初二英语下册重点语法

时间:2025年09月07日

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以下是小编收集整理的初二英语下册重点语法,本文共8篇,欢迎阅读与借鉴。本文原稿由网友“心想事成了”提供。

篇1:初二英语下册重点语法

初二英语下册重点语法

一般将来时态的应用

do/does 的一般将来时态形式:(shall/will) do

do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态:(shall/will) be done

一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:People will have robots in a few years.

否定句例句:People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.

一般疑问句例句:Will people have robots in a few years?

特殊疑问句例句:What will people have in a few years?

重点语法

过去将来时

一、过去将来时的结构

should/would+动词原形

do/does 的过去将来时态形式:(should/would) do

do/does的过去将来时态的被动语态:(should/would) be done

过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:You should write a letter to him.

否定句例句:You shouldn't write a letter to him.

一般疑问句例句:Should I write a letter to him?

特殊疑问句例句:What should I do?

重点语法

过去进行时

do/does 的过去进行时态形式:(was/were) doing

do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态:(was/were) being done

过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.

否定句例句:I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.

一般疑问句例句:Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?

特殊疑问句例句:What were you doing when a UFO landed?

动词 when 和 while 的选择:when 后加瞬间动词,while 后加延续性动词。

例句:The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.

=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.

重点语法

宾语从句

结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)

1、引导名词性从句的连接词

(1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分

(2)whether/if:表示是否,宾语从句中不做成分。

I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。

(3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)

连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)

2、在做宾语从句的题目时应注意时态

(1)当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

(2)当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。

She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

(3)当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。

重点语法

if 引导的条件状语从句

结构:主句 + if + 条件状语从句

if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句

注意:

在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,主句应用将来时态,状语从句用一般现在时态。

例句:You'll have a great time if you go to the party.

=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.

重点语法

现在完成进行时态

do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式:have/has been doing

do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态:have/has been being done

现在完成进行时态所应用的场合:

①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做

②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响

I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.自从那次他与我谈过心后,我天天都在进步。

现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:I have been skating for five hours.

否定句例句:I haven't been skating for five hours.

一般疑问句例句:Have you been skating for five hours?

特殊疑问句例句:How long have you been skating?

重点语法

现在完成时

一、现在完成时的结构

主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他.(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have.)

否定式:主语 + haven't/hasn't + 过去分词 + 其他.

疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?

简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)

No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

二、现在完成时用法、定义详细讲解

1、表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果,着眼点在现在,主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。

He has lost his wallet.他的钱包丢了。

We’ve had too much rain this year.今年雨水太多。

2、表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作。

He has worked here for over twenty years.他在这里工作已有20多年了。

3、表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。

I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。

重点语法

反意疑问句

反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成,或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。

He's a student, isn't he?

She's not his mother, is she?

回答反意疑问句时,要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的,则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的,则必须用 no 回答。

---You're not ready, are you?你还没有准备好,对吧?

---No, I'm not.是的,我没有准备好。

---Yes, I am.不,我准备好了。

篇2:初二下英语重点语法

一般将来时态的应用

do/does 的一般将来时态形式:(shall/will) do

do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态:(shall/will) be done

一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:People will have robots in a few years.

否定句例句:People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.

一般疑问句例句:Will people have robots in a few years?

特殊疑问句例句:What will people have in a few years?

过去将来时

一、过去将来时的结构

should/would+动词原形

do/does 的过去将来时态形式:(should/would) do

do/does的过去将来时态的被动语态:(should/would) be done

过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:You should write a letter to him.

否定句例句:You shouldn't write a letter to him.

一般疑问句例句:Should I write a letter to him?

特殊疑问句例句:What should I do?

过去进行时

do/does 的过去进行时态形式:(was/were) doing

do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态:(was/were) being done

过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.

否定句例句:I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.

一般疑问句例句:Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?

特殊疑问句例句:What were you doing when a UFO landed?

动词 when 和 while 的选择:when 后加瞬间动词,while 后加延续性动词。

例句:The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.

=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.

宾语从句

结构:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)

1、引导名词性从句的连接词

(1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分

(2)whether/if:表示是否,宾语从句中不做成分。

I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。

(3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)

连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)

2、在做宾语从句的题目时应注意时态

(1)当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

(2)当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。

She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

(3)当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。

if 引导的条件状语从句

结构:主句 + if + 条件状语从句

if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句

注意:

在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,主句应用将来时态,状语从句用一般现在时态。

例句:You'll have a great time if you go to the party.

=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.

现在完成进行时态

do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式:have/has been doing

do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态:have/has been being done

现在完成进行时态所应用的场合:

①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做

②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响

I have been making progress since he talked with me that time.自从那次他与我谈过心后,我天天都在进步。

现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式:

肯定句例句:I have been skating for five hours.

否定句例句:I haven't been skating for five hours.

一般疑问句例句:Have you been skating for five hours?

特殊疑问句例句:How long have you been skating?

现在完成时

一、现在完成时的结构

主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他.(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have.)

否定式:主语 + haven't/hasn't + 过去分词 + 其他.

疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?

简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)

No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

二、现在完成时用法、定义详细讲解

1、表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果,着眼点在现在,主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。

He has lost his wallet.他的钱包丢了。

We’ve had too much rain this year.今年雨水太多。

2、表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作。

He has worked here for over twenty years.他在这里工作已有20多年了。

3、表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。

I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。

反意疑问句

反意疑问句由肯定陈述句加否定问句构成,或者由否定陈述句加肯定问句构成。

He's a student, isn't he?

She's not his mother, is she?

回答反意疑问句时,要根据事实来回答。若事实是肯定的,则必须用 yes 回答。若事实是否定的,则必须用 no 回答。

---You're not ready, are you?你还没有准备好,对吧?

---No, I'm not.是的,我没有准备好。

---Yes, I am.不,我准备好了。

拓展阅读:初二下重点句型

Unit 1 What's the matter?

1. What's the matter with you?

= What'the trouble with you?

= What's wrong with you?

你怎么了?

2. What should she do?

她该怎么办呢?

3.Should I take my temperature?

我应该量一下体温吗?

4.You should lie down and rest.

你应该躺下休息一会儿。

5. Do you think it comes from a newspaper or a book?

你认为它是来自报纸还是书呢?

6. I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving.

我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久了。

7. She said that the man had a heart problem and should go to the hospital.

她说这个人有心脏病应该去医院。

Unit 2 I'll help to clean up the city parks.

1. The boy could give out food at the food bank.

这个男孩可以在食品救济站分发食物。

2. Clean-Up Day is only two weeks from now.

清洁日离现在仅仅两周的时间。

3. He volunteers at an animal hospital every Saturday morning.

每周六上午,他都在一'家动物医院当志愿者。

4. Last year, she decided to try out for a volunteer after-school reading program.

去年,她决定去参加一个课外阅读项目的志愿者的选拔。

5.You can see in their eyes that they're going on a different journey with each new book.

