GRE作文：ISSUE写作策略

下面是小编整理的GRE作文：ISSUE写作策略，本文共20篇，希望能帮助到大家!本文原稿由网友“尼糯米酱”提供。

篇1：GRE作文：ISSUE写作策略

GRE作文：ISSUE写作策略

In the Analysis of Issue question you discuss your opinion toward an issue.

You write a well-balanced analysis of the issue the test presents to you.

These are the most common topics:

The most common topics relate to general business and public policy issues.

Business issues generally relate to business ethics, marketing and labor.

Government issues will generally relate to regulatory issues and social

welfare issues.

Here is an example of an Analysis of Issue question:

Following the Colorado massacre of schoolchildren, many lawmakers have

proposed that an international body regulate the internet so that sites

which provide information to terrorists should be eliminated.

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the above opinion.

Support your opinion with reasons and examples.

The people who grade the Analysis of Issue expect the following:

i) A well-developed essay that is logical and coherent;

ii) An essay that demonstrates critical thinking skills;

iii) An essay which uses varied sentence structure and vocabulary;

iv) An essay that uses the language of standard written English;

v) An essay that is free of mechanical errors in spelling, punctuation,

capitalization; and

vi) An essay that follows the conventions of standard written English.

a. Analysis of Issue: Content

How do I write a well-balanced essay?

You should always acknowledge both sides of an issue. Among the sample

essays there is not one irrefutable essay, yet you must pick a side. The

trick to doing this is to persuade the reader that, despite the counter-

arguments, your position is the strongest one overall.

Try to “straddle the fence” between both sides of the issue by making

limited use of qualifiers. This will allow you to acknowledge the opposing

view and appear scholarly. (Note that overuse of qualifiers will make the

essay appear too vague and dilute an argument you are making.)

In general, take a politically correct opinion or an opinion that a

majority of top scorers might take. However, if you do not think you can

write an effective politically-correct essay, adjust your content to fit

what you can comfortably express. In general, though, stay uncontroversial

and balanced. Do not use it as a forum to be an ideologue. Writing a highly

charged essay might evoke a bias from the reader (if he disagrees with you)

and it also may confuse the E-rater, since you essay will not resemble any

essays it has stored in its database. Try to approach each issue in a

dispassionate and balanced manner.

Nevertheless, you must be sure to take a stand. You must pick a side that

will “win out” in the conclusion/introduction. The test instructions

specifically tell you to pick a side. Make sure to disagree or agree with

the question's statement.

Note: Do not write an unsubstantiated opinion, write an argument that

consists of your thesis and logical arguments to support it.

How in-depth should the essays be?

Your essay is short (you have only 45 minutes), so you won't be able to

cover every possible argument, rebuttal and example. When you start the

test set aside a few minutes to set up the points and examples. You do not

have to cover every idea/concept. Most essay students do not have time to

cover everything they would like to cover. Choose the most persuasive

relevant points and examples to use. The essay graders do not expect you to

go in-depth on every topic.

The most important concern here is that you do not go off of the main

subject. Stay focused on the topic. Do not either go off on tangential

arguments or excessively focus on one example.

Where should I get examples?

The instructions (with only a few exceptions) allow you to draw upon your

personal experiences in developing your answer to each essay question. This

practice is acceptable, but don't overdo it. You should generally rely more

on academic knowledge than personal experiences.

Your examples and knowledge can be impressive, but you shouldn't go too

far. Don't try to impress the grader with your expertise in a narrow area.

The AWA tests analytical writing, not specific subject knowledge.

Where do I get essay issue ideas?

These questions generally favor students who have taken government policy

analysis courses. This section favors the student who flips to the

editorial page of the Wall St. Journal before the Marketplace section.

to get an idea about public policy issues, try Policy Review, the Wall

Street Journal editorial page or the Economist.

International Students: Read these American magazines as much as possible

to see how Americans structure their writing and to stay updated on issues.

Write with your grader in mind

When you write your Issue essay, remember that you are fundamentally

writing your essay to please your grader.

Keep it concise

Put yourself in the position of a grader. They grade essays all day.

Wouldn't you favor a concise and effective essay with 5 paragraphs of 4

sentences each more than a 4 paragraph rambling essay with 10 sentences in

each paragraph? The bottom line: keep the essays crisp, concise, and

written in a manner appealing to the grader. This is particularly important

on the Analysis of Issue question, where you essay expresses personal

opinions.

b. Analysis of Issue: Structure

Structure is the most important part of your essay. Your essay must be

written in a standard format with the standard logical transitions. The E-

rater will scan your essay to identify if it has a standard structure.

Introduction/Conclusion- These elements will provide the structure for your

essay and keep you on track.

Number of Paragraphs. To satisfy the E-rater, your essay should be 4 to 5

paragraphs: an introduction, a conclusion, and three “body” paragraphs.

Each paragraph should have 2 to 5 sentences (total essay about 300-400

words).

Note: You should skip a line between paragraphs since the TAB key does not

function in the essay section.

Essay Template

The template is just a guideline. You do not have to adhere to it. Often

you will have to make changes to suit your argument.

The numbers of sentences indicated for each paragraph is a guideline that

varies depending on how much content you have.

The transitional phrases we use in the Template are intentionally

simplistic. This is not a simple approach where you can “fill-in-the-

blanks.” Flesh out the template somewhat and use it as a guideline to write

a disciplined and focused essay.

Template

1) Introductory Paragraph (2-4 sentences)

Make sure to keep your introductory paragraph concise, strong and effective.

What the introductory paragraph should accomplish:

Explain the issue (briefly).

Show that you understand the full complexities of the issue (for example,

by recognizing competing interests or various factors).

State your position on the issue (without the details yet).

Sample template for introductory paragraph (2 sentences):

a) Whether ________________________ depends on _____________________.

b) (insert your opinion), __________________________.

2) First Body Paragraph (3-5 sentences)

Begin to develop your position with your most important reason. Use one or

two examples to back up your main point:

a) The chief reason for my view is ___________________________________.

b) For example, __

篇2：如何拿下gre写作issue

如何拿下gre写作issue

一. 新gre考试issue作文简介

1. gre备考攻略提示，gre写作Issue要求就一般性话题提出一个观点，题目中会包含就该话题进行回应提出明确的写作要求;

2. 考试时由计算机从练习题(149个题目)中随机抽出一道题进行考试，新gre写作考试时长为30分钟;issue总分为6分。

3. 评分标准(score 6)：

1) · articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task;

2)· develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples; ·

3) sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas lically

4) conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

5) demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors

4. Tips:

1. 每篇文章由两位评分人分别打分;

2. 如果两位评分人分数差异超过1分，将会由第三位评分人对成绩进行评定;若没有超过1分，则这篇文章最终取两个分数的平均值;

3. 重视gre作文，因为作文内容是要寄送到学校作为参考的;

4. 保留取消分数的权利：

1)文字与其他一篇或几篇gre文章相似;

2)引用或者改写一些出现在公开出版或未出版资源中的文字而不表明出处;

3)未经授权使用与他人合作的成果而不表明他人贡献;

4)表面上看是考生自己写的文章，事实上是从其他地方或其他人那里借鉴来的。

二. gre写作issue分析步骤

1. 题目分析;

2. 看清题目要求;

3. 列提纲;

4. 写文章;

5. 检查!

1. 题目分析

筛选重点词汇，比如must, only, any, most, best, first等绝对的词。题目中一旦出现了这些绝对的词汇，则此题目都是可以用一些例外来反驳的。

例1：“To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.”

绝对词汇：the most important; must

正：Beijing; Milan;Paris

反： 上海.

反：中小城市，乡村。

Corresponding Practice：

1. “No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.”

翻译：无一例外，只有通过吸收领域以外的知识和经验，某个领域的研究才会获得巨大的进步。

观点：分领域而定

支持者理由1：自然科学需要其它学科支持(e.g. 生物依赖化学、化学依赖物理)。评论：赞同

支持者理由2：人文类亦如此(e.g. 文史哲不分家)。评论：赞同

支持者理由3：工程类需要理论学科支持。评论：赞同

反对者理由：数学是非经验学科，原则上其正确性不依赖任何经验学科的帮助。评论：赞同

2. “Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.”

作者认为大学生应该学习自己专业领域以外的课程。这是大学生经常会面临的问题。现在的教育体系也为同学们设置了大量的选修课：发展同学们的兴趣或者辅助主修课程学习。下文从理论及实例角度才开分析，例如一些最基础学科，数学，心理学，文学，可以帮助学生更好的掌握主修课程。并且下文还引用了一些名人事例和个人实例加以分析。

GRE写作高分范文：生动剖析写作

GRE写作题目：

Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.

GRE写作范文：

I must say that I reject this statement. While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it. Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so. To do so would be tantamount to adopting a fatalistic approach; I think most people would reject that.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt. Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?

What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.

Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hosptal, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.

GRE写作分析：

字数：651

语言：平实的语句完全没有网络流行模板的痕迹，也是许多过了6级的考生通过练习可以达到的水平。

I must say that I reject this statement.

Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt.

Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

GRE作文范文：成功

Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.

GRE作文范文参考：

Many wonder the intrinsic impact of industrial revolution over the last century. Is it a blessing or a curse? Ever since the invention of steam engine, mass production enabled factories to make out products in a madly efficient manner, while machines also supplanted innumerous traditionally skilled artisan, forcing them out of work. Gone are the days when they boasted of their craftsmanship that they assumed to be able support their family all their life. Consumers became more aspiring to novel design instead of durability as goods were made to be discarded.

Hundreds years later, with the first installation of integrated circuit on the chip, another profound turnover took place. Now the computer pervades our life so much that one may find himself half illiterate in absence of input skill. This time, thousands of jobs were created in Silicon Valley, transforming some of the few into billionaire over one night. Nevertheless, the original inventor might not expect that the ensuing slow down and thus recession in IT sector would approach so soon in less than 10 years, which is obviously less than a presumable 15 years time normal for a periodical change.Positive or negative, one mark that characterizes the technological bombardment indicates a constant fact: changes exist ubiquitously and operating at an ever-increasing tempo; those who fail to catch up with the torrent of change would ineluctably engulfed by billows, floating no where and eventually dissolve as negligible bubbles.

Favors as well as opportunities goes to who adapt to the contemporary trend. Fully recognizing this axiom, long before the scientists announced accomplishment of sketches of human genes or earlier successful cloning of Doris, candidates preparing for university admission have smelt the sense. Today, in the U.S., biology and its branch disciplines become the first choice for top students of senior high, determining that this subject, foretold as the third wave in technology, could bring them brilliant future as “Bill Gates” dreamt the same in the previous wave.

In addition to academic realm, respect would be paid to people who though deprived of their past secure professions, choose not to be a loser in the whimsical society. Like the artisans who lost jobs, a vast number of skilled laborer in China’s city of Wengzhou have undergone darkness and depression in those old days. However, after years of endeavor and refinement, they prove their value again. By accurately posit the economic trend and market demand, they play an active role in almost all economic sectors, garments, catering and lodging, hi-tech industry, you name it.

