这次小编给大家整理了考研英语:语法(动词及用法),本文共7篇,供大家阅读参考。本文原稿由网友“诚娟磊”提供。
篇1:考研英语:语法(动词及用法)
考研英语:语法大全(动词及用法)
动词概说
1)动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。
a)表示动作:swim游泳push推
b)表示状态:have有be是
2)英语动词有时态、语态、语气等形式上的变化。
限定动词和非限定动词
从是否被主语所限定来分,动词有限定动词(finite verb)和非限定动词(nonfinite verb)两大类。
1)限定动词限定动词用作句子的谓语动词,并被主语所限定,有人称和数的变化。如:
He is a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
Facts are more eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。
We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。
An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使苹果落地。
2)非限定动词非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句子里都不能单独作谓语动词,故不被主语所限定,没有人称和数的变化。如:
I am pleased to meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)
Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟对身体有害。(动名词)
I heard them singing the Internationale.我听见他们唱《国际歌》。(分词)
Spoken words are often more powerful than writing.语言往往比文字更有力。(分词)
实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(1ink verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
1)实义动词实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词。如:
The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂。
He likes to go for a long walk on sundays.他喜欢星期日出去作长距离散步。
We have a big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台大电视机。
2)连系动词连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等。如:
It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。
It was a close game.那场球赛比分很接近。
The children in this nursery look very healthy.这个托儿所的孩子看起来都非常健康。
Keep quiet,please!请安静!,
The tape recorder seems all right.这台录音机好像没有毛病。
Later he became a doctor.他后来成为一名医生。
The problem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决。
注一:下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词。如:
The old man's dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了。
Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了。
注二:有些连系动词如seem, appear等后面常跟to be.如:
The new text seens to be easy,but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易,其实相当难。
She appears to be the girl's sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。
3)情态动词情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等及其过去式could,might等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
注:关于情态动词详见第十一章。
4)助动词助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld,do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。
及物动词和不及物动词
从是否需要宾语来分,实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1)及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
Dr. Bethune set us a good example.白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
2)不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave作及物动词)
They left last week.他们是上周离开的。(left作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well?这布经得起洗吗?
4)与汉语的`比较有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务。
短语动词
动词常和某些其他词类用在一起,构成固定词组,形成所谓短语动词(phrasal verb)。和动词一样,短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待,同一般动词一样使用。
1)动词+介词这类短语动词用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。如:
The small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。
Do you often listen to broadcasts in English?你常听英语广播吗?
Look at the children. Aren't they lovely?看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!
We stand for self-reliance.我们是主张自力更生的。
这一类的短语动词还有很多,如depend on (upon)(依*),wait on (服侍),look for (寻找),deal with(对待),look after(照料),wait for(等待)等。
2)动词+副词这类短语动词有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词。如:
I always get up as soon as the bell rings.我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)
Look out,there's a car coming!当心,来汽车了!(不及物)
Have you handed in your exercises already?你已经交练习了吗?(及物)
Please don't forget to put on your coat;it's cold outside.请不要忘记穿外衣,外面很冷。(及物)
这一类的短语动词还有很多,及物如put out (扑灭),eat up (吃光),putdown(放下);不及物如set off (出发),come up(走近),go on(继续)。
注一:“动词+副词”这类短语动词和上面第一类“动词+介词”的不同之处在于:“动词+介词”用作及物动词,后面须跟宾语。“动词+副词”则有的及物,有的不及物;用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时,副词往往放在宾语之后。如:
Please wake me up at five tomorrow.请在明天早上五点唤醒我。
If you have done your exercises,please hand them in.如果你们练习做完了请交来。
She doesn't normally behave like that;she's putting it on.她通常并不如此表现,她是装出来的。
注二:这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。如:
He took off his hat when he entered the office.
他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)
The plane took off at seven sharp.
飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)
Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.
