下面是小编整理的直接引语和间接引语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)，本文共13篇，欢迎您阅读，希望对您有所帮助。本文原稿由网友“smilehero”提供。
篇1：直接引语和间接引语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
直接引语和间接引语
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。例如：She says, “ I’ll never forget the moment变成间接引语为She says that she’ll never forget the moment.但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语
中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应
的变化。遵循下列规律：
一、一般规律。
在直接引语中 在间接引语中
指示代词 this
these that
those
时间状语
now
today
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next year
Two days ago Then
that day
the day before
the week before
the next day
the next year
two days before
地点状语 here there
动词时态
一般现在时
现左进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时 一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成时
（不变）
过去将来时
动词变化
can/may
must
come
bring could/might
had to
go
take
二、三要素。
我们要很好地掌握直接引语变间接引语这一语法项目，关键要掌握下列“三要素”。
要素一：陈述句的间接引语--连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, ,等。例如：
1) He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2) She said: “He will be busy.”→
She said that he would be busy.
要素二： 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等，例如：
She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→
She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
1) She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→
She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
(2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序。例如：
The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” →
The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
要素三：祈使句的间接引语--采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。
told
即 asked sb. (not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉，动词改为 ask
1) The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →
The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→
The mother asked Tom to get up early.
三、“五不变”
在直接引语变间接引语时，还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况。
1． 直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”→
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”→
My father said practice makes perfect.
2. 直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时，时态保持不变，例如：
The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”→
The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said, “We are still students.’→
He said they are still students.
3． 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变。例如：
He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→
He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→
The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4．直接引语中凡有When， since，while 引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。例如：
He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” →
He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→
She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→
Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5．如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如：
He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.→
He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→
She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外，如果说话人转述自己的话，人称则可不变. 例如：
I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there，come不必改为go，如果就在当天转述，则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语也不必变化。例如：
She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→
She told us she would come here tomorrow.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：直接引语和间接引语(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
直接引语和间接引语
【学习指南】
直接引语就是直接地引用或复述别人的话，并放在引号内。间接引语则是说话人用自己的话转述他人的原话，被转述的内容不放在引号内。间接引语是说话者站在自己的角度进行转述，因此，不同的直接引语要用不同的句式来进行转述，且直接引语中的代词、动词的时态以及时间或地点状语都要有相应的变化，部分引述动词有时也需做适当的调整。
这些变化有一定的规则，但在具体运用时往往呈现复杂的情况。本章的学习重点是要掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等由直接引语变为间接引语最基本的规则，特别是特殊疑问句转换成间接引语时的词序变化、时态的前后呼应以及规则以外的不同变化。准确地进行直接引语和间接引语的转换有助于我们准确地进行交际。
一、直接引语与间接引语的转换
在将直接引语转换为间接引语时，不仅句式上要有变化，而且要在时态、人称、时间、地点等方面作相应的变化。
1、引语转换时的句式变化
不同的直接引语句式，如：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，转换成间接引语时要遵循一定的句式转换规则，还要注意根据句意，使用适当的引述动词。
（1）陈述句的间接引语
将陈述句转换为间接引语，通常用that引导的宾语从句来表达。连词that 在不引起歧义的情况下可以省略。引述分句的动词常见的有say 和tell等。
He said, “I caught a cold yesterday.”
他说：“我昨天感冒了。”
He said (that) he had caught a cold the day before.
他说他前天感冒了。
Helen said to me, “I’m tired of taking such exams.”
海伦说：“我讨厌参加这种考试。”
Helen told me (that) she was tired of taking such exams.
海伦说她讨厌参加这种考试。
【点津坊】
在下列情况下，往往要保留that。
① that 的省略会产生歧义。
Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train had already left.
琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。（如不用that，when状语从句既可以理解为修饰said, 又可以理解为修饰had left）
② 当引述动词后面不止跟一个that引导的从句时，第二个that不能省略。
He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二个that不能省略）
（2）疑问句的间接引语
直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问句。引述的动词常用ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等。间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序，句末不用问号，用句号。
①一般疑问句的间接引语
直接引语为一般疑问句时，用连词whether或if 引导，某些表示请求的疑问句也可以转换成间接祈使句。
I asked him, “Are you satisfied with the results?”