While ability honed in surviving the fickleness of the world makes the path through success shorter, it is essential for the more ambitious to acquire the pith of reformist and lead the trend. In this way, it could help him distinguish from the mediocracy and platitude. This is absolutely not an easy task. Inborn insight and foresight are needed to tell uncommon out of the commonplace; extraordinary perseverance and encouragement is a must to face the coming challenges against his iconoclasm. Very few people crowned with triumph possess this quality, whether the Nobel Prize winner or those who makes coverage on the Times.

In sum, as shown in the course of history, success, whether academic or professional,involves an ability to surviving in a new environment and---, eventually, ---to change it.Now some elite persons have again forecast that another social change is impending.Are you ready for that?

篇3：GRE考试写作Issue

“Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.”

Personal economic success might be due either to one's investment strategy or to one's work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enough risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeed in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, conformists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.

Regarding the sort of economic success that results from investing one's wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd. It is conformists who invest, along with most other investors, in areas that are currently the most profitable, and popular. However, popular investments tend to be overpriced, and in the long run their values will come down to reasonable levels. As a result, given enough time conformists tend to reap lower rewards from their investments than nonconformists do.

Turning to the sort of economic success that one achieves by way of one's work, neither conformists nor non-conformists necessarily achieve greater success than the other group.

In consumer-driven industries, where innovation, product differentiation and creativity are crucial to lasting success, non-conformists who take unique approaches tend to recognize emerging trends and to rise above their peers. For example, Ted Turner's departure from the traditional format of the other television networks, and the responsiveness of Amazon's Jeff Bezos to burgeoning Internet commerce, propelled these two non-conformists into leadership positions in their industries. Particularly in technology industries, where there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, people who cling to last year's paradigm, or to the status quo in general, are soon left behind by coworkers and competing firms.

However, in traditional service industries--such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care--personal economic success comes not to non-conformists but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulations. Of course, a clever idea for structuring a deal, or a creative legal maneuver, might play a role in winning smaller battles along the way. But such tactics are those of conformists who are playing by the same ground rules as their peers; winners are just better at the game.

In conclusion, non-conformists with sufficient risk tolerance and patience are invariably the most successful investors in the long run. When it comes to careers, however, while non-conformists tend to be more successful in technology- and consumer-driven industries, traditionalists are the winners in system-driven industries pervaded by policy, regulation, and bureaucracy.

篇4：GRE考试写作Issue

“What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent.”

I strongly agree that great achievements often lead to great discontent. In fact, I would assert more specifically that great individual achievements can cause discontent for the individual achiever or for the society impacted by the achievement, or both. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that whether a great achievement causes great discontent can depend on one's personal perspective, as well as the perspective of time.

With respect to individual achievements, great achievers are by nature ambitious people and therefore tend to be dissatisfied and discontent with their accomplishments-no matter how great. Great athletes are compelled to try to better their record-breaking performances; great artists and musicians typically claim that their greatest work will be their next one--a sign of personal discontent. And many child protégés, especially those who achieve some measure of fame early in life, later suffer psychological discontent for having “peaked” so early. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example of a great achiever's discontent was Einstein, whose theoretical breakthroughs in physics only raised new theoretical conundrums which Einstein himself recognized and spent the last twenty years of his life struggling unsuccessfully to solve.

Individual achievements can often result in discontent on a societal level. The great achievement of the individual scientists responsible for the success of the Manhattan Project resulted in worldwide anxiety over the threat of nuclear annihilation--a form of discontent with which the world's denizens will forever be forced to cope. Even individual achievements that at first glance would appear to have benefited society turn out to be causes of great discontent. Consider the invention of the automobile, along with the innovations in manufacturing processes and materials that made mass production possible. As a result we have become a society enslaved to our cars, relying on them as crutches not only for transportation but also for affording us a false sense of socioeconomic status. Moreover, the development of assembly-line manufacturing has served to alienate workers from their work, which many psychologists agree causes a great deal of personal discontent.

Turning from individual achievements to societal, including political, achievements, the extent to which great achievements have caused great discontent often depends on one's perspective. Consider, for example, America's spirit of Manifest Destiny during the 19th Century, or British Imperialism over the span of several centuries. From the perspective of an Imperialist, conquering other lands and peoples might be viewed as an unqualified success. However, from the viewpoint of the indigenous peoples who suffer at the hands of Imperialists, these so-called “achievements” are the source of widespread oppression and misery, and in turn discontent, to which any observant Native American or South African native could attest.

The extent to which great socio-political achievements have caused great discontent also depends on the perspective of time. For example, F.D.R.'s New Deal was and still is considered by many to be one of the greatest social achievements of the 20th Century. However, we are just now beginning to realize that the social-security system that was an integral part of F.D.R.'s social program will soon result in great discontent among those workers currently paying into the system but unlikely to see any benefits after they retire.

To sum up, I agree that great achievements, both individual and socio-political, often result in great discontent. Moreover, great individual achievements can result in discontent for both the individual achiever and the society impacted by the achievement. Nevertheless, in measuring the extent of discontent, we must account for varying personal and political perspectives as well as different time perspectives.

篇5：GRE考试写作Issue

“The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.”

The speaker asserts that when many people question authority society is better off. While I contend that certain forms of disobedience can be harmful to any society, I agree with the speaker otherwise. In fact, I would go further by contending that society's well-being depends on challenges to authority, and that when it comes to political and legal authority, these challenges must come from many people.

Admittedly, when many people question authority some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. Mass resistance to authority can escalate to violent protest and rioting, during which innocent people are hurt and their property damaged and destroyed. The fallout from the 1992 Los Angeles riots aptly illustrates this point. The “authority” which the rioters sought to challenge was that of the legal justice system which acquitted police officers in the beating of Rodney King. The means of challenging that authority amounted to flagrant disregard for criminal law on a mass scale--by way of looting, arson, and even deadly assault. This violent challenge to authority resulted in a financially crippled community and, more broadly, a turning back of the clock with respect to racial tensions across America.

While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society's well-being. In particular, progress in human rights depends on popular dissension. It is not enough for a charismatic visionary like Gandhi or King to call for change in the name of justice and humanity; they must have the support of many people in order to effect change. Similarly, in a democracy citizens must respect timeless legal doctrines and principles, yet at the same time question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values. It is not enough for a handful of legislators to challenge the legal status quo; ultimately it is up to the electorate at large to call for change when change is needed for the well-being of society.

Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery, all of which clearly benefit any society. In fact, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, questioning of authority. History is replete with scientific discoveries that posed challenges to political, religious, and scientific authority. For example, the theories of a sun-centered solar system, of humankind's evolution from other life forms, and of the relativity of time and space, clearly flew in the face of “authoritative” scientific as well as religious doctrine of their time. Moreover, when it comes to science a successful challenge to authority need not come from a large number of people. The key contributions of a few individuals---like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Hawking---often suffice.

Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no gemtinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. And again, it is not necessary that a large number of people pose such challenges; a few key individuals can have a profound impact. For instance, modern ballet owes much of what is new and exciting to George Ballanchine, who by way of his improvisational techniques posed a successful challenge to established traditions. And modern architecture arguably owes its existence to the founders of Germany's Bauhaus School of Architecture, which challenged certain “authoritative” notions about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.

To sum up, in general I agree that when many people question authority the well-being of society is enhanced. Indeed, advances in government and law depend on challenges to the status quo by many people. Nevertheless, to ensure a net benefit rather than harm, the means of such challenges must be peaceful ones.

篇6：GRE考试写作Issue

“It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.”

This statement asserts that art, not the art critic, provides something of lasting value to society. I strongly agree with the statement. Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.

To support the statement the speaker might point out the three ostensible functions of the art critic. First, critics can help us understand and interpret art; a critic who is familiar with a particular artist and his or her works might have certain insights about those works that the layperson would not. Secondly, a critic's evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, which helps us determine which art is worth our time and attention. For example, a new novel by a best-selling author might nevertheless be an uninspired effort, and if the critic can call our attention to this fact we gain time to seek out more worthwhile literature to read. Thirdly, a critic can provide feedback for artists; and constructive criticism, if taken to heart, can result in better work.

However, reflecting on these three functions makes clear that the art critic actually offers very little to society.

The first function is better accomplished by docents and teachers, who are more able to enhance a layperson's appreciation and understanding of art by providing an objective, educated interpretation of it. Besides, true appreciation of art occurs at the moment we encounter art; it is the emotional, even visceral impact that art has on our senses, spirits, and souls that is the real value of art. A critic can actually provide a disservice by distracting us from that experience.

The critic's second function that of evaluator who filters out bad art from the worthwhile is one that we must be very wary of. History supports this caution. In the role of judge, critics have failed us repeatedly. Consider, for example, Voltaire's rejection of Shakespeare as barbaric because he did not conform to neo-classical principles of unity. Or, consider the complete dismissal of Beethoven's music by the esteemed critics of his time. The art critic's judgment is limited by the narrow confines of old and established parameters for evaluation. Moreover, critical judgment is often misguided by the ego; thus its value is questionable in any event.

I turn finally to the critic's third function: to provide useful feedback to artists. The value of this function is especially suspect. Any artist, or anyone who has studied art, would agree that true art is the product of the artist's authentic passion, a manifestation of the artist's unique creative impulse, and a creation of the artist's spirit. If art were shaped by the concern for integrating feedback from all criticism, it would become a viable craft, but at the same time would cease to be art.

In sum, none of the ostensible functions of the critic are of much value at all, let alone of lasting value, to society. On the other hand, the artist, through works of art, provides an invaluable and unique mirror of the culture of the time during which the work was produced a mirror for the artist's contemporaries and for future generations to gaze into for insight and appreciation of history. The art critic in a subordinate role, more often than not, does a disservice to society by obscuring this mirror.

篇7：GRE考试写作Issue

“There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.”

The speaker claims that all observation is subjective--colored by desire and expectation. While it would be tempting to concede that we all see things differently, careful scrutiny of the speaker's claim reveals that it confuses observation with interpretation. In fact, in the end the speaker's claim relies entirely on the further claim that there is no such thing as truth and that we cannot truly know anything. While this notion might appeal to certain existentialists and epistemologists, it runs against the grain of all scientific discovery and knowledge gained over the last 500 years.

It would be tempting to afford the speaker's claim greater merit than it deserves. After all, our everyday experience as humans informs us that we often disagree about what we observe around us. We've all uttered and heard uttered many times the phase “That's not the way I see it!” Indeed, everyday observations--for example, about whether a football player was out of bounds, or about which car involved in an accident ran the red light--vary depending not only on one's spatial perspective but also on one's expectations or desires. If I'm rooting for one football team, or if the player is well-known for his ability to make great plays while barely staying in bounds, my desires or expectations might influence what I think I observe. Or if I am driving one of the cars in the accident, or if one car is a souped-up sports car, then my desires or expectations will in all likelihood color my perception of the accident's events.

