学

真题回顾：

【讲课要点】：心理学中的reinforcement，分为positive reinforcement和negative reinforcement两种，即增加能够激发个人兴趣的东西和消除自己不喜欢的东西。

【举例说明】：

1. positive(add the pleasure)：早起奖励自己好的food，这样就可以让你喜欢早起这种 behavior。

2. negative(remove the unpleasant behavior)，不喜欢早上shower，那么可以改在晚上，这样人也就不会那么讨厌早起了。

参考范例：

The lecture tells about two main methods which can be used to reinforce people. It states that reinforcement of behavior means that people strengthen certain acts on purpose by using the positive or negative stimulus. Then the professor shows some examples. Let’s suppose that you hate to get up early, but sometimes you have to do so. Then you could choose to encourage yourself to get up early by using either a positive or a negative reinforcement. The positive one is to add the pleasure to your daily life to help you make the decision easier. For example, you can reward yourself with a very nice breakfast if you get up early. A negative one is to remove the unpleasant behavior off your daily routine. For example, If you do not enjoy taking a shower early in the morning, you can take it in the evening instead. Therefore, when you have to get up early in the morning, you might feel better because you have cut things you don’t like out of your morning schedule.

在这道Task6的讲座中，professor通过列举两个实现早起上班的例子来说明reinforcement这种现象。心理学方面的问题在Task 6当中出现的比例还是比较高的，接下来我们再来看一个心理学的例子。

真题回顾：

【讲课要点】：心理学中的奖励机制reward。说奖励机制有两种效果。

【举例说明】：

1. 正的。第一种让这种行为更多的发生。她的女儿Jenny,不爱收拾屋子，他们就给她钱，这本来是她不愿意做的事情，但慢慢地就自觉自愿地多做了。

2. 反的。第二种导致行为发生少了。又是Jenny，喜欢弹钢琴，他们就奖励她，但是弹得少了，因为觉得弹钢琴变成了一种义务chore,就像收拾屋子。T

参考范例：

In the lecture the professor tells about the rewarding strategy in Psychology. He states that reward can influence people’s behavior in two ways: positively and negatively. Then the professor goes on to further explain that by taking her daughter — Jenny for an example. Jenny doesn’t like cleaning up the room, so he gives her money to encourage her to do that. And gradually, she likes the work and does it more often，which is the positive effect that rewarding has. But on the other hand, something that a person likes to do may become the daily chores because of the rewarding system. For example, Jenny likes to play the piano，but when her parents give her a reward, she, on the contrary, plays less often ‘cause she thinks playing the piano, just like cleaning the house, is a kind of chore，that is negative effects that rewarding has.

托福考试口语真题

回忆1：

1. 说你的国家你觉得最好的教育方式或者系统是什么

2. 你同不同意手机对商业是很重要的?do you think the mobile phone affect someone's business?

3.版本1、有个学生学了一封信要改善学生公寓的厨房，可以再加一个冰箱同时用kichen的时候可以弄一个sign up sheet，所以学生可以提前去预约那个地方。男学生不同意，1，多个冰箱也没有地方放 2. 那个sheet实在是没有必要。浪费学生的时间，学生怎么会知道自己什么时候饿，什么时候要用厨房，根本就是没用。学生一天到晚忙学习，怎有那种闲工夫。版本2、口语有人给学校写了一封信说要改进宿舍里的厨房提了两点建议说冰箱只有一个不够用建议增加一个冰箱还有就是大家用厨房的时间会打架所以建议有一个sign-up sheet 这是读的然后对话是一个男生说不同意这两点因为厨房本身很小没地方再放一个冰箱会很挤如果硬要放就是要把桌子拿走那就没有准备食物的空间

4. quanlity 什么 circle，就是说公司会把他们的人员分成小的group让他们做事更加有效率。听力里教授举例一个汽车公司。之前一直亏本。但是后来用了这种方法变成小的团队还有supervisor。团队的人可以很快的知道自己的不足。比如设计汽车的灯什么光线不足的，就立马设计出别的。这样节省时间，也能赚更多钱

5. 学生付不起自己的房租了自从从学校搬到外面去之后。不过他有两个办法，一是找一个室友，一起分担房租，但是自己的隐私就没有了，不能想听音乐的时候就听音乐，打电话什么的各种不方便。第二种方法就是，他可以去他们家楼下的餐馆打工可以赚钱来付房租。不过只能在星期五和星期六的晚上，但是那个时间是他会和他朋友出去玩的时间，那样他就没有social activity的时间了

6. 环境的。说城市里虽然很拥挤，但是还是有很多的树，为什么呢?两个原因，1. 树可以吸收汽车排放的二氧化碳啊2. 树可以让雨水不那么快的落在地上很快的挥发带来湿度啊