查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)
If you can't come,please ring up and let us know.你如来不了,请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)
3)动词+副词+介词短语动词“动词+副词”之
篇2:考研英语:语法(动词不定式语态用法)
考研英语:语法大全(动词不定式语态用法)
动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系
1)动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:
I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。(saw与go out两个动作同时发生)
Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我们离开之前,你帮我整理一下东西好吗?(would help和put同时发生)
2)但在很多情况下,动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后;如:
I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你。(to see这个动作发生在hope之后)
The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.这男孩说他想做一个科学家。(to be在wanted之后)
动词不定式的时态形式
动词不定式通常有三种时态形式,现以write为例:
一般式to write进行式to be writing
完成式to have written
动词不定式完成式的用法
动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,叫你久等了。(to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前)
She seems to have read the book before.她好像看过这本书。(to have read发生在seems所表示的时间之前)
The battery appears to have run down.这组电池好像已经用完了。(to have run down发生在appears所表示的时间之前)
但在下面句子中,动词不定式表示“动作没有完成”:
We were to have met at ten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)
动词不定式进行式的用法
动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:
He see ms to be recovering.他看来在康复。
When he came in,I happened to be lying on the bed,reading.他进来的时候,我碰巧正躺在床上看书。
动词不定式的`被动语态
动词不定式有两种被动语态形式:
一般式to be written
完成式to have been written
例:
The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土运走。
No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。
分裂不定式
有时在不定式符号“to”和动词原形之间插入一个副词,这种现象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。插入动词不定式的副词,习惯上往往与不定式动词连在一起。如:
He likes to half close his eyes.他喜欢半闭着眼睛。
Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我们的目的是进一步加强两国之间的友好关系。
At first he wasn't interested in bookkeeping,but later he began to actually like it.起初他对会计工作没有兴趣,但到后来倒喜欢起它来了
篇3:考研英语:语法(动词不定式)
考研英语:语法大全(动词不定式)
动词不定式
意义、形式和特征
1)基本概念和形式动词不定式(infinitive)是一种非限定动词,由不定式符号to加动词原形所构成。动词不定式有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2)动词不定式的动词特征
a)如果动词不定式是及物的,须有宾语。如:
He wants to study Japanese.他想学习日语。(动词不定式to study后面有宾语Japanese)
b)动词不定式可以被状语修饰。如:
The rain continued to fall heavily.雨继续下得很大。(动词不定式to fall后面有状语heavily)
动词不定式加宾语或状语构成动词不定式短语,如上二例中的to study Japanese和to fall heavily.
3)动词不定式的非动词特征
用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,所以它在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1)主语
To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To die for the people is a glorious death!为人民而死,虽死犹荣。
动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而在句首用引词“作语法上的主语。上述两句即可改为:
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
注意也常用“It is+形容词+动词不定式短语”这样的句型:
It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必须订一个学习这门课程的计划。
It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it.小只要你花时间下功夫,学好一门外国语并不难。
It's just impossible to see that and not weep.看见那种情景而不哭是根本不可能的。(注意weep之前省去了to,以免重复)
2)表语
Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。
His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一个对国家有用的人。
3)宾语有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有want(想要),wish(想望),like(喜欢),decide(决定),help(帮助),pledge(保证),begin(开始),forget(忘记),learn(学习),ask(要求)等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如:
He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教师。
Do you like to watch football matches?你喜欢看足球赛吗?
Learn to walk before you run.先学走后学跑。
We decided to make changes in our plan.我们决定把计划做些修改。
动词不定式也可以用来作某些形容词的'宾语。这些形容词通常只有ready(准备好,愿意),eager(急于),anxious(急于)等,但为了学习上的方便,也可以包括able(能够),sure(一定),glad(高兴),sorry(难过),afraid(怕),free(随意),pleased(高兴),determined(决心),willing(愿意)等。如:
He is sure to succeed.他肯定会成功。
How do you do? I'm glad to meet you.你好?见到你很高兴。
The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.这些男孩子和女孩子渴望学会滑冰。
4)定语动词不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
He is always the first one to get up.他总是第一个起床。
I have a few words to say on this question.关于这个问题我有几句话要说。
They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他们正在讨论保证高产量的办法。
After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum,millet and corn.清明节一过,正是播种高梁、谷子和玉米的时节。
5)状语动词不定式作状语时,一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。
a)表示目的
He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京学习。
He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎学法文。
注一:强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可变为in order to (为了)或so as to(以便)加动词原形。如:
We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.我们经常听广播,以便加强听力训练。
In order to learn acupuncture,she practiced on herself every day.为了学习针灸,她每天在自己身上试验。(注意in order to可放在句首)
We must have good soil so as to grow roses.种玫瑰花要有好的土壤。
注二:动词不定式可以放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。如:
To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成为好的教师一定要有好的教学方法。
To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.为了保卫祖国,我们必须自强不息。