However, these sorts of subjective “observations” are actually subjective “interpretations'' of what we observe. Visitors to an art museum might disagree about the beauty of a particular work, or even about which color predominates in that work. In a court trial several jurors might view the same videotape evidence many times, yet some jurors might ”observe“ an incident of police brutality, will others ”observe“ the appropriate use of force to restrain a dangerous individual. Thus when it comes to making judgments about what we observe and about remembering what we observe, each person's individual perspective, values, and even emotions help form these judgments and recollections. It is crucial to distinguish between interpretations such as these and observation, which is nothing more than a sensory experience. Given the same spatial perspective and sensory acuity and awareness, it seems to me that our observations would all be essentially in accord--that is, observation can be objective.

Lending credence to my position is Francis Bacon's scientific method, according to which we can know only that which we observe, and thus all truth must be based on empirical observation. This profoundly important principle serves to expose and strip away all subjective interpretation of observation, thereby revealing objective scientific truths. For example, up until Bacon's time the Earth was ”observed“ to lie at the center of the Universe, in accordance with the prevailing religious notion that man (humankind) was the center of God's creation. Applying Bacon's scientific method Galileo exposed the biased nature of this claim. Similarly, before Einstein time and space were assumed to be linear, in accordance with our ”observation.“ Einstein's mathematical formulas suggested otherwise, and his theories have been proven empirically to be true. Thus it was our subjective interpretation of time and space that led to our misguided notions about them. Einstein, like history's other most influential scientists, simply refused to accept conventional interpretations of what we all observe.

In sum, the speaker confuses observation with interpretation and recollection. It is how we make sense of what we observe, not observation itself, that is colored by our perspective, expectations, and desires. The gifted individuals who can set aside their subjectivity and delve deeper into empirical evidence, employing Bacon's scientific method, are the ones who reveal that observation not only can be objective but must be objective if we are to embrace the more fundamental notion that knowledge and truth exist.

篇8：GRE考试写作Issue

”Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.“

Should parents and communities participate in local education because education is too important to leave to professional educators, as the speaker asserts? It might be tempting to agree with the speaker, based on a parent's legal authority over, familiarity with, and interest in his or her own children. However, a far more compelling argument can be made that, except for major decisions such as choice of school, a child's education is best left to professional educators.

Communities of parents concerned about their children's education rely on three arguments for active parental and community participation in that process. The first argument, and the one expressed most often and vociferously, is that parents hold the ultimately legal authority to make key decisions about what and how their own children learn including choice of curriculum and text books, pace and schedule for learning, and the extent to which their child should learn alongside other children. The second argument is that only a parent can truly know the unique needs of a child including what educational choices are best suited for the child. The third argument is that parents are more motivated--by pride and ego--than any other person to take whatever measures are needed to ensure their children receive the best possible education.

Careful examination of these three arguments, however, reveals that they are specious at best. As for the first one, were we to allow parents the right to make all major decisions regarding the education of their children, many children would go with little or no education. In a perfect world parents would always make their children's education one of their highest priorities. Yet, in fact many parents do not. As for the second argument, parents are not necessarily best equipped to know what is best for their child when it comes to education. Although most parents might think they are sufficiently expert by virtue of having gone through formal education themselves, parents lack the specialized training to appreciate what pedagogical methods are most effective, what constitutes a balanced education, how developmental psychology affects a child's capacity for learning at different levels and at different stages of childhood. Professional educators, by virtue of their specialized training in these areas, are far better able to ensure that a child receives a balanced, properly paced education.

There are two additional compelling arguments against the speaker's contention. First, parents are too subjective to always know what is truly best for their children. For example, many parents try to overcome their own shortcomings and failed self-expectations vicariously through their children's accomplishments. Most of us have known parents who push their child to excel in certain areas--to the emotional and psychological detriment of the child. Secondly, if too many parties become involved in making decisions about day-to-day instruction, the end result might be infighting, legal battles, boycotts, and other protests, all of which impede the educational process; and the ultimate victims are the children themselves. Finally, in many jurisdictions parents now have the option of schooling their children at home, as long as certain state requirements are met. In my observation, home schooling allows parents who prefer it great control over a child's education, while allowing the professional educators to discharge their responsibilities as effectively as possible--unfettered by gadfly parents who constantly interfere and intervene.

In sum, while parents might seem better able and better motivated to make key decisions about their child's education, in many cases they are not. With the possible exceptions of responsible home-schoolers, a child's intellectual, social, and psychological development is at risk when communities of parents dominate the decision-making process involving education.

篇9：GRE考试写作Issue

”Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.“

The speaker contends that students should be skeptical in their studies, and should not accept passively whatever they are taught. In my view, although undue skepticism might be counterproductive for a young child's education, I strongly agree with the speaker otherwise. If we were all to accept on blind faith all that we are taught, our society would never progress or evolve.

Skepticism is perhaps most important in the physical sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery. In fact, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, skepticism. And history is replete with examples of students of science who challenged what they had been taught, thereby paving the way for scientific progress. For example, in challenging the notion that the Earth was in a fixed position at the center of the universe, Copernicus paved the way for the corroborating observations of Galileo a century later, and ultimately for Newton's principles of gravity upon which all modern science is based. The staggering cumulative impact of Copernicus' rejection of what he had been taught is proof enough of the value of skepticism.

The value of skepticism is not limited to the physical sciences, of course. In the fields of sociology and political science, students must think critically about the assumptions underlying the status quo; otherwise, oppression, tyranny and prejudice go unchecked. Similarly, while students of the law must learn to appreciate timeless legal doctrines and principles, they must continually question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values and to address new legal issues arising from our ever-evolving technologies.

Even in the arts, students must challenge established styles and forms rather than learn to imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge. Bee-bop musicians such as Charlie Parker demonstrated through their wildly innovative harmonies and melodies their skepticism about established rules for harmony and melody. In the area of dance Ballanchine showed by way of his improvisational techniques his skepticism about established rules for choreography. And Germany's Bauhaus School of Architecture, to which modern architecture owes its existence, was rooted in skepticism about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.

Admittedly, undue skepticism might be counterproductive in educating young children. I am not an expert in developmental psychology; yet observation and common sense informs me that youngsters must first develop a foundation of experiential knowledge before they can begin to think critically about what they are learning. Even so, in my view no student, no matter how young, should be discouraged from asking ”Why?“ and ”Why not?“

To sum up, skepticism is the very stuff that progress is made of, whether it be in science, sociology, politics, the law, or the arts. Therefore, skepticism should be encouraged at all but the most basic levels of education.

篇10：GRE考试写作Issue

”The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.“

Should the only responsibility of a business executive be to maximize business profits, within the bounds of the law? In several respects this position has considerable merit; yet it ignores certain compelling arguments for imposing on businesses additional obligations to the society in which they operate.

On the one hand are two convincing arguments that profit maximization within the bounds of the law should be a business executive's sole responsibility. First, imposing on businesses additional duties to the society in which they operate can, paradoxically, harm that society. Compliance with higher ethical standards than the law requires--m such areas as environmental impact and workplace conditions--adds to business expenses and lowers immediate profits. In turn, lower profits can prevent the socially conscious business from creating more jobs, and from keeping its prices low and the quality of its products and services high. Thus if businesses go further than their legal duties in serving their communities the end result might be a net disservice to those communities.

Secondly, by affirming that profit maximization within legal bounds is the most ethical behavior possible for business, we encourage private enterprise, and more individuals enter the marketplace in the quest of profits. The inevitable result of increased competition is lower prices and better products, both of which serve the interests of consumers. Moreover, since maximizing profits enhances the wealth of a company's stakeholders, broad participation in private enterprise raises the wealth of a nation, expands its economy, and raises its overall standard of living and quality of life.

On the other hand are three compelling arguments for holding business executives to certain responsibilities m addition to profit maximization and to compliance with the letter of the law. First, a growing percentage of businesses are related to technology, and haws often lag behind advances in technology. As a result, new technology-based products and services might pose potential harm to consumers even though they conform to current laws. For example, Internet commerce is still largely unregulated because our lawmakers are slow to react to the paradigm shift from brick-and-mortar commerce to e-commerce. As a result, unethical marketing practices, privacy invasion, and violations of intellectual-property rights are going unchecked for lack of regulations that would clearly prohibit them.

Secondly, since a nation's laws do not extend beyond its borders, compliance with those laws does not prevent a business from doing harm elsewhere. Consider, for example, the trend among U.S. businesses in exploiting workers in countries where labor laws are virtually non-existent in order to avoid the costs of complying with U.S. labor laws.

Thirdly, a philosophical argument can be made that every business enters into an implied social contract with the community that permits it to do business, and that this social contract, although not legally enforceable, places a moral duty on the business to refrain from acting in ways that will harm that community.

In sum, I agree with the statement insofar as in seeking to maximize profits a business serves not only itself but also its employees, customers, and the overall economy. Yet today's rapidly changing business environment and increasing globalization call for certain affirmative obligations beyond the pursuit of profit and mere compliance with enforceable rules and regulations. Moreover, in the final analysis any business is indebted to the society in which it operates for its very existence, and thus has a moral duty, regardless of any legal obligations, to pay that debt.

篇11：GRE写作issue技巧

GRE写作issue技巧分享

1. 写作宗旨

“老美是一个崇尚自由，个性，创造力，个人能力的国家，所以我们的立题最后也是偏向这一方面。从的出题倾向中可以很明显的感觉到这种偏好。对于很肯定的题目，不要脚踩两只船，要有自己鲜明的观点!(我觉得凭自己的水平是写不好两边都讨好的题目的，所以与其攻其十指，不如伤其一指。)

论点不要重复题目。由于我有时候找不出什么论点了，会把题目的再重复一遍，所以也想提醒一下和自己有相同毛病的g友，不要犯同样的错误。其实有时候可以把题目再读一遍，你就会有新的发现。”

2. 如何审题

“题目中的话说到绝对的，就diagree。比如题目中有这些词的as long as，anything，everything，all，only，我们可以把它们作为一个论点进行攻击，这是很容易找到反例的。我考试的时候就遇到了这样的情况：题目是：Practicality is now our GREat idol，which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today s world.可以看到题目中有三处很绝对的地方(all，anything，little )，一一反驳就是三个论点了。

题目对X.X不满，就agree。这种题目一般很明显的可以察觉到出题者的意图，所以你就跟着他不满。

若有比较，就顺着agree。题目中会出现诸如as...more...than...这样的词，看到了，你也可以顺着他的意思同意。

题目会很明显的提示你从哪些方面来写，比如说：In any realm of life--whether academic，social，business， or political--the only way to succeed is to take a practical，rather than an idealistic，point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival，whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler，more immediate options.你可以看到破折号里面的academic，social，business，or political，所以你就跟着他一个个举例子。”

3. 例子

“第一种是经典型：比如说Einstein，Newton，Galileo，Edison这些科学家的例子被用的烂了，不过也不失为好东西。the earth orbiting around the sun;Copernicus，Bruno等等。Picasso，Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky，Nixon Watergate等。

第二种是时尚型:为了与众不同，胜人一筹可以找一些新的例子。比如文艺类的，电影Matrix，可以用于arts;the project of Three gorges;High speed railway between Beijing and Shanghai;可以用于政治类的政府决策方面。以及写道Scandal时，Tony Blair和那个倒霉的武器核查专家也可以用。还有Iraq和USA的战争，朝鲜的核弹问题，都可以从不同侧面来分析。

我在准备过程中，每天看看yahoo网站的英语新闻，这样，不但可以了解最新的实事，练练泛读，还可以看到很多现代美语的用法以及一些不知道怎么表达的专业词汇，得益非浅。”

作文引用注意要点

1. 内容与GRE作文范文高度相似

官方说明：“text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses.”