从他们的眼睛里你可以看到他们正在进行每本不同的新书之旅。

6. I want to put off my plan to work in an animal hospital until next summer.

我想把我在动物医院工作的计划推迟到明年夏天。

7. Most people today are only worried about getting good jobs to make lots of money.

现在的大部分人只是为找一份能挣许多钱的好工作而着急。

8. You helped to make it possible for me to have Luck.

在你的帮助下,我才有可能拥有“幸运儿”。

Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?

1.Could you please clean your room?

你能整理一下你的房间吗?

2. I have to do some work.

我必须干些活。

3. Could I use your computer?

我可以用一下你的电脑吗?

4. She won't be happy if she sees this mess.

如果她看到这样乱七八糟的话,她会不高兴的。

5. For one week, she did not do any housework and neither did I.

整整一周,她什么家务活都不干了,我也一样。

6. My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV .

我一在电视机前坐下,我妈妈就过来了。

7. I hate to do chores.

我不喜欢做杂务。

Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents?

1. I studied until mid night last night so I did n't get enough sleep.

我昨晚学习到半夜所以睡眠不足。

2. Why don't you forget about it?

你为什么不忘掉它呢?

3. Although she's wrong , it,s not a big deal.

虽然她错了,但这并不是什么大事儿。

4. He should talk to his friend so that he can say he's sorry.

他应该跟朋友谈谈以便他能说声对不起。

5. Maybe you could go to his house.

也许你可以去他家。

6. I guess I could, but I don't want to surprise him.

我想我可以.但我不想让他感到惊讶。

Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came?

1. ― What were you doing at eight last night?

昨晚8点你在干什么?

― I was taking a shower.

我在洗淋浴。

2. When it began to rain, Ben was helping his mom make dinner.

当开始下雨的时候,本正在帮他妈妈做晚饭。

3. ― What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping?

琳达在睡觉的时候,珍妮正在干什么?

― While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her homework.

琳达在睡觉的时候,珍妮正在帮玛丽做作业。

Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains.

1.So what do you think about the story of Yu Gong?

你觉得愚公的故事怎么样?

2. It doesn't seem very possible to move a mountain.

把一座山给移掉好像不太可能。

3.This is because he can make 72 changes to his shape and size, turning himself into different animals and objects.

这是因为他会根据他的形状和大小,做出72种变化,可以将自己变成不同的动物或东西。

4.Sometimes he can make the stick so small that he can keep it in his ear.

有时候,他能够让他的金箍棒变得很小,以至于可以放在耳朵里。

5.Because they were so big that it took a long time to walk to the other side.

这些(山)太高了,他们要花好长时间才能翻越过去。

6.Don't eat it until you get to the forest.

你们到达森林之后才能吃。

Unit 7 What’s the highest mountain in the world?

1.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

当你接近山顶时,连呼吸都会困难。

2.One of the main reasons is because people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

其中的一个主要的原因是人们想要在面临困难时挑战自己。

3.The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams.

这些登山者的精神向我们证明:我们永远都不应该放弃实现自己的梦想。

4. How high is Qomolangma?

珠穆朗玛峰有多高?

5. Although Japan is older than Canada,it is much smaller.

虽然日本比加拿大有更悠久的历史,但是日本比加拿大小多了。

6.Adult pandas spend more than 12 hours a day eating about 10 kilos of bamboo.

成年大熊猫一天要花1 2 个多小时的时间吃大约十千克竹子。

Unit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet?

1.― Have you read little Women yet?

你读过《小妇人》吗?

― Yes,I have. /No,I haven't.

是的,我读过。/ 不,我没有。

2. ― Has Tina read Treasure Island yet?

蒂娜读过《金银岛》这本书吗?

― Yes, she has. She thinks i t 's fantastic.

是的,她读过。她觉得它很棒。

3. Would you like something to drink?

你要来点喝的吗?

4. I heard you lost your key.

我听说你丢钥匙了。

5.She came to realize how much she actually missed all of them.

她开始意识到,事实上她是多么想念他们所有的人。

Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum?

1. Have you ever been to a science museum?

你曾经去过科学博物馆吗?

2.Let's go somewhere different today.

我们今天去过不同的地方吧。

3. It's unbelievable that technology has progressed in such a rapid way.

科技以如此速猛的方式发展真是令人难以置信啊!

4. Whether you like Indian food, Western food or Japanese food, you,ll find it all in Singapore!

不管你喜欢印度食品,西方食品还是日本食品,在新加坡你都能找到!

5.One great thing about Singapore is that the temperature is almost the same all year round.

新加坡一个很大的特征是它的气温几乎一年到头都是一样的。

6. It is best to visit Singapore.

最好游览新加坡

Unit 10 I’ve had this bike for three years.

1. Have long have you had that bike over there?

那边的那辆自行车你买了多久了?

2. Amy has had her favorite book for three years .

艾米拥有她最喜欢的书3年了。

3. He has owned it since his fourth birthday.

自他四岁生日起,他拥有这个东西了。

4. Some people still live in their hometown. However, others may only see it once or twice a year.

有些人依然住在家乡,然而,另一些人可能一年只能回家乡一两次。

5. As for me ,I did not want to give up my football shirts,but to be honest, I have not played for a while now.

至于我,我不想放弃我的足球衣,但是,说实在的,我现在已经有一段时间没有踢球了。

6. Have you ever thought about having a yard sale to sell your things?

你是否曾经想过要举办,一个庭院拍卖会来出售东西?

7. What would you do with the memory you raise?

你会怎样处理你所筹集到得钱?

篇3:初二英语下册语法总结

初二英语下册语法总结

英语语法大全包含整个初二初二英语下册的所有英语语法,希望可以对快要靠期末的同学们有帮助!

初二英语下册语法总结

Topic1

一. 重点词汇

( 一 ) 词形转换:

1.discuss(名词) discussion 2.queen(对应词) king

3.comfortable(名词) comfort 4.safely (形容词) safe (名词) safety

( 二 ) 词的辨析

1. find out / look for / find 2. cost / pay for / spend on

3. other /else 4. raise /rise

5.each /every 6.exciting / excited

(三)重点词组:

1.go on a visit to 去??旅行

2. make the decision 做决定

3.bring back 带回

4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行

5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定

6 see the sunrise 看日出

7. make a reservation 预订

8. come up with 想出(主意)

9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望

10. pay for 支付;赔偿

11. raise money 筹钱

12. book a ticket 订票

13. make a room for sb 为??订房间

14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快

15. in the daytime 在白天

16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行

17.find out 查出

18. some places of interest 名胜

19. rooms with bathtub 带浴室的房间

20.a hard (soft) sleeper 硬(软)卧

21.my pleasure 不客气

二.重点句型及重点语言点

1. I have some exciting news to tell you. 我有一些激动人心的消息要告诉你们。 to tell you 是动词不定式短语, 作定语。动词不定式作定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如: I have nothing to talk about. He has a lot of work to do.