托福口语考生必知七大标准

1. 中心是否切题：

解释：考察考生所表达的口语内容是否完整、准确地回答了题目的要求。考察重点在于考生是否能够准确理解题意和准确迎合题意两个层次。

2. 意思是否明白：

解释：考察考生所表达的口语内容是否能够被明白地理解，还是表面上很流利，而实际上语义含糊、不知所云。

3. 结构是否严密：

解释：考察考生是否有能力将口语用严密的结构和逻辑表达出来，还是缺乏层次，信马由缰。

4. 表达是否连贯：

解释：考察考生口语的语流是否有停顿，这包括思维停顿和表达停顿两方面的原因或表现。但此标准并未对考生的口语表达速度作硬性的要求

5. 发音是否清楚：

解释：考察考生的发音是否能够做到纯正、清晰。起码理解起来并不因为口音的问题存在障碍。

6. 语法是否正确：

解释：考察考生是否能够熟练的使用较复杂的句子结构表达思想，同时尽量避免错误。

7. 词汇是否熟练：

解释：考察考生是否可以掌握足够的英语词汇进行表达，考察重点在熟练度和准确度两个方面。但此标准并未对考生的用词难度作硬性的要求。

托福口语：美国人最喜欢的形容词

美国人最喜欢的形容词

1.amazing 令人惊讶的;使人十分惊奇的;

2.awesome 极好的;

3.cool 极妙的，极好的;酷;凉爽的;

4.cute 可爱的;漂亮的;聪明的;

5.excellent 优秀的;杰出的;

6.fabulous 极好的;极妙的;

7.fantastic 极好的;不可思议的;

8.special 特别的;

9.marvelous 了不起的;极佳的

篇3：托福阅读得分比实际高，托福容错率分析

托福阅读得分比实际高，托福容错率分析

托福阅读25分容错率观点罗列

托福阅读25分错几个?网上有这么几种不同的观点：

A：保证托福阅读25分以上最多错6-8个;

B：在总题目44-45分的基础上，对39个错5-6个，托福阅读就可以拿到25分;

C：也有人说在没有空题的情况下可以错3-6个;

D：要看题目难度和考生整体水平即平均分，每次考试容差率不同。

以上几种观点到底是否准确呢?

稍安勿躁。这里，先给大家普及一下，什么是容错率。托福阅读容错率就是指根据题目的难度允许错却不扣分的题目。一般来说除了最后一道题，容错率为一题。

结合数据分析托福阅读容错率

我们都知道，托福阅读有三篇文章，总共42道题。除每篇文章的最后一题每题2分之外，其他题目都是每题一分。所以说托福阅读部分的原始总分是45分。而原始分与最终成绩之间有个对应关系。如表格所示：

根据上面表格的分数对应关系，托福阅读如果想要拿到25分，原始分就要拿到39分，那么，同学们想要拿到39分的原始分，至多可以错几道题呢?

托福阅读25分容错率情况详细解读

首先，在每篇文章最后一道题全部作对的情况下，原始分要39分那么基础题可以错6道题，也就是说在这种情况下托福阅读25分错6个题目。

其次，在每篇文章最后一道题全部做错的情况下，已经扣6分，原始分得分为39分，转换成最终成绩恰好是25分。在这种情况下托福阅读25分只能错3道大题，基础题一道都不能错。

第三种就是比较复杂的情况了。三道“6选3”大题，如果其中一道题选错一个选项即扣一分，而其他两道题没错，那么错5个基础题就能拿到托福阅读25分;如果错两个选项此题没法即扣两分，其他两道题没错，那么错4个基础题也能拿到托福阅读25分。

三道题中一题全对、一题全错、一题错一个选项，或者是每题选错一个选项，都要扣3分，那么基础题则错3个托福阅读即可得25分。以此类推，想要托福阅读25分，原始分必须为39分，错3-6个题，所以说最多可错6道题。

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目1

PASSAGE 17

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.

When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.

In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.

(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.

(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.

2. The word They in line 2 refers to

(A) aviculturists

(B) birds

(D) rates

3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler

than the top, then

(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation

(B) the embryo will not develop normally

(D) the incubation process is slowed down

4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to

(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick

(B) hold the nest together

(D) make the nest bigger

5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to

(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest

(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest

(D) touch the bottom of the eggs

6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT

(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest

(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest

(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell

7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) build

(B) paint

(D) move

8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) close

(B) deadly

(D) hot

9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) fresh

(B) dry

(D) warm

10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides

(A) a constant source of humidity

(B) a strong nest box

(D) protection against cold weather

11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?

(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.

(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly

(D) They are expensive to operate.