每年的GRE考生们，为了更好的准备作文部分，会背诵大量的范围，学习和借鉴其中出彩的表达，但是千万注意，学习好词好句，不代表整段直接照搬到考卷上。

2. 部分句子来源于出版或未出版资料

官方说明：“quoting or paraphrasing,without attribution,language or ideas that appear in published or unpublished sources.”

大家若在一些材料中看到了一些词句并且想要在考试的时候引用，一定要正确的做注释，这一点非常的重要。

3. 观点来自他人

官方说明：“essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have,in fact,been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.”

写作时的观点，一定要注意不能是与已存在的论点十分相似的，要基于自己的理解，给出和论点紧密联系的论据以支撑。

GRE写作中有哪些特色词汇

1. basic framework /基础框架

2. efficiency in school management /学校管理的效率

3. coordinated and balanced program of development /计划发展的协调与平衡

4. input in education /教学投入

5. optimize the teaching staff /优化师资队伍

6. communal prticipation /公共参与

7. incoming labor force /引进劳动效力

8. pre-service education /预备服务教育

9. undergo job-specific training /经历明确的职业培训

10. enhance the moral awareness of.... /增强…道德观念

11. professional ethic /职业道德

12. key disciplinary areas/ priority fields of study /关键学科领域/研究的重点领域

13. short 2- to 3- year higher education两到三年的短期高等教育

14. literacy class /文化阶层

15. age bracket /年龄段

16. inculate教育

17. school-ager /处于上学年龄的人，学生

18. exhaustion of human resources /人力资源的枯竭

19. school dropout/ leav er /辍学者

20. foundation /基础(教育)

GRE写作如何运用简约的方法

(一)举例论证法举例论证法：

简称例证法，是根据需要例举一定的事实来证明观点正确的方法。事实要求充分、确凿、有代表根据性。

例1：(南京艺术学院附属中学有删改)资讯时代是为能运用资讯的人而预备的。那些把一切资料的碎片都当做资讯的人不可能正确的运用资讯;那些把一切有用和无用的东西都往脑袋里塞的人也不可能成功运用资讯。只有对你真正有意义的资料才称得上资其他的都是垃圾，只会让你更加无知。也许我们都有过这样的“超载健忘症”，听完一场毫无意义的演讲，我们不仅没有记住一个字，反而连车停在什么地方都忘了。

问题：文中运用了什么论证方法?起到了怎样的作用?

参考答案：举例论证法。举到了“超载健忘症”的例子。其作用是：证明了滥取资讯的严重后果(危害)

例2、(2006海南省课改试验区有删改)歌德用了差不多半生的精力学画无成，面对人生的不断碰壁，及时调整了人生目标，在文学道路上做出一番成就。孙中山青年时悬壶行医，最后发现治一人并不能救社会，于是转而投身革命，终于成就了令世人敬佩的伟业。无数成功的例子告诉我们，成功者是在不断的实践中发现了成功的道路，并不是一开始就站到了正确的起点上。因此，我们不要盲目地相信自己的兴趣，不要绝对依赖自己的感觉，而要尽可能多地尝试各种各样的发展道路，与时俱进地调整自己的努力方向。(的中心论点是发现自己才能选择正确的道路，才能实现个人的最大价值)

问题：本段用了什么论证方法，作用是什么?

参考答案：举例论证法(例证法)。作用是用该事例论证了成功者是在不断实践的过程中发现成功的道路的，因此我们要在实践中学会尝试各种发展道路，并与时俱进的调整自己的努力方向。举例论证法的作用：事实胜于雄辩，用确凿、典型的事实来证明观点，会增强文章的说服力。

(二)引用论证法引用论证法：

简称引证法，是引用正确的科学原理，马克思主义经典著作中的精辟见解、古今中外的名言警句以及人们认定的定理公式来证明论点。

例1、(2006 随州市有删改)古人说：“尽信书，不如无书”。读书的终极目的，是要把“死”书读活，让书发挥作用。“死”“活”之间，相互为用，相互补充。我们强调读“死” 书，但又不拘泥于读“死”书。“死”与“活”，都是对人而言的。人要书“死”，书就“死”;人要书“活”，书就“活”。这就叫“运用之妙，存乎一心”。善读书者，手中都有一把打开书籍奥秘的金钥匙。书籍是死的，金钥匙却是活的。“死”与“活”的关系，大概有如书籍与金钥匙的关系，我们先要有书籍，然后金钥匙才能发挥作用。只有漂亮的金钥匙，又有什么用处?因此，谈读书，就得先读书。

题目：语段使用了引用论证法，请你把它找出来，并说明它的作用。

参考答案：古人说：“尽信书，不如无书”，作用是引用古语阐明了“死”，“活”之间，不是绝对孤立的，有相互为用，相互补充的关系。作用：用权威性的话语，使说理更加深刻、透彻、具有说服力，着力体现理论的力量和文章的思想深度。

(三)比喻论证法比喻论证法：

简称喻证法，用人们熟知的事物来作比喻证明观点。

(百色市)人生什么事最苦呢?贫吗?不是。失意吗?不是。老吗?死吗?都不是。我说人生最苦的事，莫若身上背着一种未了的责任。人若能知足，虽贫不苦;若能安分(不多作分外希望)，虽失意不苦;老、死乃是人生难免的事，达观的人看得很平常，也不算什么苦。独是凡人生在世间一天，便有应该做的事。该做的事没有做完，便像是有几千斤重担压在肩头，再苦是没有的了。为什么呢?因为受那良心责备不过，要逃躲也没处逃躲呀!(这篇文章的中心论点是人生最苦的事，莫若身上背着一种未了的责任。)

问题：这段文字运用了什么论证方法来证明中心论点的?其作用是什么?

参考答案：比喻论证法(喻证法)

“该做的事没有做完，便像是有几千斤重担压在肩头”生动形象地表现出人生最苦的事，莫若身上背着一种未了的责任。比喻论证法的作用：深入浅出，生动形象地证明观点，使观点更为清晰，读者更易理解。

(四)、对比论证法对比论证法：

将一个事物的正反意见或优劣情况进行对照分析来证明论点的方法。

例：(2006江苏省盐城市有删改)陶渊明不为五斗米折腰，李白不摧眉折腰事权贵，顾炎武不做清朝的高官，……古今有志气、有骨气的人，都不以高官厚禄为荣，居下有节，自强不息。他们的高尚品质永远为后世传诵。相反，那些曾荣耀一时、富贵一生的人，现在却早已被时间的长河冲刷得无影无踪了。

问题：这一段除了运用举例论证法之外，还运用了哪种论证方法?其作用是什么?

参考答案：对比论证法，作用是：通过正反对比使论证更加周密，更加深刻。对比论证法的作用：可以使正确与错误对比分明，是非曲直更加明确，给人以鲜明深刻的印象。

篇12：GRE考试写作Issue整合

”People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.“

The speaker claims that people who are the most firmly committed to an idea or policy are the same people who are most critical of that idea or policy. While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.

A threshold problem with the speaker's claim is that its internal logic is questionable. At first impression it would seem that firm commitment to an idea or policy necessarily requires the utmost confidence in it, and yet one cannot have a great deal of confidence in an idea or policy if one recognizes its flaws, drawbacks, or other problems. Thus commitment and criticism would seem to be mutually exclusive. But are they? One possible explanation for the paradox is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.

Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical nature of the speaker's claim are the many historical cases of uneasy marriages between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy. For example, Edward Teller, the so-called ”father of the atom bomb,“ was firmly committed to America's policy of gaining military superiority over the Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the U.S. military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy. Another example is George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the world's denizens ”should abhor war wherever they may find it.“ Yet this was the same military general who played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and the States. A third example was Einstein, who while committed to the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einstein's life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories.

In the face of historical examples supporting the speaker's claim are innumerable influential individuals who were zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly. Could anyone honestly claim, for instance, that Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who in the late 19th Century paved the way for the women's rights movement by way of their fervent advocacy, were at the same time highly critical or suspicious of the notion that women deserve equal rights under the law? Also, would it not be absurd to claim that Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, history's two leading advocates of civil disobedience as a means to social reform, had serious doubts about the ideals to which they were so demonstrably committed? Finally, consider the two ideologues and revolutionaries Lenin and Mussolini. Is it even plausible that their demonstrated commitment to their own Communist and Fascist policies, respectively, belied some deep personal suspicion about the merits of these policies? To my knowledge no private writing of any of these historical figures lends any support to the claim that these leaders were particularly critical of their own ideas or policies.

To sum up, while at first glance a deep commitment to and incisive criticism of the same idea or policy would seem mutually exclusive, it appears they are not. Thus the speaker's claim has some merit. Nevertheless, for every historical case supporting the speaker's claim are many others serving to refute it. In the final analysis, then, the correctness of the speaker's assertion must be determined on a case-by-case basis.

篇13：GRE考试写作Issue整合

”Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.“

Must we choose between tradition and modernization, as the speaker contends? I agree that in certain cases the two are mutually exclusive. For the most part, however, modernization does not reject tradition; in fact, in many cases the former can and does embrace the latter.

In the first place, oftentimes so-called ”modernization“ is actually an extension or new iteration of tradition, or a variation on it. This is especially true in language and in law. The modern English language, in spite of its many words that are unique to modern Western culture, is derived from, and builds upon, a variety of linguistic traditions--and ultimately from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Were we to insist on rejecting traditional in favor of purely modern language, we would have essentially nothing to say. Perhaps an even more striking marriage of modernization and tradition is our system of laws in the U.S., which is deeply rooted in English common-law principles of equity and justice. Our system requires that new, so-called ”modern“ laws be consistent with, and in fact build upon, those principles.

In other areas modernization departs from tradition in some respects, while embracing it in others. In the visual arts, for example, ”modern“ designs, forms, and elements are based on certain timeless aesthetic ideals--such as symmetry, balance, and harmony. Modern art that violates these principles might hold ephemeral appeal due to its novelty and brashness, but its appeal lacks staying power. An even better example from the arts is modern rock-and-roll music, which upon first listening might seem to bear no resemblance to classical music traditions. Yet, both genres rely on the same twelve-note scale, the same notions of what harmonies are pleasing to the ear, the same forms, the same rhythmic meters, and even many of the same melodies.