2. Sounds great!= It sounds great! 听起来不错。

3. We will go on a two-day visit to Mount Tai. 我们将要去泰山玩两天。 go on a visit to 去参观/旅游 They went to a visit to Egypt last year. 类似有:go on a trip / go on a picnic

a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 a two-month holiday 两个月的假期

an eighteen-year-old boy 一个18岁的男孩

4.It’s hard to say. 这很难说。To say 是动词不定式作主语,It 是形式主语。 如: It’s nice to meet you.

5. I’ll ask the airline on the phone. 我将打电话问问航空公司。同义句是: I’ll phone and ask the airline.

6. Bring back your information to class tomorrow and we’ll decide on the best way to go on our field trip. 明天把你们查到的信息带到班上来,然后我们来决定最好的郊游方式。

bring back 带回。Please bring back your library books tomorrow.

decide on/upon sth 决定,选定 We’re trying to decide on a school.

7.It’s too far for cycling. 骑自行车去路太远了。同义句是:It’ too far to cycle there.

8.How long does it take to reach Mount Tai by??乘??去泰山要花多长时间?

9.How much does it cost to go there ?去那里要花多少钱?

How much does a standard room cost ? 一个标准间的价格是多少?

10.We have tickets at 120 yuan for the hard sleeper and 180 yuan for the soft sleeper.

我们的票价是硬卧120元,软卧是180元。

at 意为“以??”,一般用于表示价格,年龄,速度等词的前面,for 意为“供,适合于”。I’ve got tickets at 80 yuan for The Sound of Music.

11.I’d like to book 20 tickets for the hard sleeper. 我要预订20张硬卧票。 20 tickets for the hard sleeper= 20 hard sleeper tickets

book tickets 预订票 book a room for sb/sth 为??预订房间

e.g. We want to book some rooms for 14th. 我们想预订一些14号的房间。

12.Please pay for the tickets before 5:30 p.m. 请在下午5:30之前付款。 Pay for 支付 pay for sb to do sth 付钱给某人做某事

e.g. Her parents paid for her to go to America.她的父母支付她去美国的费用.

13. I want to make a hotel reservation. 我想预订房间。

make a reservation 预订

14. We have rooms with a bathtub? 我们有带浴缸??的房间。

with 有或带着 a house with a swimming pool

a standard room with two single beds

15.It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 在加拿大和美国的学校里筹钱是很正常的'。raise money 筹钱 We can raise the money ourselves.

16.It costs each student one dollar to buy a ticket for the draw.每一个学生花一美元便可买到一张抽奖的票。

(1)each 作主语,谓语用单数 Each of the students spends one dollar buying a ticket.. (2)用于单数名词前,作定语,谓语用单数。Each student has their own e-mail address.

(3)用于复数主语后,作主语同位语,谓语用复数。They each have their own e-mail address.

17. I am looking forward to hearing from you . 我盼望收到你的来信。

Look forward to 盼望,期待 They are looking forward to solving the problem.

三.重点语法

动词不定式

(1) 动词不定式常跟这些及物动词之后,want ,refuse, forget, need , try, learn , like, agree, help, hope ,decide, begin等。可用顺口溜(要想拒绝忘记,需要努力学习,喜欢同意帮助,希望决定开始)

(2) 不定式的否定形式是在to的前面直接加not. My mother decided not to buy a computer for me.

(3) 不定式可以和疑问词who , which ,when, where ,how, what等连用。 Can you tell me what to say at the meeting ? I don’t know how to get to the station.

(4) 本topic出现的句子有:

I have some exciting news to tell you.

I want to make a hotel reservation.

It is very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. The best way to raise money is to sell newspapers.

I think the most exciting way is to sell flowers in the evening.

Kangkang helped us to book the train tickets.

Topic2

一、重点词汇:

(一)词形转换:

1.explore(名词) explore 2. east (形容词) eastern

3.north(形容词) northern 4. push (反义词) pull

5.sadly(形容词) sad (名词) sadness 6. crowd (形容词) crowded

(二)重点词组:

1.make a plan 拟定计划

2. make sure 确信,确保

3. come along with 和??一起来

4. at the foot of 在??的脚下

5. be surprised at 对??感到惊奇

6. be satisfied with 对??感到满意

7. out of sight 看不见

8. step on one’s toes 踩着某人的脚

9. can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事

10. spread over 分布于

11.rush out 冲出去

12.raise one’s head 抬头

13.ask sb for help 向某人求助

14.thank goodness 谢天谢地

二. 重点句型及重点语言点

1. While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在旅行时, 我正忙于准备考试。

(1)be busy doing sth,/ be busy with sth 忙于做某事

I’m busy preparing for my birthday party these days.

(2)while 当??时候,引导时间状语从句。当一个动作在正在进行时,另一个动作也同时进行。While my mother was cooking , I was watching TV.

2.Would you help me plan a trip ? 请你帮我定个旅行计划好吗?

Would you 比will you 语气更加客气,委婉, 类似还有could you

Could you come along with us ?

3. They surveyed the area to make sure their tombs faced south and had mountains at the back. 他们仔细勘测了整个区域,确保这些陵墓是坐北朝南,而且在背后有群山环绕。

make sure 确信,确保 Make sure all the windows are closed before you leave.

4.It’s about two and a half hours by bike. 骑自行车大约要2个半小时。 Two and a half hours = two hours and a half

5.It’s to the east of Yongling. 它在永陵的东面。

to the +方位词+of (表示互不接壤) Japan is to the east of China.

on the +方位词+of (表示相互接壤)Fujian is on the south of Zhejang .

in the +方位词+of 表示在某一范围内的地区 Beijing is in the north of China.

6.They walked into Dingling and were surprised at the wonders. 他们走进定陵,对那里的奇观感到很惊奇。

be surprised at 对??感到很惊奇 He is surprised at dragons.

be surprised to do sth 惊奇地做某事 She was surprised to find she was lost.

7.?so they had to look for space to park their bikes 他们不得不寻找停自行车的地方

space 空间 Can you make space for this old man ?

8. While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes.

当人群从四面八方挤来时,有人踩了他的脚。

in one’s direction 朝着某人的方向 step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚 step on sth 踩某物 Don’t step on the flowers and grass.

篇4:初二英语下册语法有哪些

初二英语下册语法归纳

1) leave的用法

1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如: When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的?

2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如: Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。

3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如: Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京? 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用

should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如: How should I know? 我怎么知道?

Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚? should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如: We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点:

1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如: You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如:

You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如: We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...?

1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如: What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的? 该句相当于:

What does your father do?

What is your father's job?

Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如: ---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特?

---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。

2. What...?是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而 Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范围的限制。如:

What color do you like best? (所有颜色) 你最喜爱什么颜色?

Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围) 你最喜爱哪一种颜色?