12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Aviculturists (line 1)

(B) gradient (line 8)

(D) embryo (line 22)

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目2

PASSAGE 18

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliff Céol lege, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the great women theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on great men. To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The role of literature in early American histories

(B) The place of American women in written histories

(D) The great women approach to history used by American historians

2. The word contemporary in line 6 means that the history was

(A) informative

(B) written at that time

(D) faultfinding

3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that

(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage

(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored

(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women

4. The word celebratory in line 12 means that the writings referred to were

(A) related to parties

(B) religious

(D) full of praise

5. The word they in line 12 refers to

(A) efforts

(B) authors

(D) sources

6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point

out?

(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities

(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.

(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.

7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely

have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?

(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results

(B) Biographies of John Adams

(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college

8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger

Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?

(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia

(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.

(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.

9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century great women EXCEPT

(A) authors

(B) reformers

(D) politicians

10. The word representative in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(A) typical

(B) satisfied

(D) distinctive

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目3

PASSAGE 19

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.

Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.

2. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(D) town economies

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the

following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(D) The pace of their development

4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(D) for that reason

5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of

North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(D) a favorable climate

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of

the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(D) Raw materials

7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the

growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern

cities were

(A) more prosperous

(B) smaller

(D) tied less closely to England than to France

9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(D) planned

10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(D) representing

11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

答案：BBDDC DCBCA C

篇4：托福听力高频主旨题如何保证得分

托福听力高频主旨题如何保证得分?实用解题技巧精讲

做好托福听力主旨题无关词汇量从开头找线索

关于托福听力主旨题的解题技巧，考生应该首先注意的是这两种题型与大家词汇量的多少无关。也就是说，词汇量即使很少也不会给这两种题型的解题造成障碍。考生真正要做的是首先听准开头;特别是开头句型，之后找出对话目的;如果开头没有把握准，那么要注意全文重复词汇;最后要听准关键词并对实义词(名词、动词、形容词)足够敏感。

托福听力对话和讲座如何听准开头段?

那么，考生应该如何听准托福听力的开头段呢?大家要注意的是，在conversation和lecture的开头中，有的文章会出现寒暄部分。

比如，在conversation中两个说话者的在开头部分都会出现互相问好的寒暄语：

e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?

B: Well, everything is going fine.

e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?

B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!

在这些寒暄之后说话人A说Do you need some tutoring in English? 说话人B说：yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 这才是文章的真正内容，也就是文章的主旨。所以选项的相应部分选择的是：She needs a tutoring appointment!

在lecture中，有时教授上来不会直接切入正题，而是先会寒暄几句。

例1：有个教授上来先说I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 这句话都是在说与文章主旨无关紧要的话。而真正与文章主旨有关的是以today开头的这句话!所以，显而易见，这篇文章的主要内容就是文艺复兴Renaissance。

例2： In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么很显然，In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.这是上节课讲的内容。在强转折but之后，老师紧接着说I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么，文章的主旨也就很明确了。

托福听力练习：疟蚊喜欢牛而不是人类

As you've probably experienced firsthand, some mosquito species have a real taste for warm, human blood. So much so that if you raise them on in the lab, they'll accept no substitute.

“Fortunately, I don't get major reactions at all.” Brad Main is a mosquito geneticist at U.C. Davis... and part-time mosquito meal provider. “So it's not too bad for me. But some people in the lab are itching pretty bad when they have hundreds of mosquito bites on their arms.”

Out in the wild, some species are less picky. Take Anopheles arabiensis, common in East Africa. They'll feed on cattle, dogs, goats, pigs, people—wherever they can find a warm meal. But what Main and his colleagues wanted to know was whether the bloodsuckers' choice of victim might be genetically determined. So they sequenced the genomes of 48 arabiensis mosquitoes from Tanzania which had fed on either humans or cows.

And they found that bugs with cow blood in their bellies had one partially rearranged chromosome, compared to those who'd snacked on human blood... which could explain the preferences in meal choices. The study is in the journal PLoS Genetics.

If that genetic switch really does make cows more attractive than we are to mosquitoes, in theory we could genetically engineer them to steer clear of people. And their cow victims don't get human malaria. “It's a case of knowing your enemy. And so the better we know these mosquitoes, I think the more equipped we're going to be able to control them.”