I concede that, in certain instances, tradition must yield entirely to the utilitarian needs of modern life. This is true especially when it comes to architectural traditions and the value of historic and archeological artifacts. A building of great historic value might be located in the only place available to a hospital desperately needing additional parking area. An old school that is a prime example of a certain architectural style might be so structurally unsafe that the only practicable way to remedy the problem would be to raze the building to make way for a modern, structurally sound one. And when it comes to bridges whose structural integrity is paramount to public safety, modernization often requires no less than replacement of the bridge altogether. However, in other such cases architecturally appropriate retrofits can solve structural problems without sacrificing history and tradition, and alternative locations for new buildings and bridges can be found in order to preserve tradition associated with our historic structures. Thus, even in architecture, tradition and modernization are not necessarily mutually exclusive options.

To sum up, in no area of human endeavor need modernization supplant, reject, or otherwise exclude tradition. In fact, in our modern structures, architecture and

篇14：GRE考试写作Issue整合

”High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.“

Do high-speed means of communication, particularly television and computers, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication, as the speaker suggests? Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less dear when it comes to communication via computers.

Few would argue that since its inception broadcast television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses. The circulation of even the most widely read newspapers pales compared to the number of viewers of popular television news programs. Yet traditional television is a one-way communications medium, affording viewers no opportunity to engage those so-called ”talking heads“ in dialogue or respond. Of course, there is nothing inherent about television that prevents us from meaningful and thoughtful communication with each other. In fact, in television's early days it was a fairly common occurrence for a family to gather around the television together for their favorite show, then afterwards discuss among themselves what they had seen and heard. Yet over time television has proven itself to serve primarily as a baby-sitter for busy parents, and as an means of escape for those who wish to avoid communicating with the people around them. Moreover, in the pursuit of profit, network executives have determined over time that the most effective uses of the medium are for fast-paced entertainment and advertising--whose messages are neither thoughtful nor meaningful.

Do computers offer greater promise for thoughtful and reflective communication than television? Emphatically, yes. After all, media such as email and the Web are interactive by design. And the opportunity for two-way communication enhances the chances of meaningful and thoughtful communication. Yet their potential begs the question: Do these media in fact serve those ends? It is tempting to hasten that the answer is ”yes“ with respect to email; after are, we've all heard stories about how email has facilitated reunions of families and old friends, and new long-distance friendships and romances. Moreover, it would seem that two-way written communication requires far more thought and reflection than verbal conversation. Nevertheless, email is often used to avoid face-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos. Thus on balance it appears that email serves as an impediment, not an aide, to thoughtful and reflective communication.

With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance, rather than prevent, meaningful communication. Distance learning courses made possible by the Web lend further credence to this assertion. Nonetheless, by all accounts it appears that the Web will ultimately devolve into a mass medium for entertainment and for e-commerce, just like traditional television. Meaningful personal interactivity is already yielding to advertising, requests for product information, buy-sell orders, and titillating adult-oriented content.

Thus, on balance these high-speed electronic media do indeed tend to prevent rather than facilitate meaningful and thoughtful communication. In the final analysis, any mass medium carries the potential for uplifting us, enlightening us, and helping us to communicate with and understand one another. However, by all accounts, television has not fulfilled that potential; and whether the Web will serve us any better is ultimately up to us as a society.

篇15：GRE考试写作Issue整合

”Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.“

The speaker asserts that television and computer connectivity will soon render tourism obsolete. I agree that these technologies might eventually serve to reduce travel for certain purposes other than tourism. However, I strongly disagree that tourism will become obsolete, or that it will even decline, as a result.

As for the claim that television will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen. For nearly a half-century we have been peering through our television sets at other countries and cultures; yet tourism is as popular today as ever. In fact, tourism has been increasing sharply during the last decade, which has seen the advent of television channels catering exclusively to our interest in other cultures and countries. The more reasonable conclusion is that television has actually served to spark our interest in visiting other places.

It is somewhat more tempting to accept the speaker's further claim that computer connectivity will render tourism obsolete. However, the speaker unfairly assumes that the purpose of tourism is simply to obtain information about other people and places. Were this the case, I would entirely agree that the current information explosion spells the demise of tourism. But, tourism is not primarily about gathering information. Instead, it is about sensory experience--seeing and heating firsthand, even touching and smelling. Could anyone honestly claim that seeing a picture or even an enhanced 3-D movie of the Swiss Alps serves as a suitable substitute for riding a touting motorcycle along narrow roads traversing those mountains? Surely not. The physical world is laden with a host of such delights that we humans are compelled to experience firsthand as tourists.

Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: we all need to ”get away“ from our familiar routines and surroundings from time to 6me. Will computer connectivity alter this basic need? Certainly not. In short, tourism is a manifestation of a basic human need for variety and for exploration. This basic need is why humans have come to inhabit every corner of the Earth, and will just as surely inhabit other planets of the solar system.

In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a boon for tourism. The costs of travel and accommodations are likely to decrease due to Internet price competition. Even more significantly, to the extent that the Internet enhances communication among the world's denizens, our level of comfort and trust when it comes to dealing with people from other cultures will only increase. As a result, many people who previously would not have felt safe or secure traveling to strange lands will soon venture abroad with a new sense of confidence.

Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet. Products that can be reduced to digital ”bits and bites“ can now be shipped anywhere in the world without any human travel. And the volume of business-related trips will surely decline in the future, as teleconferencing becomes more readily available. To the extent that business travelers ”play tourist“ during business trips, tourism will decline as a result. Yet it would be absurd to claim that these phenomena alone will render tourism obsolete.

In sum, while business travel might decline as a result of global connectivity, tourism is likely to increase as a result. Global connectivity, especially the Internet, can only pique our curiosity about other peoples, cultures, and places. Tourism helps satisfy that curiosity, as well as satisfying a fundamental human need to experience new things first-hand and to explore the world.

篇16：GRE写作ISSUE和ARGUMENT作文高分写法策略分析

GRE写作ISSUE和ARGUMENT作文高分写法策略分析

GRE考试ISSUE写作练法

ISSUE类作文中，不同类型的题目有较大的差别，但是在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题的方向非常接近的题目，讨论的内容十分接近。这些题目，本质上是一致的，考生完全可以用一篇文章来应对这一类题目。除去这些同类题目，题库中的需要我们对付的也就是200道左右。考试中，会有两题供考生选择，因此，Issue练习的最佳数量应在100篇左右。理论上讲，达到这种境界的考生，在考试中遇到自己练习过的题目的概率是100%，这对于获得高分有至关重要的作用。

当然，练习这么多的文章需要考生付出相当多的时间和精力，而大部分考生都没有这么充裕的时间。一般来说，针对不同类型的Issue题目，要练习50篇左右。这样考生在考场上遇到熟题的机率仍有50%。

GRE考试ARUMENT写作练法

Argument题库内容丰富，但就题目中出错的逻辑类型来说，就显得较为单一了，考生可以用完全一致的驳斥方法来进行写作。

另外，Argument题目中大都提供了相当丰富的背景信息，所以考生总不至于无话可说。总而言之，Argument的难度要比Issue低一些，只要考生把各种逻辑错误熟练的掌握，并能清楚明白的表述出来，成绩一般不会低于4分。Argument题库中的逻辑错误，粗略的统计了一下，大概有8、9种，如果考生想要在Argument部分拿到4.5以上的成绩，那么针对每种错误类型练习至少要练习3篇，总数在30左右就可以了。

GRE分类词汇记忆：乏味

2.2.6 乏味

arid adj. 枯燥的;干旱的 (aridness n. 干燥)

boring adj. 无趣的，乏味的

corny adj.平淡无奇的;乡巴佬的

drab adj. 无聊的;枯黄色的

dreary adj. 沉闷的，乏味的

dull adj. (枯燥乏味的);不鲜明的;迟钝的;v. 变迟钝

ennui n. 无聊，倦怠;v. 使无聊

grind n. 枯燥乏味的工作;v. 磨碎，碾碎

humdrum adj. 单调的，乏味的

insipid adj. 乏味的，枯燥的

lackadaisical adj. 无兴趣的;无精打采的

monotone adj. 单调的

monotonous adj. 单调的，无聊的

monotony n. 单调，千篇 一律

prosaic adj. 单调的，无趣的

stodgy adj. 乏味的

tame adj. 沉闷的;驯服的

tedious adj. 沉闷的，冗长的

tedium n. 单调乏味

vapid adj. 索然无味的 (vapidity n. 乏味)

GRE分类词汇记忆：急躁

brash adj. 性急的;无礼的

compulsion n. 难以抗拒的冲动;强迫

explosive adj. 使人冲动的;爆炸性的;n. 炸药

grating adj. 恼人的;(声音)刺耳的

impetuous adj. 冲动的，鲁莽的 (impetuosity n. 冲动)

impulse n. 冲动;刺激

impulsive adj. 易冲动的

irritation n. 急躁，愤怒，刺激

petulance n. 性急，发脾气，暴躁

petulant adj. 性急的，暴躁的

summarily adv. 仓促地;概括地

testy adj. 性急的，暴躁的

berserk adj. 疯狂的，狂怒的 (berserker n. 狂暴者)

demented adj. 疯狂的

distracted adj. 心烦意乱的，精神不集中的

distraught adj. 心神狂乱的

distract v. 使发狂;分心，转移

frantic adj. 疯狂的，狂乱的

frenetic adj. 狂乱的，发狂的

frenzy n. 狂暴，极度激动的状态

fury n. 狂暴，狂怒，激烈;狂怒的人;(希神)复仇女神

insane adj. 疯狂的

insanity n. 疯狂;愚昧

possessed adj. 疯狂的;着迷的 (possess v. 拥有，迷住 possession n. 财产，所有物)

queer adj. 疯狂的，奇怪的

tempestuous adj. 狂暴的

GRE分类词汇记忆：迷惑

addle v. 使昏乱;使腐坏 (addled adj. 头脑混乱的)

baffle v. 使困惑，难倒 (baffling adj. 令人困惑的)

befuddle v. 使迷惑，使为难;使酒醉昏迷

befuddlement n. 迷惑不解

bemused adj. 茫然的，困惑的

bewilder v. 迷惑，混乱

bewildering adj. 令人迷惑的，费解的

captivate v. 迷惑，吸引 (captivation n. 吸引力，魅力)

confound v. 使迷惑，搞混

daze v. 使茫然，使眩晕

delirious adj. 精神错乱的

delirium n. 精神错乱

deranged adj. 精神错乱的，有精神病的

derangement n. 精神错乱

discombobulate v. 使困惑，扰乱

discombobulated adj. 扰乱的，打乱的

discomfited adj. 困惑的，尴尬的

elude v. 搞不清;逃避

enthrall v. 迷惑，迷住

fascinate v. 迷惑，迷住

illusive adj. 迷惑人的，迷幻的

muddle n. 迷惑，混乱

nonplus v. 使窘困迷惑;n. 迷惑，窘境 (nonplussed adj. 窘困迷惑的)

obfuscate v. 使困惑，使迷惑 (obfuscation n. 昏迷，困惑)

obsess v. 使…困窘，使…烦扰;迷住

quandary n. 困惑，进退两难

stupefy v. (使)茫然，吓呆 (stupid adj. 愚笨的)

篇17：GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析

GRE写作ISSUE作文评分标准解析 规定时间内写出高分作文要做到这几点

GRE作文评分比标准

GRE作文满分为6分，以0.5分为最小计分单位，作文成绩单独计算，不计入语文数学部分的总分，对于大部分学校来说，4.5分左右的作文成绩就已经是比较好的分数，部分文科类专业也可能要求更高的分数。

GRE写作Issue满分评分标准解读

In addressing the specific task directions, a 6 response presents a cogent, well-articulated examination of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully.