我问他：“你对这结果满意吗？”
I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results.
我问他对这结果是否满意。
“Did you go to the British Museum yesterday?” asked Kate.
凯特问：“你昨天有没有去大英博物馆？”
Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.
凯特问我昨天有没有去大英博物馆。
The old man said to a passer-by, “Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?”
那位老人跟一位过路人说：“请问到长城饭店的路怎么走。”
The old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.
那位老人请一位过路人告诉他去长城饭店的路。
②选择疑问句的间接引语
直接引语为选择疑问句时，用连词whether/if…or…引导。
He said, “Are you interested in English or not?”
他说：“你是否对英语感兴趣?”
He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not.
他问我是否对英语感兴趣。
“Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food?” he asked.
他问：“你喜欢中国食物还是日本食物？”
He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food.
他问我喜欢中国食物还是日本食物。
③特殊疑问句的间接引语
直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。
“What do you do in your free time?” he asked me.
他问我：“你业余时间干什么？”
He asked me what I did in my free time.
他问我业余时间做什么。
“Why did she go to America?” Paul asked.
保罗问：“她为什么去美国？”
Paul asked why she had gone to America.
保罗问她为什么去了美国。
【小帖士】
“What’s the matter with you?”和“What’s wrong with you?”改为间接引语时词序不变。
He asked me what was wrong with me. 他问我出什么事了。
He asked me what was the matter with me. 他问我怎么了。
（3）祈使句的间接引语
直接引语如果是祈使句，变成间接引语后，叫间接祈使句。
①祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词say变成command, order, tell等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为not to do结构。
“Stay where you are,” she said.
她说：“呆在原地。”
She told me to stay where I was.
她告诉我呆在原地。
“Don’t smoke in the room,” he said.
他说：“别在房间里抽烟。”
He told me not to smoke in the room.
她叫我别在房间里抽烟。
②祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词say变成ask, beg, request, urge等动词。
She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you?”
她说：“请你一直等到我回来，好吗？”
She begged me to wait till she returned.
她请求我一直要等到她回来。
③以Let’s开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为suggest，然后再接that从句。
John said to Bill, “Let’s go hiking tomorrow.”
约翰对比尔说，“我们明天去徒步旅行吧。”
John suggested to Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day.
约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。
（4）感叹句的间接引语
直接引语是感叹句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接感叹句。间接感叹句多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当的动词和状语来转换。
He said, “What a beautiful view it is!”
他说：“多么漂亮的景色！”
He said that it was a very beautiful view.
他说景色非常漂亮。
He cried out what a beautiful view it was.
他大声说这景色是多么地漂亮。
She often says, “What a great country China is!”
她常说：“中国是一个多么伟大的国家！”
She often says that China is a very great country.
她常说中国是一个非常伟大的国家。
She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country.
她常常赞赏地说中国多么伟大
（5）并列句和复合句的间接引语
当转述的内容为并列句或复合句，或有两种以上的句子时，应根据不同的句式来选择不同的引述动词和连接词。
He said, “I told her to wait, but she went away.”
他说：“我告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。
He said (that) he had told her to wait but that she went away.
他说他已经告诉她等一下，但她还是走了。
She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut?”
她说：“这儿很冷。窗户关了吗？”
She said that it was cold there and asked if the window was shut.
她说那儿很冷，并问窗户是否关了。
Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know.”
芬威克对我说：“去看看罗宾吧，他会告诉你想要知道的事情。”
Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know.
芬威克建议我去看罗宾，因为他会告诉我想要知道的事情。
二、引语转换时的各种相应变化
直接引语转换成间接引语除了有句式的变化外，还要掌握动词时态、人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和词序的变化。
（1）动词时态的变化
① 如果引述动词为现在时态，间接引语的动词可以保持原来的时态。
He says, “I have been writing a novel.”
他说：“我一直在写一本小说。”
He says that he has been writing a novel.