正如大家可能亲身经历过的那样，一些蚊子喜欢温暖的人类血液。以至于如果你把它们养在实验室里，它们会拒绝替代品。

“幸运的是，我完全没有感到明显的反应。” 布拉德·曼恩是加州大学戴维斯分校的蚊子遗传学家和兼职蚊子食物供应商。“所以它对我来说不是太坏。但当实验室里有数百只蚊子在叮咬他们的胳膊时，一些人会感觉非常痒。”

在野外，一些物种没那么挑剔。以东非常见的阿拉伯按蚊为例。它们以牛、狗、山羊、猪以及人类的血为食，它们在任何地方都能找到温暖的一餐。但曼恩和他的同事们想知道的是，这些吸血动物选择的受害者是否是由基因决定的。所以他们在坦桑尼亚收集了48只以人或牛血液为食的阿拉伯按蚊，并对它们进行了基因组排序检测。

他们发现，与吸食人类血液的蚊子相比，那些吸食牛血的蚊子的腹部有一部分细菌染色体重排，这可以解释膳食的选择偏好。这一研究结果发表在《公共科学图书馆遗传学》期刊上。

如果说这种基因转变真能使牛比我们对蚊子更具吸引力，那在理论上我们可以通过基因工程来使蚊子远离人类。而牛也不会感染人疟。“这是一个了解敌人的例子。我们越是了解这些蚊子，我们就越能更好地控制它们。”

重点讲解：

1. have a taste for 喜欢;偏好;

例句：She has a taste for classic music.

她喜欢古典音乐。

2. compared to 与…相比;和…比起来;

例句：Compared to the noisy cities, he preferred the quiet country life.

比起喧闹的大城市，他更喜欢宁静的乡村生活。

3. in theory 从理论上说;照理说;

例句：Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don't know if it'll work in practice.

你的计划理论上不错,但我不知道实际上是否行得通。

4. steer clear of 避开;躲避;绕开;

例句：I think a lot of people, women in particular, steer clear of these sensitive issues.

我认为很多人，特别是女性，都会回避这些敏感问题。

2020托福听力练习：醉酒者在酒鬼身边会感觉清醒

Volunteers in scientific studies sometimes get compensated. The payment can be cash, a gift card or something almost worthless: “It's amazing what people will do for a lollipop, when they've had a few drinks.”

Simon Moore is a professor of public health research at Cardiff University in the U.K. And the lollipops were for people who agreed to blow into a breathalyzer, while out on a Friday or Saturday night in Wales—more than 1,800 people agreed to the exchange. The scores covered a wide range of alcohol intake. “So that would go from zero upwards. I think one of the largest scores we had was 120, which is a near death experience.”

The researchers also gave a subset of volunteers a short survey about drinking habits and health risks. Questions like: “How drunk are you right now?” and “How extreme has your drinking been tonight?” And they found that even very drunk respondents felt relatively more sober, if they were surrounded by even drunker people. In other words: our perception of intoxication—and its risks—is relative.

“So this is the point, as you change context, perceptions will change, although the absolute level of alcohol in their system doesn't change.” The study is in the journal BMC Public Health.

Moore says one way to use this finding is for better city zoning. “In the United Kingdom for example there's been a big push to put more premises that sell alcohol in the same district, in the same area. And what this does is create a concentration of drinkers. So what we might argue from this is, well let's try to break that up a little bit.” Have a mix of bars, restaurants, cafes and cinemas, so drinkers will be around relatively sober people, too, instead of fellow inebriates. Which might encourage drinkers to nurse their drinks…and thus avoid the ER.

参加科学研究的志愿者们有时会得到报酬。这些报酬可能是现金、礼物卡、或是没有什么价值的东西：令人惊奇的是人们在喝了几杯酒为了一根棒棒糖所做的事。

西蒙·穆尔是英国卡迪夫大学公共健康研究教授。这些棒棒糖是为同意对酒精含量测试器吹气的人准备的，这些人是会于周五、周六晚上在威尔士享受夜生活的人，最后有超过1800人同意参加这种交易。测试结果是这些人的酒精摄入量分布较广。“所以，那会从零开始向上增长。我想我们得到的最高分值是120，这是一次濒死体验。”

研究人员还对小部分志愿者进行了饮酒习惯以及健康风险的简短调查。问题如下：“你现在喝醉了吗?你今天晚上喝到极限了吗?”结果发现，即使喝得烂醉的受访者也感觉比较清醒，当然前提是他们周围还有更醉的人。换言之，我们的醉酒知觉和醉酒的风险是相关的。

所以，这就是关键了，当环境改变时，我们的知觉也会改变，但其实体内酒精的真实含量并没有变化。该研究结果发表在《英国医学委员会公共健康》期刊上。

穆尔表示，可以将此研究结果用于改善城市区域的划分。“比如，英国已经在大力推行让更多售酒店铺集中在同一个街区和同一个地区。这样做是为了让饮酒者集中起来。我们也许会对此提出质疑，我们应尽量对这种情况作出一点抵制。”如果有更多的酒吧、饭店、咖啡店以及电影院这样的混合商区，那么饮酒的人周围也会有相对清醒的人，而不是同样烂醉的人。这也许能鼓励饮酒的人关注自己的饮酒习惯，这样就可以避免被送到急诊室。

重点讲解：

1. in other words 换言之;换句话说;也就是说;

例句：In other words, we had better take sufficient recreation to relax after work.