3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如: Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国? 4) 频度副词的位置

1.常见的频度副词有以下这些: always(总是,一直) usually(通常) often(常常,经常) sometimes(有时候) never(从不) 2.频度副词的位置:

a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如: David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。 b.放在行为动词前。如:

We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在7:10去上学。

c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。如: Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。

3.never放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。如: Never have I been there. 5) every day 与 everyday

1. every day 作状语,译为“每一天”。如: We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7:10去上学。

I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。

2. everyday 作定语,译为“日常的”。

She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。 What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么? 6) 什么是助动词

1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。

助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如:

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:

Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合

初二英语下册第一单元知识点

Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?

一、词组

be from= come form 来自...

pen pal=pen friend 笔友 l

ike and dislike 好恶;爱憎。

live in +地点 在...居住

speak +语言 讲某种语言

play sports 做体育运动

a little French 一些法语

go to the movies 去看电影

write to sb 给某人写信

an action movie 一部动作片

on weekends 在周末

tell sb about sth 告诉某人某事

Excuse me 对不起,打扰

get to 到达、抵达。

二、句型

1、Where+be+主语+from?

主语+be+from+地点.

2、Where do/does+主语+live?

主语+live/lives in…

3、What language do/does +主语+speak?

主语+speak/speaks….

4、主语+like/likes+doing/to do…

5. What is your favorite subject/sport?

My favorite subject/sport is…

6.Is that your new pen pal?

-Yes, it is.

初二英语下册第二单元知识点

Unit 2 Where’s the post office

一、词组

post office 邮局

pay phone 投币式公用电话

next to 在...隔壁

across from 在...对面

in front of 在...前面

between…and… 在...和...之间

on a street 在街上

in the neighborhood 在附近

on the right/left 在右边/在左边

behind…在…后面

near…在…附近

go straight 一直走

enjoy+名词/doing喜欢做某事

have fun 过得愉快

turn right/left 向右/左转

take a walk 散步

have fun 玩得开心

the way to …去...的路

take a taxi 打的/乘出租车

go down(along)…沿着...走

go through...穿过..

have a good trip 旅途愉快

arrive at(小地方) /in(大地方)到达

at the beginning of 在...开始的时候

at the end of 在...结束的时候

二、日常交际用语

1、Is there a bank near here? Yes, there is .It’s on Centre Street. /No, there isn’t.

2、Where’s the supermarket? It’s next to the library.

3、Bridge Street is a good place to have fun.

4、I hope you have a good trip.

5.If you are hungry,you can buy food in the restaurant.

6、Talk a walk though the park..

7. I know you are arriving next Sunday. 我知道你下周日要来。

三、句型

1、Is there a ….?

-Excuse me.Is there a hotel in the neighborhood. -Yes, there is. No.there isn’t

2、Where is …?

-Where is the park,please?

-It’s behind the bank.(肯定回答)

-I’m sorry I don’t know. (否定回答)

3、Which is the way to +地点?

- Which is the way to the library.

4、How can I get to +地点?

-How can I get to the restaurant?

5、Can you tell me the way to +地点?

- Can you tell me the way to the post office?

6、Let me tell you the way to my house.

7、Just go straight and turn left.

篇5:初一初二英语重点语法总结

名词:所有事物的名称

1,名词的种类:

专有名词:首字母大写(山脉,河流,国家等)China

普通名词:首字母不大写(普通的事物的名称)desk ,pen

2,名词的数:

可数名词:可以数的名词(有单复数)ruler,pen,pencil

不可数名词:不可以数的名词(没有单复数)bread,meat,water,

可数名词变化规则

1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens

2,以s,sh,ch,x结尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes

3,以辅音字母加y结尾,去掉y为I 加es 例如:baby---babies

4,以f,fe 结尾,去掉f,fe 加ves life---lives, leaf---leaves

5,以有生命的o 结尾加es 例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes

6,复合名词遇见man,woman两个词时,两个名词都要加复数

A man teacher---two men teachers

不规则的变化

Is,am----are, his,her,its----their,does---do,has---have,his,hers,its---theirs,

Isn’t ---aren’t , I ---we, you---you,me---us,he,she,it---they,him,her,it---them,

Your---your,yours---yours,my---our,mine---ours,that---those,this---these,fish—fish,sheep---sheep,deer---deer,Chinese---Chinese, Japanese---Japanese,man---men,woman—women,tooth---teeth,foot---feet,mouse---mice

单数句变成复数句

This is my book--- These are our books

不可数名词的量化

A cup of 一杯。。。,a glass of 。。。一玻璃杯,a tin of 。。。一听。。。,a can of 。。。一罐。。。,

A box of 。。。一盒子。。。,a bag of 。。。 一包。。。,a bar of 。。。一条。。,a piece of 。。。一片。。。

例如:I have a cup of water 我有一杯水 I have two cups of water 我有两杯水

I have a box of apples 我有一箱苹果,I have two boxes of apples 我有两箱苹果

名词所有格:

人:名词+‘s 或者 名词s +’例如:Tom’s bag, Teachers’ desks

物:名词+of +名词 例如:a bag of my school

双重所有格:s’+of a friend of my father’s

Lily and Lucy’s room 丽丽和露西的房间(共有的)

Lily’s and Lucy’s rooms 丽丽和露西的房间(各自有的)

介词和时间的搭配:

at

at 点时间, at 7:00 在七点

on 具体日期 on Monday 在星期一

in 年,季节,世纪 in , in July, in this century

介词和地点的搭配

At 具体的地点: at the airport 在机场,at the doctor’s 在医院

On 在平面上,on the farm 在农场上

In 在。。。里面, in the park 在公园里,in Guiyang,在贵阳

There be 句型:某地有某物,(就近原则)

There is a pen and two pencils =There are two pencils and a pen

Ask 。。。about 询问关于

I ask you about my school我询问你关于我的学校

Ask 。。。for 向。。。要。。。

I ask you for some books 我向你要一些书

Thanks for sth 谢谢某物 Thanks for your book 谢谢你的书

Thanks for doing sth 谢谢做某事,Thanks for giving me a book 谢谢你给我一本书

句型转换

肯定句----否定句

有be,be后加not,有情(can),情后加not,没be 和情时,don’t ,doesn’t 来充数,位置放在动词前,动词还原要牢记,doesn’t 跟着他,她,它。

He is happy ---He is not happy

He can run---He can’t run

He likes apples ---He doesn’t like apples

I like bananas ---I don’t like bananas

肯定句---一般疑问句

有be,be 句首,有情(can),情句首,没be 和情时,Do,Does 放句首,动词还原要牢记,Does 跟着他,她,它

He is happy---Is he happy?

He can run ---Can he run ?

He likes apples ----Does he like apples ?

I like bananas ---Do you like bananas ?