他说他一直在写一本小说。
② 如果引述动词为过去时态，间接引语中的时间就要往后推，即现在时间推至过去时间，过去时间推至过去的过去，将来时间推至过去将来时间。具体变化见下表：
直接引语时态 间接引语时态
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
将来进行时 过去将来进行时
The teacher said, “You are doing OK.”
老师说：“你们干得很不错。”
The teacher said we were doing OK.
老师说我们干得很不错。（现在进行时变为过去进行时）
I asked her, “Where have you spent your holiday?”
我问她：“你去哪里度假了？”
I asked her where she had spent her holiday.
我问她去哪里度假了。（现在完成时变为过去完成时）
She said, “I went to Shanghai.”
她说：“我去过上海。”
She said that she had gone to Shanghai.
她说她去过上海。（过去时变为过去完成时）
He said, “I had finished my work before 10 o’clock.”
他说：“我在十点钟前就完成工作了。”
He said that he had finished his work before 10 o’clock..
他说他在十点钟前就完成工作了。（过去完成时不变）
The mayor said: “The people of Beijing will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.”
这位市长说：“北京人民将准备点燃奥运火炬来迎接来自全世界的运动员和运动迷。”
The mayor said that the people of Beijing would be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.
这位市长说北京人民将准备点燃奥运火炬来迎接来自全世界的运动员和运动迷。（将来进行时变为过去将来进行时）
（2）情态动词的变化
在间接引语中，有些情态动词没有过去式，转换为间接引语时仍用原来的形式，或用其它表示法。
直接引语 间接引语
must （必然）（推测） must
mustn’t（禁止） mustn’t
must（必须） had to/ would have to
shall should
should should
will would
would would
may might
might might
can could
could could
dare dared
need need
ought to ought to
He said, “I really must go.”
他说：“我一定得走了。”
He said that he really must go.
他说他一定得走了。
“Must we hand in our exercise this afternoon?” he asked.
他问：“我们得今天下午交作业吗？”
He asked if they had to hand in the exercise that afternoon.
他问他们是否那天下午得交作业。
“You need not take an umbrella with you,” he said.
他说：“你不用带雨伞。”
He said that I need not take an umbrella with me.
他说我不用带雨伞。
【点津坊】
因为人称发生了变化，在直接引语中可用shall或should，而在间接引语中则用would。
“I should be glad to come.” “我会很愿意来的。”
He said he would be glad to come. 他说他会很愿意来。
（3）人称代词的变化
人称代词的变化要以转述者的立场作适当的改变。改变方式通常与汉语基本相同，即第一、三人称转换成第三人称；第二人称转换成第一、三人称。
“I’m fond of surfing the Internet,” he said.
他说：“我喜欢网上冲浪。”
He said he was fond of surfing the Internet.
他说他喜欢网上冲浪。
“You should pay more attention to your pronunciation,” the teacher said.
老师说：“你应该更注意你的发音。”
The teacher said that I should pay more attention to my pronunciation.
老师说我应该更注意我的发音。
【小帖士】
但如果说话人引述自己的话，人称代词不必改动。
I said, “ I had a good time at the party.” 我说：“我在晚会上玩得很开心。”
I said that I had had a good time at the party. 我说我在晚会上玩得很开心。
（4）指示代词的变化
在间接引语中，指示代词this转换成that，these转换成those。
He said, “Please show me this one.”
他说：“请拿这个给我看一下。”
He asked me to show him that one.
他要我拿那个给他看一下。
He said, “I’d like to see these sunglasses.”
他说：“我想看这些太阳镜”
He said that he wanted to see those sunglasses.
他说他想看那些太阳镜。
（5）时间状语和地点状语的变化
根据转述的时间和地点不同，时间状语和地点状语存在着较多的变化。
直接引语 间接引语
today that day
this morning/ afternoon/evening that morning / afternoon / evening
yesterday the day before, the previous day
yesterday morning /afternoon etc. the previous morning / afternoon etc.
the morning before, the afternoon before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day, the following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time, two days after
next week / month / year etc. the next week / month / year, etc.
the following week / month / year etc.
last night / month / year, etc. the previous night / month / year etc.
the night before, the month before etc.
two weeks / months / years ago the weeks before, two months before
now then
so far by then
in 1990 in 1990
here there
“We’ll leave here tomorrow,” he said.