换句话说，我们最好工作后，消遣消遣来轻松一下。

2. break up (使)分裂;(被)拆分;(使)破碎;

例句：Police tried to break up the gang.

警察试图瓦解黑帮。

3. instead of 代替…;而不是…;

例句：He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.

他选择当兵而不是上大学。

4. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励;激励;

例句：If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again.

万一他失败，我们就鼓励他再试一次。

篇5：托福听力怎样逐步提升水平得分

托福听力怎样逐步提升水平得分?备考6个实用步骤精讲

第一步：保持冷静自信

要想彻底不卡壳地听懂TOEFL听力的内容，或与老外进行无障碍交流，首先要保持冷静和自信，千万不要因为一处没反应过来，就慌了手脚。良好的心理素质对于听力实力的培养和提高相当关键。

第二步：把抽象文字转化为形象图画

TOEFL听力的过程中要学会根据语言传达的信息把抽象的文字变成形象的图画反映于脑海之中。有了连续的动态图像的帮助，就有利于我们避开“直接翻译的无序性”，以抓住TOEFL表达的主干而不是旁支末节，从而走出“听了后面，忘了前面”的“怪圈”。也只有这样，才能使我们真正体会到“登泰山而小天下”的神奇感受。

第三步：认真模仿跟读听力题目

在听懂之后，不要盲目追求“题海战术”，迫不及待地找其他题目来听，而应该把注意力放到听过的题目上。可以说它们才是我们进一步分析、研究从而树立听觉形象的上佳材料。所以要认真模仿和跟读TOEFL听力题目中的各种语言点(包括语音、语调、语气、俚语、习语、句式等)，不能放过任何细节。

第四步：补充拓展常用词汇句式含义用法

在模仿的基础上，大力补充和扩展TOEFL听力题目中常用词汇和句式的其它含义和用法。因为TOEFL听力考查的一大难点就是“一词多义”，或“一义多词”。这也就是很多考生之所以听出来老外用的是哪个词，却仍然搞不懂其在题目中确切含义的重要原因。比如：考生需要大力扩展TOEFL听力各类场景词汇、概念词汇。

第五步：挖掘美式思维文化背景

在模仿和扩展的基础之上，要学会挖掘听力题目语言背后的美语思维模式和美国文化背景。毕竟语言是文化和思维的载体，掌握了老外的逻辑思维，就能在TOEFL听力过程中变被动为主动，以不变应万变。

第六步：背诵记忆听力题目

在“立体”解构了这些TOEFL听力题目之后，将它们加以背诵和记忆，以求达到脱口而出的感觉。因为TOEFL听力的语言重现率很高，背得越多，意味着没听过的就越少。久而久之，听力实力便会大增。不可否认背诵是份“苦差事”，但“欲穷大地三千里，须上高峰八百盘。”可以说，背诵是登上听力最高境界的重要环节。如果说前五步是“消化过程”，那么背诵这第六步就是“吸收过程”。我们始终都要让学生们铭记：吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。

当然还需注意的是，背诵虽然是个输入过程，却完全可以通过输入和输出相互交替的动态循环使记忆达到最佳效果。也就是说，教师应该将听力教学与口语教学相结合，鼓励学生把已经背过的听力内容通过口语的形式表达出来，这样学生在输出的同时，又进行了一次输入，从而进一步加深了对听力材料的理解和记忆。如此循环往复，学生既可以训练听力，又可以培养出良好的口语语感，何乐而不为呢?

托福听力：听力机考知道多少?

新托福听力考试不同于英语四六级考试，它是不可能跨区做题，这在技术上也是不允许的。新托福考试完全采用网络技术在计算机上完成全部问题的回答，考试顺序严格按照阅读、听力、口语、写作的顺序进行，不会出现任何跨区的可能。

而且托福听力部分练习题一旦进入到下一道题，就不可能对上一道题进行修改，要求你一次做对。凭心而论，虽然老托福也不允许跨区做题，但因为老托福纸基考试的特点，我们在听力开始之前还是能多多少少看到一些题目的，而且还可以趁人不备，在语法部分结束后抢先做一点阅读的题目。

但随着新托福考试的改革开考，这些方法都不再有效。我们必须放弃那种认为“新托福是老托福的延续”这种一厢情愿的想法，实实在在地开发全新的方法、技巧和手段。

对于新托福听力机考、阅读、写作等这些题目不能跳题的事实，考生只有平时做托福听力备考资料等过程中总结新的考试技巧，一定要放弃那种跳题习惯，才有可能跟上新托福听力的“脚步”。