注三:注意有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语,如to begin with(首先),to conclude(最后),to be sure(当然),to tell you the truth(老实对你说)等。
b)表示结果
My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到亲眼看到我的小女儿出生。
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.几年后他回到家里,发现故乡的面貌大大地改变了。
注一:有时可以用too……to(太…而不能)结构来表示“结果办不到”。如:
He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了,不能参军。
It was too cold,to go out last night.昨晚太冷,无法出去。
注二:动词不定式和only连用时,常表示未预料到的结果。如:
I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他,不料他出去了。
I hurried to the post office,only to find it was closed.我匆忙赶到邮局,不料已经关门了。
篇4:考研英语动词语法介绍
考研英语动词语法介绍
一、时态(Tense)
时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式,英语动词的时态有16种,但在研究生考试以及其他考试中常考的时态只有几种。不管何种时态,所包含的主要内容都是相同的,即时态的构成以及用法。本书着重讲解重要时态的用法。
(一)一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客观真理或科学事实。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one?sixth of that at the earth?s surface.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修饰a mass;in consequence后是另一个并列句。
译文: 月球的质量差不多是地球质量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (第8题)
分析: 该句由两个句子构成,前一个是简单句,后一个句子是复合句;that后是一宾语从句。
译文: 翻译中的一个难点在于找到一个相对应的概念。这就是说,在翻译过程中一种语言的概念会丢失或发生意义上的改变。
2. 表示现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的'状态,常与always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等时间状语连用。
例句: It?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 该句是复合句,从句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位语;when后省略了people are。
译文: 人们在暴怒时通常会丧失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (选自Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分为physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定语;从句what is scientifically justified作介词beyond 的宾语。
译文: 医生由于不能够治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,因而常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超过了科学所能认同的界限。
3. 表示按计划进行的将来动作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等词。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 该句是复合句。该复合句中包含when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。
译文: 他来时,请转告他我告诉你的一切。
4. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 该句中的the moment为连词,意为“一……就”,相当于as soon as。
译文:他一结束工作就会来。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.
译文: 如果明天天气好的话,我们将去逛商场。
5. 表示主语的能力、性格、个性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact
by . (20第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
译文: 作为一门产业,生物技术在营业额上可以与电子业相媲美,并且到了还有可能在社会影响上超过它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
译文: 主任对其下属一视同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
译文: 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
译文: 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
篇5:考研英语:语法(冠词及用法)
考研英语:语法大全(冠词及用法)
英语冠词
冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种,一般无句子重音。
1)不定冠词a,an
a) a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物中的“一个”,相当于汉语的“一”,但不强调数目观念。
b) a用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。如:a notebook一个笔记本,a cigarette一支香烟,an old man一位老人,an English class一堂英语课。
字母u读作[ju:]时,由于第一个音[j]是辅音,故前面用a,不用an。如:a useful book一本有用的书,a university一所大学。字母h如不发音,第一个音又是元音,前面用an而不用a,如an hour [?n'au?]一小时,an honest [?n' nist] person一个诚实的'人。
c) a和an在句中分别弱读作[E]和[En]。
2)定冠词the
a)表示某一类人或事物中的“某一个”或“某一些”,相当于汉语的“这”或“那”。
b)不论单数名词或复数名词,也不论可数名词或不可数名词,前面都可以用the。
c)在元音前读[Ti],辅音前读[TE]。如the evening [Ti5:vniN] (傍晚),the car [TEkB:] (汽车);在元音字母u发[ju:]和半元音字母。y发[j]时,仍读[?TE]。如the unit [TE5ju:nit] (单位),the yard [TEjB:d] (院子)。
英语中不定冠词a (an)的用法
1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如:
Xiao Xu's father is a miner.小徐的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)
Give me a ballpen , please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)
2)指任何一个人、动物或一件事物。如:
A steel worker makes steel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)
A triangle has three angles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)
3)指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:
He comes from a firm in Beijing.他来自北京某一家公司。
A young man wants to see you.有个青年人要见你。
A car stopped in front of the gate.一辆汽车停在大门前。
4)不定冠词还可指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。如:
Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。
He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。
The Chinese Export Commodities Fair is held in Guangzhou twice a year.中国出口商品交易会每年在广州举行两次。
The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day. 医生叫他一天吃三次药。
篇6:考研英语:语法(形容词及用法)
考研英语:语法大全(形容词及用法)
形容词
什么是形容词
形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词,常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:
a lovely baby一个可爱的婴儿
the beautiful picture那幅美丽的图画
modern history现代历史
形容词的用法
形容词在句中可用作:
1)定语
He is a good boy.他是个好孩子。
The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国共产党是伟大的党。
2)表语
The film is both moving and instructive.这部电影很感动人,而且富有教育意义。
I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。
3)宾语补足语 和宾语一起构成复合宾语。如:
Have you got everything ready for the journey? 你行装都准备好了吗?