A typical paper in this category exhibits the following characteristics:

1.articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task

2.develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples

3.sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically

4.conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

5.demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English(i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors。

标准解读 要点 1： articulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned task

关键词：insightful ，position，in accordance with

1. insightful即Data Mining(数据挖掘)。

GRE写作强调思辨，挖掘题目的核心概念十分必要。 例如GRE作文题库中有一道题目：事物的差异性重要还是相似性重要? “insightful”的分析应当是通过similarity 和 difference的现象看到背后所体现的本质--矛盾(paradox)的思想。 具体来说就是要学会观察相似事物的差异性，以及差异事物的相似性，辩证地分析事物。 因此本题真正考查的是“看待事物的方法论”, 而非简单的选择“哪一个重要”。

2. position

在GRE issue写作里，position不等于attitude，即立场不等于态度。 这又是GRE作文中对于逻辑辩证点的考查。 很多高分GRE文章都是对一个事物的利弊进行具体问题的具体分析，而非进行倾向性的态度传递，这也符合事物的基本规律，即任何事物都具有两面性。 TOEFL独立写作非常强调态度的传达，但GRE作文更强调分析事物的方法论和论证过程。

3. in accordance with

指切题(on-topic)的论述：论点、论据，论证要和题目要求一致，这个评分点和上文中insightful的要求一脉相承。 许多GRE issue题目的含义很难依赖字面意思来理解， 题目的“隐藏逻辑”和“隐藏含义”要求考生首先要准确地“审题”、思考题面背后的含义， 然后选择相关的论点和论据进行支撑。

要点 2： develops the position fully with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples

关键词：reasons, persuasive

1. reasons=reasoning

GRE作文强调推理，并且推理的过程远重要于推理的结果。在GRE作文里，解释Why比给出What 更重要，因为考官是通过审视推理过程来判断考生的逻辑陈述能力。 因此建议考生在准备GRE作文时，应把重点放在分析推理上，而不是频频给出各类结论。

2. persuasive=relevant

在GRE作文里，考生给出的所有例证都要有说服力。要有说服力，首先要与文中的论证相关。无论例证是来自西方世界还是中国，相关的例子才是和论证匹配的内容。

要点 3： sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically

关键词：analysis, logically

1. analysis

GRE写作强调论述过程与分析过程，而非结论本身。

2. logically

“GRE写作的逻辑”包含形式逻辑和内容逻辑: 形式逻辑就是指文章起承转合的逻辑信号、逻辑连接词。它们连接不同的内容,使行文显得有层次。内容逻辑就是指文章含义推导过程的严密性，和我们后文即将解读的排序方式是高度相关的。

要点 4： conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety

关键词：effective, variety

1. effective

有效的--所谓有效的词汇，是指根据语境所选择“恰当的用词”。 在GRE写作里考生不需要哗众取宠地用“大词、难词”来显示词汇量。 真正的高手能够用简单而精确的词语来阐述深刻的道理。

2. variety

用词用句的变化性能有效地体现行文语言的多样性。

要点 5： demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English (i.e., grammar, usage and mechanics), but may have minor errors

关键词：standard written English, may have minor errors

1. standard written English

即使用标准的书面英语。英语口语体不合适用于GRE这类准学术型的分析性写作中。 因此考生应注意标准的书面英语的语法，用词和文法。

2. may have minor errors

GRE作文允许有错误的存在。 考官认为，一篇满分的文章可以有错误，尤其是个别的拼写错误、语法错误和用词不当。这不影响一篇文章得高分。只要这篇文章准确地提炼了要点、做到了精确的对应匹配、逻辑性强、语言水平高即可。

GRE Issue写作范文详细解析

Issue

”People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.“

Sample Essay

Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of ”synergy“, where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.

Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic ”Type A“ personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.

Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole ”sum“ but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

观点陈述型作文/[题目]

”当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效。团队的协同工作需要相互合作，它比个人竞争更能激励人们。“

[范文正文]

总体而言，团队的协同工作自然能通过”增效作用“(Synergy)这一理念而带来更高程度的整体生产效率，因为在这里，整体大于个体相加之总和。然则，”当人们以团队的形式工作时，要比以孤军奋战的形式来得更加富有成效“这一观念注定会产生巨大差异，取决于所组织起来的团队的类别，团队与个人所能获得的终极回报或激励，以及个人本身。

关于个人，有些人天生就具有获取成功的欲望，无论他们所面临的情形或任务是什么。这些人会演变为工作狂这一经典的”A类“人格，因为受到一股内心的热火所驱使，这股热火时刻告诉他们必须不停地”有所事事“，无论是作为个人抑或是作为团队的一分子。另一些人则可能希望不必那么多地介入社会，或者他们倾向于与其他人激烈竞争。对这些人而言，作为个人，他们工作起来会最富有成效，因为由于他们根本就不想成为任何团队的一部分，与他人合作便会限制他们的效率。这一思想倾向是否与生俱有，还是随着时间的推移而形成，这都无关紧要。这仅仅只是他们的一种生存状态，无论是动机还是回报，都无法在其内心深处激发起作为一个团队集体工作的欲望。

有些人，由于社会互动以及与他人协作去实现某种集体努力的欲望，而具有极强的动机。显然，这些个人在作为团队的一部分进行工作时，他们便会处在其最富有成效的状态。组织行为学研究表明，亚洲文化更有可能形成此类集体性行为，与那种常和西方文化联系在一起的较为个人主义的行为构成对比。这样，人们自然会认为，某些文化价值观可以决定人们是否作为个人还是作为团队的一部分工作起来最富有成效。

GRE满分作文分析

题目：

Too much time, money, and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.

I must say that I reject this statement. While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it. Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so. To do so would be tantamount to adopting a fatalistic approach; I think most people would reject that.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt. Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?

What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.

Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hosptal, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.

分析：

字数：651

语言：平实的语句完全没有网络流行模板的痕迹，也是许多过了6级的考生通过练习可以达到的水平。

I must say that I reject this statement.

Does that mean that we should simply accept the status quo and make do? No, I don’t think so.

Technology has helped, and it has hurt.

Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

……

当然，这并不意味，在GRE作文考试中，平实的语言比润色后的语言有更多的优势。从这篇作文中，我们可以得到以下两条重要信息：

1、通过记忆大量模板使语言“全副武装”、“气势汹汹”并非高分作文的必要条件，这种方式的弊端在课堂上我们已阐述过。

2、在陈述idea的过程中，体现出critical thinking才是成功的关键。我们在课堂上对critical thinking这一概念做过多次详细的解释，现在请大家一起来体会这一概念在文中的运用。

第一段：

(表明立场)I must say that I reject this statement. (让步)While it is true that we need to support society as much as possible with current technology, (折回自己立场)that does not in any way mean that we should stop progressing simply because our current technology cannot handle all the problems we have brought to it.

第二段：

(概述科技的两面性)Technology has helped, and it has hurt. (具体讨论科技的贡献)Without it, we would never have our standard of living, nor quality of nutrition, expectation of a long and productive life span, and the unshakable belief that our lives can be made even better. (具体讨论科技的危害)But it has also brought us universal pollution, weapons so powerful as to be capable of rendering us extinct, and the consequent fear for our survival as species and as a planet. Technology is indeed a double-edged sword. (表明已考虑到科技的危害，但是依然坚持自己立场)And yet, I still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope.

第三段：

(提出反方的立场)Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that a return to a less technologically driven approach to life would have the benefits of reducing stress and allowing us to live simpler, happier lives, like those of our forebears. Such an idea is seductive, so much so that much of art and all of nostalgia are devoted to it. (通过具体论据反驳反方的观点)But upon closer inspection, one realizes that such a move would only return us to a life of different kinds of stress, one of false simplicity, one fraught with danger. It would be a life without antibiotics where a minor cut could prove deadly. It would be a life where childbirth is the main killer of women, and where an emergency is dealt with in terms of hours and days instead of minutes and hours; a life where there are no phones or cars or planes or central heating, no proven drug therapies to treat mental illness, no computers. Would this world really make people happy?

第四段：

(在第三段驳论的基础上进一步立论)What we already have, we have. And since the only way to move is forward, instead of allowing ourselves to be paralyzed by fear and worry, we need to learn how to clean up the pollution we have caused, and how to deal with a world that feeds on weapons and mass destruction. Doing these things means having to move away from technology into a more difficult realm, that of diplomacy and compromise: to move from the bully stance of “I am bigger and better and I have more toys and so I win” to a place where everyone wins.

第五段：

Technology is the thing that will allow people to do that. (指出支持观点存在的一点不足)But, advanced as it is, it is still in its infancy. (解决方案)We have to allow it to grow up and mature in order to reap the real rewards that it can bring. And there are even greater rewards ahead of us than what the world has already experienced. When technology is pushed to the outer edge, that is where serendipitous discoveries can occur. This has been seen throughout technological advancement, but the easiest example is probably the space program which made us think, really hard, about how to do things in a different environment. It gave us telecommunications, new fabrics and international cooperation. Paramedical devices, so that people can be treated even as they are being transported to the hospital, are a direct development of that technology. None of this would have happened in the time frame that it did if we had not pushed for technological advancement. If we had decided to “focus on maximizing the use of existing technology” instead of foolishly reaching for the stars, we would not have made those discoveries which now are the bedrock of the 21st century.

篇18：GRE写作ISSUE和ARGUMENT对比分析

GRE写作SSUE和ARGUMENT对比分析

GRE写作如何制定高分策略?

考生在面对两篇GRE作文时，应该如何确保高分呢?