通过上面的介绍相信大家对于新托福听力有了一个认识，机考不同于以前，不能混为一谈，大家如果真的想让自己的托福听力有所进步，就要从平时练习托福听力备考资料开始改变。

托福听力：听力笔记应怎么做

首先，托福高分听力是硬实力。

托福听力的提高是一个持之以恒的过程，没有人会在极端的时间内迅速提高听力到一个很高的水平。这种事实是任何方法都没有办法否认的。所有托福高分听力的考生几乎都经历过这种听力的长时间磨练。

其次，新托福听力的备考。

作为平常的听力的提高对于托福听力的备考是十分重要的。但是要参加托福考试，还是要根据托福听力的特点做一些具体而又有针对性的练习。在一段备考练习之后，托福的听力水平在平常的基础上，就会有一个质的提高。对于听力有一定基础的同学，每天听上一个半小时(包括做听力题)够了。对于网上的听力材料大家要有所选择的听，一定要重视各种场景分类的听写

再次，托福考试听力尽量不要记笔记。

不要寄希望于记笔记，并不是说笔记不重要，只是要大家把练习的重点放在听力本身上。大家平常在练习听力的时候，记笔记当然有好处，毕竟口语、综合写作都是需要的。但其实，托福考试时，听力重在听懂!听懂了，记很少的笔记也没有问题。这里面有其自己的原因，托福不会考国内喜欢考的时间日期数量，这些太细的细节不考;相信自己的大脑，在几分钟的时间内集中精力，然后辅以一些关于听力材料主题、脉络的笔记就可以回忆起大部分内容。切记不能因为记笔记将听力听的断断续续甚至支离破碎。

托福听力：跟读训练的方法

我们在英语听写的过程中,可以发现自己的听力弱点：

1、对某些特定的话题听不懂，那么说明你在这方面的专业词汇积累的相对较少，所以要加强。

2 、对于听力中的句子听不懂,那么可能的问题有语法逻辑,语音现象,比如连读轻读弱读。

3、对于听力中的词汇听不懂,可能的问题有词汇不熟悉,发音不熟悉。

而跟读可以很好的解决这些问题.因为跟读要求最终结果是能够脱离文字并尽可能的模仿原文的语音语调。

首先,对于专业词汇的不懂,经过长期的跟读就会慢慢积累词汇。

其次,对于听不懂的句子, 一般跟读也会很不顺畅,踏实的进行跟读,首先能够熟悉英文的逻辑思维。

然后, 由于跟读要求对语音语调完全模仿,所以可以克服对语音现象不熟悉导致的听不懂。

最后, 跟读是要说英语的,跟读的熟悉了,自然而然就能开口说英语了,对于备考托福的同学们,跟读可以同时提高托福听力和托福口语,何乐而不为!

篇6：托福听力重听题得分难度低

1.语气重听

语气重听常见的考点位置有：

①有人提问时

②出现Really?/Wow!/Oh, my God! 等特殊语气时

③重读

下面我们来看几道例题：

E.G. 官方真题Official 8 conversation 2

Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the student say this:

A).To introduce a personal story about exercising.

B).To point out a flaw in the health-club model.

C).To give an example that supports the professor’s point.

D).To explain why he disagrees with the professor.

听力原文：

Professor:

I mean with a health club you might think they would have trouble attracting customers, right?

Student:

Well, I know when I pass by a health club and I see all those people working out, they are exercising. I just soon walk on by.

教授说了一个理论，健身房在吸引顾客方面有困难，句末加了一个right?表示询问，在这个问句的后面，学生举了自己实际的例子来支持教授的观点，说自己经过健身房的时候就算看见里面有人在健身，也不会停留，直接就走掉了。

所以教授一句right?疑问引出了学生的话，因此考生需要关注听力中有人提问时这个考点。因此，答案为C。

E.G. 官方真题Official 1 Conversation 1

Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the woman say this:

A).She had forgotten about the information.

B).She is surprised she was not aware of the information.

C).She is annoyed that the information was published only recently.

D).She is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect information.

听力原文：

Librarian:

All of the library’s databases and electronic sources can be accessed through any computer connected to the university network.

Student:

Really?! I can’t believe I didn’t know that.

当学生得知所有的资料都可以从校园网络上获得时，说了一句Really?, 这是很明显的语气重听，表达了说话人的惊讶，并且后面还说了一句I can’t believe I didn’t know that.

因此选择表示惊讶surprise的选项B。说话人的语气非常直观，因此考生需要用心去捕捉。

2.语意重听

语意重听常见的考点位置有：

①强调句

②老师回答学生问题时

③老师的态度和评价

④文章转折(but/however/in fact/actually/although/though)

托福听力重听题注意事项题型

最后，想提醒考生们的是，重听题的两种类型以及对应的考点大家一定要熟练掌握，语气重听比较明显直观，通过说话人的语气起伏基本就可以选出正确的选项。

语意重听则需要考生具有一定的推断能力和理解能力。考生在平时做题时，就要对应不同题型的不同考点记笔记，养成良好的笔记习惯和敏感度，才能在考试中脱颖而出。

2020托福听力练习：人类和鸟类合作共享蜂巢

This is a story about the birds and the bees. When the Yao people of Mozambique want to find beehives full of honey they make this noise [brrrr-hm]. That sound attracts the attention of what are appropriately called honeyguide birds.