Be动词的搭配,am 跟我,are 跟你,单数is ,复数are ,is 跟着他,她,它

I am ,you are ,he is ,she is ,it is ,we are ,they are ,Tom is , Boys are

冠词的用法:

定冠词:the,

不定冠词:a,an

定冠词的用法:

特指:There is a pen on the desk那儿有一支钢笔在书桌上

2,文中第二次提起:

I have a pen ,the pen is blue 我有一支钢笔,这支钢笔是蓝色的。

3,世界上独一无二的事物:The sun is red 太阳是红色的

4,在西洋乐器前,I can play the piano我能弹钢琴

5,在姓氏复数前,表示一家人 The Greens 格林一家

6,形容词前,表示一类事物, The young are happy年亲人很开心

7,形容词的最高级: He is the tallest boy 他是最高的男孩

8,序数词前:The second boy is Peter 第二个男孩是皮特

9,部分专有名词:The Great Wall 长城

不定冠词的用法

辅音用a,元音用an,可数单数才用它

A pen, an orange , an apple , an egg , an ice cream ,an umbrella ,a useful book ,a“u”,an “F”,an“L”,an“M”,an“N”,an“x”,an“s”

不用冠词:

1,一日三餐前: I have lunch 我吃中餐

2,球类,棋类, I play chess 我下象棋, Iplayfootball我踢足球

3,星期 I go to school on Monday 我在星期一去上学

4,月份: Children’s Day is in June儿童节在六月

5,年份 He was born in他出生于

6,节日前: On Teachers’ Day 在教师节

7,学科前:I have math class 我上数学课

8,语言:I speak English well 我说英语很好

代词:

人称代词:

主格:I you he she it they we

我 你/你们 他 她 它 他们/她们/它们 我们

宾格:me you him her it them us

位置:主在前,宾在后,介词,动词在中间

I like apples 我喜欢苹果

My teacher likes me 我的老师喜欢我

物主代词:

形容词性物主代词:my your his her its our their 我的 你的/你们的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 他们的

名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours theirs

位置:形物放在名词前,名物放在动两边

My book is here 我的书在这里

Mine is good 我的很好

I like yours 我喜欢你的

Many 和much 的区别

I have many books 我有许多书(可数名词复数)

I have much water我有许多水(不可数名词)

How much is the book?这本书多少钱?(价钱)

Some和any 的区别

I have some books 我有一些书(肯定句)

Do you have any books ?你有书吗?(疑问句)

Idon’t have any books 我没有书(否定句)

Can I have some water ?我能喝些水吗?(请求)

数词

序数词:first,second ,third (有顺序的数词)

基数词:one ,two,three(基本的数字的词语)

基数词---序数词:

One---first,two---second ,three---third,four---fourth,five---fifth,eight---eighth,nine---ninth

Twelve---twelfth,twenty---twentieth,twenty—one---twenty-first

基数词+名词复数: I have two books 我有两本书

序数词+名词单数:He is the third boy 他是第三个男孩

篇6:初一初二英语重点语法总结

形容词:放在名词前,修饰名词例如:beautiful 美丽的。It’s a beautiful map 它是一张漂亮的地图

副词:放在动词后,修饰动词例如:fast 快, He runs fast 他跑得很快。

形容词前面, He is really good 他是真真地很好

形容词和副词级的变化规则

口诀:长加前,短加后,长前加more ,most ,短后er,est,

长加前:

The book is as interesting as that one 这本书和那本书一样有趣

The book is much more interesting than that one 这本书比那本书有趣得多

The book is a little more interesting than that one 这本书比那本书有趣一点点

The book is even more interesting than that one 这本书甚至比那本书更加的有趣

短加后。

一般直接加er,est,

He is taller 他更高,

He is the tallest 他最高

以重读闭音节结尾,双写最后一个辅音字母,并且加er,est

例如:thin---thinner---thinnest

He is thinner 他更瘦

He is the thinnest 他最瘦

以不发音的e结尾加r,st

例如:nice—nicer---nicest

It’s nicer 它更加美好

It’s the nicest 它是最美好的

以辅音字母加y 结尾,去掉y加ier,iest

early---earlier----earliest

He gets up earlier 他起床更早

He gets up earliest 他起床最早

不规则的级的变化:

bad----worse---worst (坏的)

ill---worse---worst(生病的)

many---more---most (很多)

much---more---most(很多)

good---better---best(好的)

well----better---best(好的)

old----elder/older---eldest/oldest(老的)

far---farther/further---farthest/further(远的)

little---less---least(少的)

级的变化的标志:

原级: as 。。。。as 和。。。一样。He is as tall as me 他和我一样高。

比较级:than,比,much很多,a little一点,even甚至

He is much taller than me 他比我高很多

He is even taller 他甚至更高

He is a little taller 他只是高一点点

He is taller than me = I am not as/so tall as him 他比我高

最高级:the ,of ,

He is the tallest of all boys 他是所有男孩中最高的

He is the tallest in my class 他在我的班里是最高的

级的使用方式:

1,比较级+and +比较级,越来越。。。

He is taller and taller 他是越来越高了

the +比较级,the +比较级,越。。。,越。。。。

The more you learn ,the better you will be 你学习越多,你就越好

He is taller than any other student in my is the tallest student in my class 他在我的班里是最高的学生

一般将来时:将来将要发生的动作或者状态

结构:will/shall(第一人称疑问句)+动词原形(无计划,自然发生)

结构2:be(am,is ,are)+going to do (打算做某事,有计划)

标志词:tomorrow明天,in+时间段(。。。之后),in the future 在将来,following +时间段(接下来的。。。),

He will go to Beijing tomorrow 明天他将要去北京

=He is going to Beijing tomorrow

He will be better in the future 将来他将会更好

He will play football in the following week

=He is going to play football in the following week 他将会在接下来的一周里踢足球

宾语从句:从句在复合句里冲淡宾语的句子

例如:

I don’t know where you are 我不知道你在哪里(陈述语气)

I want to know if you are right 我想要知道你是否是对的

He told me the earth is round 他告诉我地球是圆的

动词不定式:to +动词原形+sth

做主语的时候:

It is good to study English well 学习英语好是很好的事情

=To study English well is good

做宾语的时候:动词词组:动词+to do sth

I want to do housework 我想要做家务

做补语的时候:

I ask you to do homework 我叫你去写作业

I believe it good to learn English well 我相信学好英语是很好的

I think it good to learn English well 我认为学好英语是很好的

I find it good to learn English well 我发现学好英语是很好的

I discover it good to learn English well 我发现学好英语是很好

I feel it good to learn English well 我感觉学好英语是很好的

I make it good to learn English well 我使得学好英语是很好的

邀请和应答:

Would you like some milk ?你想要一些牛奶么?

Would you like something to eat ?你想要吃一些东西么?