他说：“我们明天离开这里。”
He said that they would leave there the next day.
他说他们将在第二天离开那里。
“I met him the day before yesterday,” she said.
她说：“我前天遇见过他。”
She said that she had met him two days before.
她说她前两天遇见过他。
(6) 间接引语的词序变化
直接引语为疑问句时，间接引语要把倒装词序变为正常词序。
He asked, “How did these differences come about?”
他问：“这些不同之处是如何产生的？”
He asked how those differences had come about.
他问那些不同之处是如何产生的。
“What is adventure travel?” he asked.
他问：“冒险旅游是什么？”
He asked what adventure travel was.
他问什么是冒险旅游。
【试题播报】
No one can be sure_________ in a million years.
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
【分析】本题考查宾语从句的词序。宾语从句引导词为what，充当介词like的宾语，先排除C项。B和D的词序仍是疑问句的倒装词序。故本题正确答案是A。
二. 引语转换应注意的事项
直接引语转换成间接引语要遵循一些最基本的规则，特别是时态的前后呼应及人称代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化。掌握好一些“变化”和“不变化”的规则，有助于准确地进行交际。
1、时态不用变化
如果引述动词为过去式时，间接引语中动词的形式则在下列情况下不用变化：
①直接引语如果是表达客观真理、格言时。
He said, “Well done is better than well said.” 他说：“说得好不如做得好。”
He said that well done is better than well said. 他说说得好不如做得好。
②直接引语中谓语动词如是虚拟语气，变成间接引语后仍用原来形式。
“I advise that you stop smoking,” the doctor said. 医生说：“我劝你戒烟。”
The doctor advised that he stop smoking. 医生劝他戒烟。
③直接引语中的谓语动词与具体时间状语连用时，间接引语时态可不变。
He told me, “Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 1993.”
他告诉我：“《侏罗纪公园》是斯皮尔伯格于1993年拍摄的。”
He told me that Jurassic Park was made by Spielberg in 1993.
他告诉我《侏罗纪公园》是斯皮尔伯格于1993年拍摄的。
④直接引语中的时间状语为过去时形式，引语中状语从句的谓语动词时态通常不变。
Mr. Smith said, “When we lived in that city, we often met each other.”
史密斯先生说：“当我们住在那个城市时，我们经常见面。”
Mr. Smith said that when they lived in that city they had often met each other.
史密斯先生说当他们住在那个城市时，他们经常见面。
⑤当引语表达的动作或状态现在仍然存在时，从句的谓语动词可不用变化。
Our teacher said, “Eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.”
我们老师说：“生态旅游是一种结合一般旅游和学习的旅游。”
Our teacher said that eco-travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.
我们老师说生态旅游是一种结合一般旅游和学习的旅游。
⑥当引述动词用现在时形式时，引语中的时态不须改动。
He says, “I have accepted her invitation.” 他说：“我已经接受她的邀请了。”
He says that he has accepted her invitation. 他说他已经接受她的邀请了。
2、时间状语、地点状语不用变化
①如果说话时间和引述时间相同（如同一天，同一月等），时间状语可不变。
“I finished writing my paper yesterday,” he said today.
他今天说：“我昨天写完论文了。”
He told me today that he finished writing the paper yesterday.
他今天说他昨天写完论文了。
②转述的地点不变时，地点状语here不必改为there。
He said, “I enjoy my stay here.”
他说：“我在这里逗留期间玩得很开心。”
He said that he enjoyed his stay here.
他说他在这里逗留期间玩得很开心。
3、引述动词的变化
为了让表达更丰富多彩一些，引述动词除了常见的tell，ask，say外，根据不同句式还可以选用下列动词：
句式 常见的引述动词
祈使句 表请求 ask, beg, request
表命令 command, order, tell
表建议 suggest, advise
表提醒 remind
表提供帮助 offer
疑问句 一般语体 ask, wonder, want to know
正式语体 inquire / enquire
感叹句 cry, shout, exclaim, call out, admit, wish…
陈述句 带双宾语
（可用for改写） bring, buy, choose, cook, do, fetch, get, leave, make,
order, paint, play, reach, save, spare…
带双宾语
（可用to 改写） bring, deny, do, give, grant, hand, lead, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, return, sell, send, show, take, tell, throw, write…
The boy said to his mother, “I’ll never smoke again.”