1. 两篇作文分数都需重视

首先，大家需要明确的是，两篇作文无论哪篇都不能放弃，因为最后成绩是取两者平均值的，因此如果一篇作文分数很低，另一篇作文写得再好也会受拖累。

2. 结合自身特点制定分数策略

针对中国考生普遍ISSUE弱ARGU强的特点，比较合理的得分策略是保ISSUE合格和争ARGUMENT高分。ISSUE难度高，确保一个3.5分到4分的成绩比较稳妥，而ARGUMENT大家更容易写出出彩的好文章，可以努力尝试挑战4.5甚至5分成绩。这样大家的作文平均分就能保持在4分以上，这就可以算是相当不错的成绩了。

GRE写作共同特征分析

虽然GRE写作中的ISSUE作文和ARGUMENT作文有很多不同之处，但在一些基本的规范和要求上还是有共通之处的：

1. 写作基本要求一致

GRE两篇作文的考试时间都是30分钟。考生需要在30分钟内完成从审题到构思到最后成文的整个流程。而两篇文章的文体风格也基本相同，都是属于议论文性质的写作。因此，很多考生比较惧怕的描述类文章就不会有所涉及了。同时，虽然GRE考试本身并没有做出任何字数方面的限制和要求，但根据历年来的高分范文总结，一般作文字数在400-500字左右是比较稳妥的，这一点ISSUE和ARGUMENT两篇作文也没有太大区别。

2. 作文评分标准一致

除了规范要求外，GRE两篇作文在评分标准上也是基本相同的。满分都为6分。最后总得分为两篇作文分数的平均值。大致都可以分为文章整体结构、逻辑思维能力、对于词句语法的运用以及论据素材的使用这几个方面。当然，由于两篇文章本身具体写作要求的区别，可能在一些评分细节上还存在不同。

3. 备考资源资料一致

无论是ISSUE作文还是ARGUMENT作文，两篇GRE作文的复习资源也是基本相同的。除了ETS官方公布的作文题库外，高分范文、黄金词句和论据素材都是帮助考生练习写作能力锻炼作文水平需要用到的复习必备材料。

GRE写作差异点对比

说完了相似之处，接下来小编为大家介绍一下两篇作文的不同之处：

1. 文章题材不同

GRE ISSUE作文的写作要求，大体相当于中文里的立论文，也就是根据作文题目给出的内容自己确定一个论点观点后搭框架写文章。而与之相对的ARGUMENT，则是驳论性质的文章，需要考生根据给出的题目和观点进行反驳，也就是通俗意义上的挑错。

2. 写作难度不同

对于并非英语母语的中国考生来说，ISSUE作文的难度是比较高的，因为写好立论文需要考生自己根据题目提炼观点，如果考生本身的自主思维能力和创造力比较一般，很有可能出现不知道如何找观点写文章的情况。而且不少考生存在缺乏主动思考能力的问题，对于写作比较被动，很容易就会写偏题。而ARGUMENT作文则相对简单一些，考生只需要根据给出的内容找逻辑漏洞和问题，并针对这些问题攻击挑错就能完成写作任务，更容易找到写作思路。

3. 备考时间不同

ISSUE作文需要花费更多的时间用于复习，理由上文已经说过，中国考生大多更难写好ISSUE，因此练习的时间也会因此增加。而复习ISSUE作文的重点，应该放在准备作文模板和练习快速列提纲搭框架之上。考生看GRE机经真题等复习资料时，也应该更加着眼于从文章题目的整体出发，把握住题目的主旨，提炼好观点节省考试时间。

ARGUMENT作文难度较低，需要的复习时间也比较少。而复习ARGUMENT，考生则应该把注意力更多地集中在根据官方题库学习找逻辑漏洞进行攻击的具体写法上。因为哪怕题目千变万化，但能够用以攻击反驳的逻辑问题其实就那么固定的几种，大家只要练熟了找茬的本领学会了写作套路，想要写好ARGU并不困难。同时，考生在学习GRE作文机经时，对于ARGU部分的机经，从文章细节漏洞等角度入手会收获更好的复习效果。

总而言之，无论是GRE ISSUE还是ARGUMENT写作，考生都需要对其有足够的重视和充分了解，并在此基础上做好完全的复习准备才行。

GRE写作高分范文：科学的作用

GRE写作题目：

The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each.

科学的作用是解惑;艺术的目的是创新。只有这样他们才各得其所。

GRE写作正文：

Science and art are two of the most glorious fields in which numerous people have made their great contributions. As the society develops, people concern more about the function of science, of art and of other realms. Some may argue that the function of science is to reassure, and the purpose of art is to upset, however, as far as I am concerned, science and art have more significant values than just to reassure or to upset people.

The main function of science is to propel the development of human society and to provide people the power to understand the nature and ourselves. In the primordial days of the human history, when the conception of science first emerged, science was to answer people's questions and to satisfy people's curiosity towards myriad mysterious phenomenon. If we understand the science in such way, we can't see clear differences between the inchoate religion and the inchoate science, because, the functions of both of them are nearly the same, and both contain totally absurd theories if one studies them today. One may agree that in that period of time, science was largely to reassure people's fear towards the mysteries just as what religions try to do.

However, the development of science finally makes it an important tool for us to understand the nature and to change the nature in our favor. The understanding of electricity expels the old thought that the thunder is a sign indicating that the god is angry. The advancement achieved in medicine greatly elongate human's life, and nowadays people no longer depend on certain rituals to give them health. Discoveries and inventions alike have transformed our society into the nowadays form, and provide us great power to determine our future. If science is only to reassure us, how can we achieve the feats we have made through our history? As Francis Bacon once said, ”Knowledge is power“, the true function of science is to give us the power to conquer the difficulties we confront.

Unlike science, arts which seldom give us the power to better our material lives, mainly concern about our spiritual lives. Admittedly, some arts actually upset people by let us see the weakness of the human nature or the darkness of our society, as the art works of Michelangelo. However, arts possess much more functions than just upset us. Arts can ease our emotions and reassure us, as the music of Mozart does; arts can give us confidence and braveness, as the music of Beethoven does; arts can also tell us what philosophy is, as the music of Mahler does. Although arts possess so many functions,one can judge that the major function of art is to represent the life and to present the artists' ideals. Most literary works, such as fictions, poems, dramas, give us a vivid image of the society. Other forms of arts have the same kind of functions. For example, Tchaikovsky composed music to represent the hard life of the common Russian people, while Van Gogh drew pictures to represent the beauty of the nature. There're also other pieces of art showing us the inner part of the artists, for instance, the representative new trend movie ”four hundred blows“. By presenting the life and the ideals, arts give us true understanding of our circumstances and ourselves in a spiritual way. Arts can not explain why it rains,but it explains how people feel about the rainy day.

GRE写作高分范文：想法付诸行动的困难

GRE写作题目：

Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve.Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.

GRE写作正文：

In today’s society idealism seems to become an ideology that is marginalized and practicality is our great idol, thus, the speaker asserts that anything that is not practical bears little value. I admit that being practical is the wide-accepted dogma in order to survive in this world, but by going too far to claim that anything that is not practical has little value is against the empirical observation as well as the general stimulus that push the human society forward.

Admittedly, practicality has become a cult in today’s society. Too often do we hear people talk about being practical whenever they come to make important decisions or choose between several alternatives. The deep-rooted cause underlying this phenomenon is that with the development of modern society, the emphasis is placed more on financial gaining, quick fame, sensible choice and so forth. Our society is rather stable compared with that of the last century when war, violence, human right movements has become the symbol of that period. People are enjoying this peaceful environment with less crucial missions rested upon them and as a result, they shift from idealism to struggle for the common well being of mankind to the practical concept of individual achievement.

This ideology has its merits since after all the disaster and upheaval that our human race has undergone, it is judicious to focus on the economic aspect of things in order to tackle the most important social problems such as poverty, hunger and environmental problems which all deserve us to sit down and work out practical solutions. On the personal level, being practical is how a person would possibly succeed in his career or personal life. One is likely to make sensible decisions for his education and job choice on the basis of practical consideration of his own strength and weakness and careful analysis of the prospect of research direction and job market. Even those in power and intellects need to consider practically since hasty decision built upon pure ideal meditation would hardly find its way in the modern society and is doom to failure.

Agreeing with the speaker that practicality has become the great idol in our society, I am strongly against his point that anything that is not practical has little value. Even in today’s society, idealism is by no means relegated to the place of total neglect and disregard. For one thing, in history, so much achievement is the outcome of several generations’ struggle such as fighting for equality for women, human rights movement,etc. In today’s society, practicality is the way we can obtain our goal but idealism offers the philosophical explanation of why we should set this as our goal and the clear the ultimate value of our pursuing. What is more, by totally fixed one's eyes upon the practical aspect of things, we face the danger of neglecting one important part of our pursuit, that is the mental enjoyment brought out by idealism. If we have a clear goal set in mind and put practical endeavor at the same time, the result would be more satisfactory and valuable.

To sum up, I agree with the speaker insofar as the wide acceptance of practicality is considered. Being practical is the tenet of modern society and it does shed light on the wise way of doing things and obtaining goals, no matter in the personal or social level.But the speaker goes too far by claiming that it is the only valuable ideology in society.I am strongly against this idea since in history or at present, we human beings still need the philosophical explanation to clear our goal and to provide motivation. In this aspect, idealism would never be replaced with pure practical consideration. Otherwise,human society will be replete with insensible people directed by economic profit and quick fame and recognition.

GRE写作

篇19：GRE备考Issue写作详细解析

Issue

”The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.“

Sample Essay

Many advertisements do indeed use attractive models or celebrities to entice consumers into buying the products that are being promoted. Who would not like to look like the beautiful models that are depicted enjoying the product? Who would not like to be like a Michael Jordan or Tiger Woods? To a certain extent, buying products to emulate the persons shown in the advertisements can make a person feel better about him or herself. But this type of advertisement can be a double-edged sword - when the product does not make the person ”be like“ the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.

Marketing departments have long known that using attractive models and celebrity endorsers can help to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some customers may actually believe that buying and using the product will make them ”be like“ the people featured in the ad. For other consumers, there is probably at least some subconscious reaction that causes them to believe that they will in fact assume some of the characteristics of the person depicted in the advertisement. Consumers with a lower sense of self-esteem are more likely to buy a product based on the motivation that they will become like someone else.

Proof of this marketing axiom can be found by simply looking at advertisements from around the world. People featured in advertisements are almost always good-looking, healthy and physically fit. Marketers are savvy enough, and enough market research has proven that, consumers are motivated to buy by advertisements featuring attractive models. Even advertisements that are aimed at the older people of a population will feature attractive older people. Although there has been some criticism about the effect of showing only ”beautiful people“ on the general population, particularly on young women, advertisers know that beauty sells. But whether this practice makes people feel better about themselves depends on the individual and is certainly open to debate.

Some individuals with a low sense of self-esteem, especially younger people, may purchase products in an attempt to make themselves be like the person featured in the advertisement. Young women in particular may buy cosmetics or clothing advertised by beautiful models in an attempt to look the same as them. Young men may buy athletic shoes or apparel in an attempt to perform athletically in the same way that the person featured in the advertisement plays. These people may then become further discouraged when they use or wear the product and find out that they are the same person that they were before. Buying the product hasn't changed anything.