回答:Yes,I’d love to 是的,我很想。 Sure=certainly =of course,当然,I’d love to 我想要。

Sorry ,I can’t 对不起,我不能

Sorry ,I am afraid not 对不起,我恐怕不行

篇7:初一初二英语重点语法总结

一般现在时:经常或习惯性的动作或者状态

结构:主语+动词原形/动词现三单形式 +宾语

I like apples 我喜欢苹果 He likes apples 他喜欢苹果

标志词:everyday 每天,usually 通常,always 一直,sometimes 有时,often经常

动词现三单变化的规则:

一般+s ,例如:play---plays

以sh,ch,x,s 结尾加es,例如;wash—washes ,fix---fixes,pass---passes,catch---catches

以辅音+y 结尾,去掉y + ies,例如:study ---studies

2,一般过去时:过去经常或者习惯性的动作或状态

结构:动词过去式+宾语

标志词:yesterday(昨天),last+时间(上一个。。),just now (刚才),ago(以前)

I played football yesterday 我昨天踢足球

动词过去式的变化规则:

一般+ed, play –played

以辅音字母+y结尾,去掉 y 为ied, study—studied

以重读闭音节结尾,双鞋最后一个辅音字母节加ed(三明治结尾),stop—stopped

以不发音的e结尾 +d ,move—moved

不规则动词过去式表格:

3,现在进行时:此时此刻正在进行的动作或者状态

结构:Be(am,is ,are)+动词ing(现在分词)

标志词:now(现在),at the moment(此刻),at once (立刻),right away(立刻)

He is reading ,now 他现在正在阅读

现在分词(动词ing)的变化规则

一般+ing,play—playing

以不发音e 结尾,去掉e +ing, ride---riding

3,以重读闭音节结尾(三明治结尾),双鞋最后一个辅音字母+ing, stop—stopping

以ie结尾,改为y+ing,例如:lie—lying ,die—dying,tie—tying,

一般将来时:将要发生的动作或者状态

结构: will/ shall(第一人称疑问句)+动词原形

Be going to +动词原形

标志词:tomorrow 明天,next +时间(下一个。。。),in +时间段(在。。。之后),following +时间(接下来的。。。)

I will go to school tomorrow 我将要明天去上学

Shall I go to school tomorrow 我明天将要去上学?

Shall we go shopping tomorrow ?我们明天将要去购物?

I am going to play football next week 我下周将要去踢足球

5,过去进行时:过去某时,某段时间正在进行的动作或者状态

结构:Be(were,was)+动词ing(动词现在分词)

标志词:at that moment 在那个时刻, at seven yesterday evening 昨天晚上七点(过去某个时刻),

He was reading books at that moment 在那个时刻,他正在读书

现在完成时:过去的动作,对现在造成的影响

结构:have /has +动词过去分词

标志词: already 已经(肯定句),yet,还没有(否定句,疑问句),never从不,ever曾经,for +时间段,完成时 +since +过去时,

I have already finished my work我已经完成了我的工作

过去我分词的常规变化和过去式是一样的。

7,过去完成时:过去的过去发生的动作,对过去发生的影响

结构:had +动词过去分词

标志词:by the time 在。。。之前,其他的标志词和现在完成时一样

By the time I got there ,The car had gone 在我到达那里之前,小汽车已经离开了

8,过去将来时:过去将来时:过去对将来的打算

结构:would +动词原形,were+宾语

例如:I would help you, if I were (过去将来时里,没有was形式,因为是一个比拟,猜测)a rich man。如果我是一个有钱人,我会帮助你的

If I had done it ,I would be successful 如果我已经做到了,我将会成功

9,被动语态:Be +done (动词过去分词)

一般现在时:am/is/are +done(动词过去分词) It is played

一般过去时:was/were+done(动词过去分词) It was played

一般将来时: will be done(动词过去分词) It will be played

Be going to be done (动词过去分词),It is going to be played

现在进行时:Be(am/is/are)+being done(动词过去分词) It is being played

过去进行时:Be(was/were)+being done(动词过去分词) ,It was being played

现在完成时:have/has been done(动词过去分词) ,It has been played

过去完成时:had been done(动词过去分词) It had been played

过去将来时: would be done(动词过去分词), It would be played

情态动词:情态动词 +be +done(动词过去分词) It can be played

宾语从句:从句在复合句中做宾语,(连接词通常在动词后面),

I know that you are right 我知道你是对的

I don’t know if you are right 我不知道你是否是正确的

I want to know where I can find the bookstore 我想要知道我在哪里能找到书店

I want to know when I can go to school 我想要知道什么时候我能去上学

I don’t know which one is yours 我不知道哪一个是你的

I want to know what it is 我想要知道它是什么

I want to know who he is我想要知道他是谁

He didn’t know the earth is round 他不知道地球是圆的(事实真理,时态要用一般现在时)

I wanted to know how you got it 我想要知道你是如何得到它的。

,11,情态动词的用法

Must he do it ?他必须做? Yes, he must 是的,他必须,No,he needn’t 不,他不需要,=No,he doesn’t have to

Maybe (句首),may be (句中)也许

Maybe you are right 也许你是对的。 You may be right 你也许是对的

May I hug him ?我能拥抱他么?Yes ,he can 是的,他能,No,he can’t 不,他不能

Could you give me a pen =Can you give me a pen ?你能给我一支钢笔么?

Imight(may的过去式)help you 我有可能帮助你

,12,定语从句:从句在复合句中充当定语

连接词:人用(who),whom(宾语),(连接词替代从句中的内容),

物用which(主语和宾语),that用在人和物,宾语全部要省略

不定代词和最高级在修饰先行词时,必须用that

Whose 用在定语时,后面是名词,地点出现介词+名词(介宾结构)要用where

时间出现介词+名词(介宾结构)要用when

I see a man who is tall 我看见一个高高的男人

I see a man whom /that(省略) you are talking with 我看见一个和你聊天的男人

I see a table that /which is clean我看见一张干净的桌子。

I see a table which/that(省略) you are cleaning 我看见一张你在清扫的桌子

I know a school which/that(省略) you visited last year 我知道一个你去年拜访过的学校

You visited the school

主谓宾

The only thing that you have to do is reading 你不得不做得唯一一件事情就是阅读

The best man that is tall can speak English 那个高高的男人能说英语

I know a school where you studied 我知道一个你学习过的学校

=I know a school in which you studied

You studied in the school

主语谓语(状语,介词加名词,介宾结构)

I know a day when we met =I know a day on which we met 我知道我们相遇的一天

We met on the day

主语谓语(状语,介词加名词,介宾结构)

13,动词不定式:

It is good to speak English 说英语是很好的

(主语)

My work is to help you我的工作就是去帮助你

(表语)

I want to help you我想要帮助你

(宾语)

I ask you to read books 我叫你去阅读书籍

(补语)

I have something to eat我有一些吃的东西

(定语)

,14,动名词

Reading is good for us阅读对我们是很好的

(主语)

My work is reading,now我的工作现在就是阅读书籍

(表语)

I stop watching TV我停止观看电视

(宾语)

It is an exciting movie 它是一部令人兴奋的电影

(定语)

篇8:初二英语下册的语法知识

感官系动词

英语动词中,有的后面要接名词或代词等作宾语,有的单独作谓语,而有的后面要接形容词或名词等做主语的补充成分。我们把后面接主语补充成分的动词称为系动词。

1. 最常用的系动词是be,另外还有5个感官系动词,如:look(看上去),taste(尝上去),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:

The film is interesting. 这部电影很有趣。

The cookies smell delicious. 这些曲奇闻起来很香。

The soup tastes too salty. 汤尝起来太咸了。

The bed feels hard. 这床摸上去很硬。

The idea sounds quite good. 这个想法听起来非常好。

All the children look happy. 所有的孩子看起来都很开心。

上面用到的系动词smell,taste,feel,sound,look相当于汉语中的闻起来,尝起来,摸上去,听上去,看起来的概念。

2. 要注意这类系动词和系动词be不同,其否定形式和疑问形式的构成要借助动词do。例如:

The dishes do not smell very nice. 这些菜闻起来不太好。

Does he look worried? 他看上去担心吗?