那男孩子对他母亲说：“今后我决不再吸烟了。”
The boy promised his mother never to smoke again.
那男孩向他母亲保证不再吸烟。
“Call the police, Sean,” he said.
他说：“肖恩，叫警察。”
He ordered Sean to call the police.
他命令肖恩叫警察。（表命令的祈使句）
“Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way home,” said Mother.
妈妈说：“别忘了在回家的路上帮我买些番茄汁。“
Mother reminded me not to forget to buy her some ketchup on my way home.
妈妈提醒我别忘了在回家路上帮她买些番茄汁。（表提醒的祈使句）
“Shall I post these letters for you?” he asked.
他问：“要我帮忙把这些信寄出去吗？”
He offered to post those letters for me.
他提出要帮我寄出那些信。（表提供帮助的祈使句）
“Does she really mean it?” he asked.
他问：“她真的是这个意思吗？”
He wondered / wanted to know whether/ if she really meant it.
他想知道她是否真的是这意思。（疑问句）
4、间接引语的句式变化
为了使表达更生动，更准确，我们在进行直接引语和间接引语转换时，可注意使用不同的句式，这对提高我们表达能力的档次很有帮助。
“Merry Christmas!” he said.
他说：“圣诞快乐！”
He wished me a merry Christmas.
他祝我圣诞快乐。
“Help!” he cried.
他喊道：“救命啊！“
He called for help.
他大声呼救。
Mr. Wu said to them, “You’d better make preparations for the exam.”
吴老师对他们说：“你们最好为考试做准备。”
Mr. Wu advised them to make preparations for the exam.
吴老师劝他们为考试做好准备。
He said, “I did break the window.”
他说：“我的确打烂了那个玻璃窗。”
He admitted having broken the window. 他承认打烂了那个玻璃窗。
“Don’t walk on the ice. It isn’t safe,” Mother said to us.
妈妈对我们说：“不要在冰上行走，不安全！”
Mother warned us not to walk on the ice since it wasn’t safe.
妈妈告诫我们不要在冰上行走因为不安全。
“Have a cigarette,” he said. “No, thanks,” I replied.
“抽只烟吧？”他说。“不，谢谢！”我回答道。
He offered me a cigarette which I refused.
他给我一只烟，我谢绝了。
【训练大本营】
一、选择填空
1. He asked _________ for the violin.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2. Can you make sure _______ the gold ring?
A. where Alice has put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice had put D. where has Alice put
3. These photos will show you __________.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how our village look like D. how our village looks like
4. You can’t imagine _______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
5. ______ she said suggested that she hadn’t decided _________ to go or not.
A. What, if B. That, whether
C. What, whether D. What, whichever
6. I’ll ask my parents _________.
A. whether they will agree to go B. if they let me go
C. if they will let me go D. whether they allow me to
7. ---Do you mind if Jim will come to help?
---I really don’t know ________ a person like him can help me with.
A. what B. that
C. how D. if
8. He asked me if _____________.
A. the train will late B. the train always arrived late
C. the train arrives on time D. the train stops here
9. It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931) _______ the world leading inventor for sixty years.
A. would be B. has been
C. had been D. was
10. –Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
---Where was I?
---You _______ you didn’t like your father’s job.
A. had said B. said
C. were saying D. had been saying
二、把下列直接引语变成间接引语
1. “You have done a good job,” said the teacher.
2. He said, “I’ll help you with it later.”
3. “Be careful with the dog,” I said.
4. “Are you sure about this?” ha asked.
5. She asked, “What’s the matter with you?”
6. He said, “We met in . We have been friends for two years.”
7. He asked, “Alice, where did you buy it?”
8. “How wonderful the journey is!” he said.
9. “Tom, don’t forget to take your raincoat,” he said.