There are others that may derive a certain sense of satisfaction over the fact that they wear the same underwear as some beautiful models or that they drink the same soft drink as Britney Spears. These people in general already have a good sense of who they are and don't expect a particular product to perform miracles for them. For these people, the purchase of the product is not so much as an image enhancer; it is more of a form of self-expression. Perhaps drinking a Pepsi-Cola makes them feel younger or wearing Nike shoes makes them feel more athletic, no matter how old or inactive they may be in reality. In this manner, it is possible that advertising can make people feel better about themselves.

Marketing and advertising absolutely must appeal to people in one way or another to be successful. Research has shown that using celebrities and attractive people can motivate consumers to purchase a product. In whatever manner, advertisers hope that they actually can make people feel better about themselves, because that can help foster repeat purchases of a product. Ultimately, whether an advertisement makes a person feel better about him or herself depends on the individual and how they perceive themselves as compared to the particular advertisement in question.

(692 words)

观点陈述型作文[题目]

”许多广告的目的在于，通过使顾客购买某种商品，从而让他们觉得他们将会和广告中的那个人'相差无几'.这一做法甚为有效，因为它不仅能售出产品，而且也帮助人们有更好的自我感觉。“

[范文正文]

许多广告确实使用迷人的模特或名人来诱使顾客购买所推销的产品。试想，谁不想看上去像广告所描绘的那个正在享受该产品的漂亮模特呢?谁不喜欢成为麦克尔·乔丹或泰格·伍兹呢?在某种程度上，通过购买产品从而去模仿广告中所表现的人物可以使人产生较好的自我感觉。但这类广告却是一把双刃剑——当产品不能使购买者与广告人物”相差无几“时，人们就会对产品产生失落感和幻灭感。

营销部门早就深知，使用迷人的模特和名流有助于说服顾客顾买某一产品。某些顾客可能实际上相信购买和使用该产品会使自己与广告中描绘的人物”相仿“.对某一些顾客来说，至少有可能存在某种潜意识的反应，使他们相信他们在实际上可以获取广告中所表现的人物的某些特征。自尊感较低的顾客更有可能购买某一产品，其动机便是他们将能变得类似于另一个人。

要证明这一营销公理，我们仅须审视一下世界各地的广告。广告所刻划的人物几乎总是漂亮，健康，精力充沛。营销人员个个老谋深算，有足够的市场研究已证明，有迷人模特的广告可激发起顾客的购买欲望。即使是面向老年人的广告也会展示迷人的老年人形象。尽管只展示”漂亮脸蛋“对普通民众，尤其是对年轻妇女姓，所产生的影响已遭到某些批评，但广告商深知，美能带来商业效益。但该做法是否真能使人有更好的自我感觉，这因人而异，且值得商榷。

某些自尊感低的个人，尤其是年轻人，他们购买产品有可能是试图让自己类似于广告中所表现的人物。特别是年轻女性，她们购买那些漂亮模特作广告宣传的化妆品或服饰，可能是为了能和广告人物显得一模一样。年轻男性购买运动鞋或服装，试图能在运动方面与广告中的人物相媲美。然而，当这些人使用或穿上广告中的产品，却发现他们还是他们以前的那个样子时，他们会倍受打击。购买广告产品并没有改变什么。

另外有一些人可能会从这样的事实中获得某种满足感，即他们穿着和漂亮模特一样的内衣或喝着与Britney Spears一样的饮料。这些人普遍而言早已清楚自己是什么样的人，并不希望某一特定产品为他们创造奇迹。对这些人来说，购买产品与其说是在提升自己的形象，还不如说是一种自我表现。或许，喝百事可乐使他们觉得年轻，或穿上耐克鞋使他们觉得更象一个运动员，不管他们实际上年龄有多大或多么的不爱运动。广告有可能以这样的方式使人们有更好的自我感觉。

市场营销和广告绝对应该以一种方式或另一种方式来打动人们，以便取得成功。研究表明，应用名人或迷人的人物可以促使消费者购买某一产品。无论用何种手法，广告商们希望，他们能够使人们实际上形成更好的自我感觉，因为这样有助于培养人们反复购买某一产品的习惯。最终来说，广告是否能使人们有更好的自我感觉取决于个人，取决于他们将自己与某一特定广告联系起来时是如何看待他们自己的。

篇20：GRE备考Issue写作详细解析

Issue

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.”Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education.“

In this argument, the writer claims that elementary schools place too much emphasis on the development of reading skills; therefore books on audiocassette should be provided as an alternative method of learning. The arguer attempts to substantiate the conclusion by citing studies that show the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; including evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become better readers. This argument ultimately fails as it suffers from several critical fallacies.

First of all, the writer flatly states, without any supporting evidence whatsoever, that many students are discouraged by the ”lonely“ activity of reading, then continues on in the same sentence to state that students turn away from schoolwork solely because they are poor readers. Students often read to themselves or to the other students in a classroom situation - hardly a lonely activity. Additionally, this argument puts the effect before the cause - inviting the circular logic that students stop trying to learn to read because they are poor readers. Following this argument to its logical conclusion, because they are poor readers, they should not try to learn how to improve their reading. This absurd argument is analogous to saying that a new student should never start to learn in the first place, because he or she knows nothing.

Secondly, the writer cites as evidence in favor of the use of audiocassettes the idea that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become proficient readers. It is at best doubtful that this provides proof that listening to someone read a book stimulates a young mind to learn to read better. It is far more likely that the child gains an interest in learning to read from the parents themselves, not the physical act of having something read to them. In this situation, the parent is showing the child his or her ability to read, which the child will naturally want to emulate. Furthermore, it is likely that a parent that spends time reading to a child is likely to be a much more encouraging parent, particularly when it comes to that child's education.

Thirdly, the writer fails to convince in his argument that hearing books on audiocassette makes a child more eager to read and to learn. The author cites many studies that show value in allowing students to hear books read aloud - he or she does not state that the studies show whether that value manifests itself as better reading skills or simply better listening skills, which seems more likely than any improvement in reading ability.

Finally, the author fails to take into consideration that merely listening to books on audiocassette fails to provide the visual stimulation necessary to develop higher level reading skills. It is more likely that hearing a book on audiocassette would discourage that student from ever reading that particular book on his or her own. Elementary schools are the main developing grounds for a student's reading abilities- there is no substitute for actively learning to actually see the writing and comprehend what it is trying to say. Listening skills can be developed through means other than by hearing books on audiocassette. Reading skills are an absolutely irreplaceable and fundamental part of an elementary student's education.

In conclusion, the writer's argument fails to address several weak areas that lead to a rejection of the overall conclusion that the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape for use in elementary education. To strengthen the argument, direct cause and effect evidence should be set forth that shows better overall learning without any loss in the development of higher level reading skills for students.

(612 words)

[题目]

下述文字摘自一封致某地方报纸编辑的信函：”在小学里，人们对阅读技能的培养强调得过分了。许多对孤独的阅读活动望而却步的学生无心专注于学业，仅仅是因为他们阅读能力薄弱。但是，录制在盒式录音磁带上的书本内容却可以向学生在其教育中如此关键的这一阶段提供另外一个重要的选择方案。对于这一方案，校董事会不能纯粹因为所涉及到的费用而予以摈弃。不管怎么说，许多研究均可验证让学生聆听大声朗诵书本内容这一做法的价值。甚至还不乏这样的证据，即有些学生，由于其父母将书本内容朗读给他们听，就更有可能成为阅读能力很强的人。因此，在盒式录音磁带上听书本内容只会使学生更迫切地去阅读和学习。故校董事会应该鼓励学校去购置磁带书本，并将其应用于小学教学之中。“

[范文正文]

在本段论述中，作者宣称小学过分强调对学生阅读能力的培养;因此，录制在盒式录音磁带上的书本内容应提供给学生，作为又一种可选择的学习方法。论述者通过援引某些研究，力图来证明自己的结论，所援引的研究表明，让学生聆听书本内容被大声朗读这一做法不无价值。论述者还提供了这样的证据，即有些学生，由于其父母亲将书本内容朗读给他们听，就较有可能成为阅读能力很强的人。该论点由于存在着某些严重的逻辑谬误而最终无法站得住脚。 首先，作者言之凿凿地、且在毫无任何佐证性证据的情况下陈述道，许多学生对”孤独的“阅读行为望而却步，接着在同一个句子中继续陈述道，学生会仅仅因为阅读能力差而无心投入到学业之中。学生常常会在课堂氛围中自己默读或者朗读给其他学生听，这就很难将阅读说成是一种”孤独的\"活动。此外，该论点将因果倒置——诉诸于循环论证式逻辑推理 ——学生们因为阅读技能差而不愿努力去学习阅读。按此论据得出的逻辑结论便是：因为他们阅读能力差，他们就不必作任何努力去学习如何来提高其阅读能力。这一荒谬的论述仿佛就像是在说，一个新生永远没有必要开始学习任何东西，因为这位新生一无所知。

其次，作者援引了某一理念作为证据，用来为盒式录音磁带的使用进行辩护，这一理念便是，当一个学生有父母对他进行朗读时，他便更有可能成为一个精于阅读的人。如果将这视为证据，说明听他人朗读一本书便能刺激一颗年幼的心灵去学习如何具有更强的阅读能力，这充其量也是十分令人怀疑的。更有可能的是，孩子从父母身上所获得的是一种去学习阅读的兴趣，而非由他人对他们进行朗读这一具体行为本身。在此情形中，父母所做的是向孩子表明他或她的阅读能力，孩子自然愿意模仿这一能力。再者，一位花时间来给孩子进行朗读的父亲或母亲更有可能是一个教子有方的人，尤其是在涉及到孩子教育这一方面。

第三，作者在其论述中没能让我们相信在盒式录音磁带上听书能使孩子更加渴望去阅读和学习。作者援引了多项研究，以期证明让学生听人大声朗读书本这一做法的价值。但这位作者并没能说清楚，这些研究所表明的价值是否呈现为更强的阅读技能，或者只是呈现为更强的听力技能，而这一技能似乎比任何阅读能力方面的提高来得更有可能。

最后需要指出的是，作者没有考虑到这样一个因素，即纯粹在盒式录音带上听书是无法提供培养较高层次阅读技能所必需的视觉刺激的。情况更有可能是，在盒式录音带上听某一本书会打消该学生自己去阅读那本特定的书的积极性。小学教育是发展孩子阅读能力的主要阶段，没有任何东西可以来替代积极的学习行为，亲眼去看所写的内容并去理解字里行间所要表达的内容。要发展听力技能，并不必定需要借助在盒式录音带上听书这一手段。阅读技能是小学生教育中绝对无可替代的和最基本的部分。

归纳而言，作者的论述没有能解决某些薄弱之处，正是这些没能纠正的薄弱之处，使学校董事会应该鼓励学校去购买磁带书本用于小学教育这一总体结论无法得以成立。若要使其论据更具充分说服力，必须摆出直接的因果证据来证明，学生在发展较高层次的阅读技能方面在没有蒙受任何损失的情况下，总体学习效果得到了提高。

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