“If you ask Yao honey-hunters why they go brrrr-hm when they're looking for a honeyguide, they'll tell you, well, it's the best way to attract a honeyguide and to maintain its attention while you're following it to a bees' nest.”

Claire Spottiswoode, of the University of Cambridge in England and the University of Cape Town in South Africa.

The Yao have long known that they could attract honeyguides vocally, as part of a rare example of a mutualistic relationship between people and wild animals. The humans get honey and the birds then get what they want—the previously unattainable wax of the beehive, which they consider a delicacy. Spottiswoode's study provides evidence that the humans are actually communicating with the birds.

“We wanted to specifically test whether honeyguides responded to the exact information content of the brrrr-hm call, which signals, if you wish, 'I'm looking for bees' nests,' so we wanted to distinguish that from the alternative that the call simply alerts honeyguides to the presence of humans.”

Which the research team did—birds were much more likely to respond to brrrr-hm than to other sounds. The study is in the journal Science.

Honeyguides may help people, but to other birds they can be monsters.

“Honeyguides are the real Jekyll and Hyde of the bird world...like cowbirds or cuckoos, honeyguides are brood parasites—they lay their eggs in other birds' nests and exploit the care of other species to raise their young. And their chicks hatch with these very sharp hooks at the tips of their beak, which they use to stab the host young to death as soon as they hatch.”

You can watch some of this horror-movie-worthy footage that Spottiswoode captured several years ago by googling the phrase “honeyguide murder.”

As Africa becomes more urbanized, fewer people are engaging the birds to help them find honey. And the relationship between honeyguides and honey-hunters may be fraying.

“A young honeyguide hatches in the nest of another species knowing how to be a honeyguide. Because it doesn't have the opportunity to learn from its own parents. But then if that's not reinforced by experience, it's lost.”

In the not-too-distant future then, honeyguides may still know where the beehives are—but they'll be keeping that information to themselves.

这是一个有关鸟类和蜜蜂的故事。当莫桑比克的尧族人民想要找到装满蜂蜜的蜂巢时，他们就会发出这样的声音。这种声音可以吸引被称作响蜜鴷的鸟类。

“如果你问尧族猎蜜人为什么在寻找响蜜鴷时发出这种声音，他们会告诉你，这是吸引响蜜鴷的最好方法，而且可以在找到蜂巢之前留住响蜜鴷的注意力。”

克莱尔·斯波蒂斯伍德来自英国剑桥大学和南非开普敦大学。

尧族人早就知道能用声音来吸引响蜜鴷，这是人类和野生动物之间互惠关系的罕见例子。人类获得蜂蜜，而响蜜鴷也会得到它们想要的——之前无法获得的蜂窝中的腊，这种鸟类将其视为珍宝。斯波蒂斯伍德的研究为人类和这种鸟类之间的交流提供了证据。

“具体来说，我们想测试的是响蜜鴷是否会对人类发出声音中含有的特定信息做出回应，这种信息传递的信号是‘我在找蜂巢'，我们想将这种声音和单纯警示人类存在的声音区分开来。”

研究团队发现，与其他的声音相比，鸟类对第一种声音的回应较多。该研究结果发表在《科学》杂志上。

响蜜鴷可能对人类有帮助，但是对于其他鸟类来说，响蜜鴷则如猛兽一般。

响蜜鴷是鸟类中双重性格的代表，如燕八哥或杜鹃一样，响蜜鴷是巢内寄生体——它们在其他鸟类的鸟巢中产蛋，然后利用其他物种抚育自己的孩子。同时响蜜鴷幼崽的喙部尖端呈钩状，一旦寄主的幼鸟孵化，这些响蜜鴷的幼崽就会用尖尖的嘴将其啄死。

斯波蒂斯伍德数年前捕捉到了这样的恐怖镜头，大家可以通过网络检索“响蜜鴷谋杀”进行观看。

由于非洲城市化的程度越来越高，依赖响蜜鴷来寻找蜂蜜的人越来越少。因此，响蜜鴷和猎蜜人之间的关系可能会受到损害。

“在其他鸟巢中孵化的响蜜鴷幼鸟知道如何寻找蜂蜜。可是它们没有从父母那里学习这种本领的机会。如果这种技能没有经验的强化，也会失传。”

在不远的将来，响蜜鴷可能仍然知道哪里有蜂巢——但是它们会保守秘密。

重点讲解：

1. respond to 回复;回答;回应;

例句：He responded to my suggestion with a nod.