The cake does not taste very good. 这蛋糕尝起来不太好。

现在完成时(一)

1. 现在完成时定义:强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

例如:

Betty went to the park yesterday. (强调去公园的动作发生在昨天)

Betty has been to the park before. (强调不仅去过公园,而且了解公园的状况)

2. 现在完成时的谓语结构:have/has + 动词的过去分词

例如:

I’ve always wanted to go on a dream holiday.

句中的谓语结构为:have wanted

Lingling has visited the US.

句中的谓语结构为:has visited

3. 句式结构

(1)肯定句式:主语+have / has+动词过去分词+其他。

(2)否定句式:主语+have / has+not+动词过去分词+ 其他。have not 和has not 分别缩写为haven’t和hasn’t。

(3)一般疑问句式:Have / Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他? 肯定答语为Yes, 主语+have / has.;否定答语为No, 主语+haven’t / hasn’t.

4. 过去分词的构成

规则动词过去分词的构成规则与规则动词过去式的构成规则相同。

(1)动词一般在词尾加“-ed”。如:work→worked→worked

(2)以“e”结尾的动词,词尾直接加“-d”。 如:live→lived→lived

(3)以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词,将“y”变为 “i”,再加“-ed”。如:cry→cried→cried

(4)以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“-ed”。如:stop→stopped→stopped

欢现在完成时(二)

1. 当表示动作已经完成,并对现在有一定影响时,我们一般用现在完成时。同时,可分用just, already或yet加以强调或说明。例如:

I have just heard the news. 我刚听到消息。

Astronauts have already been to the moon. 宇航员已经去过月球了。

He has just started to explore other planets. 我们才刚刚开始探索其他行星。

可以看出,just 用来表示“刚刚”, already 用来表示“已经”,两者都用于肯定句中,一般是置于have / has 之后。在否定句中则可用yet, 表示“还未”, 有“以后可以会”的含义。

例如:

The scientists have not heard from it yet. 科学家还没有收到它发出的信息。

Man has not discovered any life in space yet. 人类尚未在太空中发现生命。

2. 另外,在使用现在完成时的时候,要注意与一般过去时的区别。现在完成时在表达经历时只表示该事件是在现在之前的某一个时间里发生的,重点在于已完成动作对现在的影响。而一般过去时则表示在过去某一具体时间发生的事情。例如:

I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦,上个月去的。

I have already finished my homework. I finished it an hour ago. 我已经完成家庭作业了,一小时前完成的。

3. 在没有明确的过去时间状语时,如何判断该用现在完成时还是该用过去时呢?判断的标准是看该行为是否对现在有影响,也就是说该句强调的是什么。试看以下对话:

A: Where have you put my book? I can’t find it. 你把我的书放哪儿去了?我找不到。

B: I put it on your desk yesterday. 我昨天放你桌子上了。

该对话中,当A 问对方把自己的书放在何处时,A 感兴趣的是现在的状态,因此用现在完成时。但是B 回答时只是说明当时放的位置,所以用一般过去时。再看下面的对话:

A: Would you like to go and see the film with me tonight ? 你今晚想和我去看电影吗?

B: Sorry, I have seen it already. 不好意思,我已经看过那部电影了。

对话中的现在完成时表示对结果的强调:“电影看过了,所以不想再看了。

现在完成时(三)

1. 现在完成时定义:也可以表示某一动作从过去一直延续到现在。

例如:Jane has kept the book for three days. 简已经借这本书三天了。

The boy has had the bike since last Sunday. 自从上周五,这个男孩就买了这辆自行车。

2. 现在完成时的时间短语:for和since时间短语是现在完成时的常用时间短语,是现在完成时的标志。

for后面加时间段,表示一段时间。

例如:for two weeks;for one month

since后面加时间点,表示自……以来。

例如:since last week;since 2008

注意:对for和since时间短语提问用How long

注意:动词分为延续性动词(表示延续性的动作或状态)和瞬间动词(表示动作在瞬间完成)。

延续性动词常和表示时间段的短语连用。例如for短语和since短语。

瞬间动词不能和for短语和since短语连用。

例如:His father has died for two years.(×)

His father has been dead for two years. (√)

一般过去时常犯错误

1. 把动词变为过去式易出错。

例如:They stoped talking just now.

解析:stop的过去时为stopped。辅音加y,y变i加ed;元音加y,在词尾直 接加ed。

2. 忘记把动词变为过去式。

例如:I fly kites on the afternoon of last Sunday.

解析:fly应该用过去式flew。对此,我们应该记住在一般过去时的时态里,过去式不要忘记。

3. 在句式变换时出错。

例如:We didn’t went last Friday.

解析:didn’t went应改为didn’t go。请记住“见助动词用原形”。

4. 易与现在完成时弄混。

例如:I saw the film, so I don’t want to go now.

解析:正确答案为:I have seen the film, so I don’t want to go now.“我不想去”说明了我了解这部影片的内容,强调现在的情况,应该用现在完成时。

时态区分

一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。观察下列句子。

1. I often watch cartoons films. 我经常看卡通片。

2. I watched Spiderman last week. 我上周看了《蜘蛛侠》。

3. I have already watched Spiderman. I do not want to watch it again. 我已看过《蜘蛛侠》了,不想再看了。

可以看出:

1. 经常性、习惯性的动作,所以用一般现在时。

2. 在过去某个时间发生的行为,用一般过去时。

3. 动作也是在过去,但是没有明确的表示过去的时间,并且强调的是结果,即现在不想看了,所以用现在完成时。

简单句的基本结构

英语是一种结构型的语言,动词在句型构成中起着重要作用。英语的句子以谓语为中心,前面是动作的执行者(被动语态除外),后面接动作的承受者。

1. 主语+系动词+表语(+状语)

主语

系动词

表语

状语

These books

are

interesting.

 

Tom

is

very happy

today.

2. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)(+状语)

主语

谓语

状语

The first book

came out

in 2009.

The rain

has stopped.