We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我们经常保持房间的整洁。
4)相当于名词 某些形容词前用定冠词the,变成名词化的形容词,可在句中作主语、宾语等。如:
The young are active.青年人积极好动。(the young作主语)
The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能够用指尖学习阅读书籍。(the blind作主语)
He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。(the new作宾语)
[注一] 上述三例中的the young = the young people,the blind the Blind people,the new the new things.
[注二]在The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容词red和Don't marry young(不要早婚)中的形容词young都是主语补足语。
形容词的位置
形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前。关于形容词有时可以后置的问题(见16.18),但如有一个以上的形容词修饰名词,这些形容词的顺序则由它们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般说来,关系最密切的最*近被修饰的名词,关系较疏远的`离被修饰的名词也较远。如:
a large wild plant一株很大的野生植物
a simple musical instrument一种简单的乐器
a small fierce dark brown animal一种小而凶的深褐色动物(注意dark修饰brown)
以上例子中的形容词之间并非并列关系,如第一例中的1arge与wild并非并列,而1arge所修饰的是wild plant。如表并列关系,形容词之间须用逗号或and。如:
a strong, swift horse一匹又壮又快的马
many happy and healthy children很多幸福而健康的儿童
a short and militant article一篇简短有力的文章(militant一词较长,放在short之后,这也是英语里安排形容词位置的一种方法。)
形容词的比较等级及其形式
英语形容词比较等级(degrees of comparison)一般有两个:即比较级(comparative degree)和最高级 (superlative degree)。不用比较等级的形容词通常称为原级(positive degree)。形容词的比较级形式是:“形容词 + 后缀 -er ”或“单词 more + 形容词”。它的最高级形式是:“形容词 + 后缀 -est ”或\"单词 most + 形容词。
[注一] 形容词比较等级所加的-er和-est,自成一个音节,分别读作[E]和[ist]o如:
原级 比较级 最高级
tall [tC:l] taller[5tC:lE] tallest[5tC:list]
happy [5hApi] happier[5hApiE] happiest[5hApiist]
thin [Win] thinner [5WinE] thinnest [5Winist]
fine [fain] finer [5fainE] finest [5fainist]
[注二] 如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母r,加-er和-est时,r要发[r]音。如:
near [niE] nearer [5niErE] nearest[5niErist]
clear [kliE] clearer[5kliErE] clearest [5kiErist]
如果形容词原级词末的发音为[N],在加-er和-est时,[N]音后得加一个[g]音。如:
strong [strCN] stronger [5strCNgE] strongest [5strCNgist]
long [lCN] longer [5lCNgE] longest [5lCNgist]
[注三] 有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如:
right, wrong,woolen,wooden.
篇7:考研英语:语法(副词及用法)
考研英语:语法大全(副词及用法)
什么是副词
副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如:often往往,here这里,very很,quickly很快地。
副词的构成
1)本身就是副词,如now现在,there那里,rather颇。
2)由形容词加词尾-1y变来,如firmly坚决地,happi1y幸福地。
3)与形容词同形
early adj.早的early adv.早
high adj.高的high adv.高高地
long adj.长的,长久的long adv.长久地
副词的种类
副词可分为下列几种:
1)普通副词(ordinary adverb)如:together一起,well好,seriously认真地,slowly慢,carefully小心地。
2)疑问副词(interrogative adverb)如:when何时,where何地,how如何,why为何。
3)关系副词(relative adverb)如:where,when.
4)连接副词(conjunctive adverb)如:then然后,so所以,there{ore所以,however然而,hence所以,thus这样,nevertheless然而,otherwise否则,still可是,仍然。
副词的用法
副词在句中可用作:
1)状语(这是副词在句子中的主要功用)
It is raining hard.雨下得很大。(副词hard作状语,修饰动词is raining.)
Don't drive too fast.车子不要开得太快。(fast是副词,作状语,修饰动词drive,副词too又修饰副词fast.)
He speaks English quite well.他英语讲得相当好。(well修饰动词speaks,quite又修饰副词well.)
This is a fairly useful tool,这是一件相当有用的工具。(fairly修饰形容词useful)
He has always helped his sister with her homework.他一向帮助他妹妹做家庭作业。(always修饰动词has helped)
She often went there.她常到那儿去。(often和there均是副词,修饰动词went.)
Perhaps he will telephone later.也许他以后会打电话来的。(perhaps是副词,用以修饰全句。)
2)表语
Is he up?他起床了没有?