他点头回应我的建议。

2. distinguish from 区分;辨别;分清;

例句：It's important to distinguish fact from fiction.

把现实与虚构区分开来是很重要的。

3. to death (用于动词后)以致死亡;

例句：He was beaten to death by thugs.

他被..殴打致死。

4. as soon as 一…就…;

例句：He will be set free as soon as the fine is paid.

只要交了罚款，他就会被释放。

5. keep sth. to oneself 把…秘而不宣;不将…说出去;

例句：I keep things to myself because I don't want shoulder anybody else with my problems.

我把事情藏在心底只是因为不想拿自己的问题去麻烦别人。

2020托福听力练习：火星卫星形成于火星大碰撞

Mars is a planet of outsized splendor. Despite being only half as big and a tenth as heavy as Earth, it bears the solar system’s tallest mountain, longest canyon and largest crater. At 22 and 12 kilometers wide, however, its inner moon Phobos and outer moon Deimos are figurative small potatoes. Scientists suspect both formed much as Earth’s single large moon did, from a massive debris disk ejected into orbit by a giant impact eons ago. But if Mars’s moons formed like Earth’s, why are they so very much smaller?

The answer may be that they did not form alone. New simulations from Pascal Rosenblatt of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues show how the debris disk from a giant impact on Mars could have generated additional moons a few hundreds of kilometers in size. After forming in the dense inner regions of the disk, those larger moons would have stirred the disk’s sparser outer reaches, allowing smaller companions like Phobos and Deimos to coalesce from the ripples. The study appears in the journal Nature Geoscience.

火卫一(Phobos).jpg

In this scenario, the reason we only see Phobos and Deimos today is that the bigger moons were destroyed a few million years after their formation. Their low, fast orbits outpaced Mars’s rotation, creating a tidal pull that sent them spiraling down to crash into the planet (Earth’s moon, by contrast, orbited slower than our planet’s rotation, allowing it to spiral outward and survive). Future investigations could test the new hypothesis by looking for clusters of Martian craters produced by the infalling moons, but in the meantime, proof that Mars can kill its companions is right before our eyes: The orbit of Deimos is stable, but Phobos is in a death spiral, losing two centimeters of altitude per year to Mars’s tidal pull. It will plunge into the planet in 20 million to 40 million years, leaving lonely, far-out Deimos as the last vestige of what may have been a once-mighty system of Martian moons.

For Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Lee Billings.

火星是一个拥有惊人光辉的行星。虽然火星的体积只有地球的一半，重量只有地球的十分之一，但是它拥有太阳系中最高的山峰、最长的峡谷以及最大的火山口。在22公里和12公里宽处，火星内部卫星火卫一和外部卫星火卫二像生动形象的两颗小土豆。科学家认为，这两颗卫星的形成与地球上形成唯一的月球类似，是亿万年前发生大碰撞时大量碎片被送入轨道而形成。但是如果火星卫星的形成与月球的形成过程类似，那为什么它们的体积会小这么多?

答案或许是它们并不是单独形成的。比利时皇家天文台的帕斯卡尔·罗森布拉特和他的同事进行了模拟试验，目的是说明火星大碰撞产生的碎片盘如何形成几百公里大小的卫星。在碎片盘密集的内区形成以后，较大的卫星会搅动碎片盘的稀松外延，允许火卫一和火卫二这样的小型卫星凝结而成。这项研究发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。

在这种情况下，我们现在之所以只能看到火卫一和火卫二的原因是，那些较大的卫星在它们形成几百万年后被摧毁。它们在又低又快的轨道运行，速度超过了火星自转，因此而形成的潮汐推动它们盘旋而下，最终撞向火星。(相比之下，月球运行轨道的速度慢于地球自传，使其螺旋向外延展并生存下来。)未来的调查可以通过寻找由陨落卫星形成的火星陨石坑集群，来测试这一新假设，但与此同时，证明火星可以杀死其同伴的证据就展现在我们眼前：火卫二的运行轨道很稳定，但是火卫一处在“死亡螺旋”中，由于火星的潮汐力，火卫一的运行高度每年下降2厘米。在未来二千万至四千万年，火卫一将撞向火星，只留下非常遥远的火卫二，成为曾经辉煌的火星卫星系统的最后遗迹。

重点讲解：

1. by contrast 相比之下;与…相反;

例句：The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.

相比之下，私营部门就有很多钱可供开销。

2. look for 寻找，寻求;

例句：You can look for the book in the library catalogue.

你可以在图书馆的图书目录上查找这本书。

3. in the meantime 在此期间;其间;

例句：In the meantime the sky is turning clear.

与此同时，天空开始晴朗起来。

托福听力难点解析

托福听力高频句式