 

3.(状语+)主语+谓(及物动词+宾(+状语)

状语

主语

谓语

宾语

状语

 

I

bought

a very good book

last week.

Every day

my mother

prepares

breakfast

for me.

4.主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 +(状语)

主语

谓语

间接宾语

直接宾语

状语

His hobby

has brought

him

enjoyment.

 

My father

bought

me

a very good bike

on my birthday.

5.主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语(+状语)

主语

谓语

宾语

宾语补足语

状语

We

can help

you

develop new skills.

step by step.

I

do not want

you

to work too hard.

 

The news

made

everyone

happy.

 

6. There +be +主语(+状语)

There

be

主语

状语

There

are

many books

in his schoolbag.

There

is

a very nice cup

on the table.

并列复合句

1. 并列复合句的定义:由并列连词and, but, or等把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。

例如:

Jane has kept the book for three days and she must return it tomorrow. 简保留这本书已经三年了,她明天必须归还。

The boy fell off the bike, but he didn’t hurt. 这个男孩从自行车上摔下来,但是没有受伤。

2. 并列复合句的构成:简单句+并列连词+简单句

例如:

I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他,他帮助我。

You must put on your coat, or you’ll have a bad cold in such a cold day. 你必须穿上外套,否则,在这样冷的天气里,你一定会得重感冒的。

3. 并列连词前后简单句之间的关系。

(1)并列关系。

They are watching TV, and the others are listening to the radio. 他们正在看电视,其他人正在听收音机。

(2)选择关系。

The children can go with us, or they can stay at home. 孩子们可以和我们一起去,或者,他们也可以待在家里。

(3)转折关系。

She was tired, but she did not stop working. 她累了,但她没有停止工作。

4. 使用并列复合句要注意的两种情况。

(1)并列复合句有时可不用连词,而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。如:We fished all day; we did not catch a single fish.

(2)并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分,则相同的部分常可省略。如:Snoopy lives in his own world and (Snoopy) finds real life hard to understand.

宾语从句

1. 宾语从句定义

我们在第六模块复习了简单句的几种基本句型, 其中有一种是“主语+谓语+宾语”的结构。其中, 名词、代词、动词的-ing形式或to do形式都可以作宾语,例如buy a book, beat him, stop doing sth., want to do sth.等。这些例子中的宾语是用一个单词或短语来表达的。

但是, 当要用英语表达“我知道你昨天去看电影了”时,我们就无法在know后用一个单词表达出“你昨天去看电影了”这个意思。“你昨天去看电影了”这个结构中包含行为本身,行为的发出者和行为的承受者,是一个完整的句子,因此只能用句子表达。这种放在动词后面作宾语的句子, 我们称为“宾语从句”。

2. 宾语从句分为三类:

(1)that 引导的宾语从句

I hope (that) it will snow this winter. 我希望这个冬天下雪。

(2)whether/if 引导的宾语从句

I’m not sure if he will come. 我不确定他明天是否来。

(3)疑问词引导的宾语从句

I want to know what he will do next. 我想知道接下来他要做什么。

3. that引导的宾语从句

当谓语动词表示肯定的概念,如“希望、相信、知道、说”时,其后面的句子一般用that引导。that 没有任何词汇含义,只有语法功能,目的是使读者清楚后面的句子是宾语从句。多数情况下 that 可以省略。例如:

I hope (that) it will snow this winter. 我希望这个冬天下雪。

Betty thinks (that) trees can improve the air. 贝蒂认为树木可以改善空气。

常接 that 宾语从句的谓语动词有:believe, expect, explain, feel, hear, hope, imagine, prefer, promise, report, say, see, tell, think, under, stand, warn, wish等。

4. 宾语从句的时态

主句中谓语动词是一般现在时,从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制,可根据具体情况判断时态;主句中谓语动词是一般过去时,从句中也必须要用某种过去时态,以保持时态的前后呼应。注意当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时,则用一般现在时,不受主句时态的限制。

试比较:

He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。(现在)

He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。(过去)

He says that he is mending his bike. 他说他正在修理自行车。(现在)

He said that he was mending his bike. 他说他正在修理自行车。(过去)

The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。

5. 宾语从句的否定转移

主句是 I/We think/suppose/guess/ believe 等,从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中,这就是否定转移。

我认为鸡不会游泳。

误:I think chickens can not swim.

正:I don't think chickens can swim.

whether/if引导的宾语从句

如果我们要表达像“他不知道他们周六是否会去植树”或“我记不清以前是否见过他”这样的不确定的概念时,从句就要用 whether 或 if 来引导,不能用 that。

例如:

He does not know whether they will plant trees on Saturday or not. 他不知道他们周六是否会去植树。

He asks whether/if we will go fishing on Sunday. 他问我们周日是否去钓鱼。

Tom wants to know whether/if he needs to come early tomorrow. 汤姆想知道他明天是否需要早点来。

注意:if与whether引导宾语从句时都有“是否”的意思,一般情况下可以互换。但是在动词不定式之前、介词之后或者句尾有or not出现时,一般只能用whether。

例如:We haven’t decided whether to go or not. 我们还没决定是否会去。

疑问词引导的宾语从句

通过本模块的学习,相信同学们已经注意到,有的宾语从句既不用that引导,也不用whether或if引导,而是用when,where,how或why等疑问词引导,这是从句意思表达的需要。

例如要表达“他问什么时间出发”时,句中的“什么时间”之类的疑问时,我们就要使用相应的疑问词来引导从句。但是,在疑问词引导的宾语从句中,一定要用陈述句语序。例如:

He asks how we can help protect the environment. 他问我们如何帮助保护环境。

Do you know when we will hold the sports meeting? 你知道我们什么时候举办运动会吗?

宾语从句的时态

1. 在前两个模块中,我们学习了三种宾语从句。

除了我们讲过的引导词和语序问题,还有一个时态问题。请同学们观察下面宾语从句的时态特点。

I can hardly believe we are in the city centre.

I am sure it will be fantastic to see the city from the top.

I did not know who she was.

We thought somebody was moving about.

Lingling’s uncle said that it was wrong to pull leaves off plants.

从上面的句子中我们不难发现,宾语从句的时态和主句的时态是息息相关的。

当主句是现在时态时,从句可以根据实际情况选择不同时态。

当主句是过去时态时,从句一般使用相应的过去时态。

2. 时态运用

(1)当主句是现在时态时,从句可以根据实际情况选择不同时态。

现在时包括一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。

He tells us that he will go shopping later. 他告诉我他一会儿去购物。

I don’t know why you were surprised. 我不知道你为什么如此惊讶。

(2)当主句是过去时态时,从句一般使用相应的过去时态。

过去时态包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时。

He asked if he could watch TV after finishing his homework. 他问他完成作业后是否可以看电视。

3. 当宾语从句为客观事实、客观真理时,要用一般现在时。

He told me that the earth goes round the sun. 他(过去)告诉我地球绕着太阳转。

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