She is out.她出去了。
3)定语
Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满了欢乐。(here修饰名词life)
副词的位置
1)修饰动词时,有三种位置。
2)修饰形容词和副词时,须放在被修饰词之前。如:
It is a rather difficult job,这是一件颇为困难的工作。(rather修饰形容词difficult)
He runs very fast.他跑得很快。(very修饰副词fast)
3)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之后。如:
The peasants there are busy digging a canal now.那里的农民现在正忙于修水渠。
On my way home,I met groups of Young Pioneers.在回家的路上我遇见成群的少先队员。
副词的比较等级
和形容词同形的副词的形式变化与形容词完全相同。但以词尾-1y结尾的副词(注意early一词的.-1y不是副词的词尾)须用more和most.另外,须注意下面例词中well,badly的不规则变化。如:
原级比较级最高级
hard努力地harderhardest
fast快faster fastest
well好better best
badly坏worseworst
early早earlier earliest
quickly快more quicklymost quickly
happily快乐地more happily most happily
副词比较等级的用法
1)副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级相似。如:
David drives faster than anyone I know.大卫开车比我所知道的任何人都要快。
She plays table tennis better than I.她乒乓球打得比我好。(从句中省略了play table tennis)
Mr. Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others.马丁先生到办公室通常比别人早。
They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do.他们讲得不如我们流利,但比我们正确。
2)副词最高级用法,除副词前可以不用the外(用the也可以),其余与形容词最高级相同。如:
I work fastest when I'm under pressure.我在有压力时工作得最快。
He swims the best in Class One.一班他游泳最好。
比较等级的一些特殊用法
两种不同形式
有几个形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种的比较等级不同形式,而且意义也不同。
举例说明:
1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world.罗马是世界上最古老的城市之一。
Her eldest daughter is a school teacher.她大女儿是个教员。
My elder brother is in college. He is two years older than I.我哥哥在上大学,他比我大两岁。
注:older,oldest说明人的年纪或事物的年代的久远,但在美国英语里也表示长幼。
2)They reached the place later than we.他们到达那儿比我们晚。
Twenty years later he returned to his home village.二十年后,他回到自己的家乡。
3)Who spoke last?是谁最后发言的?
What is the latest news about the sports meet?关于运动会最近有什么消息?
as……as;not so. . .as或not as……as
1)表示“相等”用as……as.
2)表示“不相等”用not so……as或not as……as.如:
1)This knife is as sharp as that one.这把刀跟那把一样快。
Bill is as tall as I.比尔和我一般高。
Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one?这袋大豆跟那袋一样重吗?
You know as well as I do.你和我一样明白。
注:注意as后面的形容词如作定语,而被定语修饰的名词有不定冠词a时,冠词a须放在形容词之后,如German is as difficult a language as English.(德语和英语一样难学。)。这样的词序也适用于so,如I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before.(我过去从未见过像桂林这样美丽的地方。)
2)tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now.天安门广场过去没有现在这样大。
The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific ocean.大西洋没有太平洋大。
表示“几倍于”
用twice (两倍),three times(三倍)等加as……as……
如:
New York is ten times as big as my home town.纽约有我的家乡十个大。
The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966.这家纸厂的生产比一九六六年增加两倍。
This river is twice as long as that one.这条河比那条河长一倍。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
注:表示“几倍于”也可以用下面的说法,如:
Three times three is nine.三乘三得九。
He is twice my age.他的年龄比我大一倍。
This lake is four times the size of that one.这个湖有那个湖四个大。
The irrigated area in this province is four times bigger than in l978.这个省的灌溉面积比1978年增加三倍。(four times bigger than = four times as big as)
Our county's agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year.我们县今年农业产量比去年增长百分之五。
表示程度
可用much,far,still,even,a 1itt1e,no,any,a great deal等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。如:
The Yellow River is long,but the Changjiang River is even longer.黄河长,长江更长。
We are much better off now.我们的生活比过去好得多。
She sings far better than the others.她唱得比别人好得多。
Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang.王比张高,李比王还高。
注一:注意下面的一些说法。如:
I couldn't move a step further,我连一步也走不动了。
The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.会议比平常多开了两个钟头。
He is a head taller than I.他比我高一个头。(也可以说He is taller than me by a head.)
They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他们比我们早二十分钟到达那里。
The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978.
这个大学的学生自一九七八年以来增加了一倍。
Do you want any more? -Yes,give me two more.
你还要吗?一是的,再给我两个。
Have you any more tickets? -Sorry,I have no more.
你还有票吗? -对不起,没有了。
注二:可用形容词最高级+ possible或imaginable等词来强调语气。如:
I think he is the best possible man for the job.我认为他做这工作最合适。(也可以说the best man possibl
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