10. “Why do you come so late?” Mary asked.
三、翻译下列句子
1．他叫我别打扰他。
2． 我坚决主张推迟这次运动会。
3． 我怀疑他们的旅行是否舒适。
4． 老师说过患难之交才是真朋友。
5． 她认为他们一定已经离开了。
6． 苏珊问我对这出戏的看法。
7． 他问我能否帮他搬那个行李箱。
8． 他告诉我们他第二天就要到北京去。
参考答案
一、1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C
二、
1.The teacher said that I had done a good job.
2. He said that he would help me with it later.
3. I warned him to be careful with the dog.
4. He asked me if I was sure about that.
5. She asked what was the matter with me.
6. He said that they met in 2002 and that they had been friends for two years.
7. He asked where Alice bought it.
8. He said that the journey was wonderful.
He exclaimed how wonderful the journey was.
9. He reminded Tom to take his raincoat.
10. Marry wanted to know why he came so late.
三、
1. He asked me not to disturb him.
2. I insisted that the sports meeting (should) be put off.
I insisted on putting off the sports meeting.
3. I doubt whether / if their journey is a comfortable one.
4. The teacher said a friend in need is a friend indeed.
5. She thought that they must have left.
6. Susan asked how I liked the play.
7. He asked me to help him with his suitcase.
He asked me if I could help him with his suitcase.
8. He told us that he was leaving for Beijing the next / following day.
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篇3：直接引语与间接引语专练 (人教版高一英语下册教学论文)
直接引语与间接引语专练
I. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. He asked me ________ I would go to Beijing by air the next day.
A. that if B. if C. that whether D. how
2. -Joyce, please don’t open the window.
-Pardon?
-I ______ open the window.
A. tell you don’t B. tell you not to
C. told you didn’t D. told you not to
3. He _____ they didn’t start early they wouldn’t catch the first bus.
A. said that if B. asked if
C. asked whether D. said that whether
4. He asked _______ for the violin.
A. did I pay how much
B. I paid how much
C. how much I paid
D. how much did I pay
5. The teacher asked us ______ so much noise. (北京)
A. don’t make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
6. The doctor asked me what _______ with me.
A. is wrong B. wrong is C. was wrong D. wrong was
7. He asked the boy where _______.
A. his mother was B. was his mother
C. his mother is D. is his mother
8. They said at last that they _______ better start out at once.
A. had had B. had C. had been D. was
9. The teacher said that doubt _______ the key of knowledge.
A. were B. are C. was D. is
10. The actor said he _______ born in 1984.
A. was B. is C. be D. had been
II. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语变为直接引语。
1. Mr. Stone said, “May I have a cup of tea?”
Mr. Stone ______________________.
2. The nurse said, “Let the children wash their hands themselves.”
The nurse ______________________.
3. My uncle said, “Do not open the window.”
My uncle _______________________.
4. John asked Mary, “ What do you know about the sea?”
John asked Mary ________________.
5. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
The teacher said that _____________.
6. The teacher told Tom to be careful with his pronunciation.
_______________________________.
7. She asked me to open the door.
_______________________________.
8. My mother advised me to have a good rest.
_______________________________.
9. Peter asked me when I would leave Athens.
_______________________________.
10. He asked me how I was getting along with my studies then.
______________________________.
Key:
I. 1-5 BDACD 6-10 CABDA
II. 1. Mr. Stone asked if / whether he might have a cup of tea.
2. The nurse suggested (that) the children (should) wash their hands themselves.
3. My uncle told us not to open the window.
4. John asked Mary what she knew about the sea.
5. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
6. The teacher said, “Be careful with your pronunciation, Tom.”
7. “Would you please open the door?” she asked.
8. “Why not have a good rest?” my mother said to me.
9. “When will you leave Athens?” Peter asked me.
10. He asked me, “How are you getting along with your studies now? ”
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篇4：直接引语 间接引语 ---讲解与练习(高三英语上册教学论文)
直接引语 间接引语
---讲解与练习
直接引语变间接引语是初中语法宾语从句的延续。同时学好这一语法项目也有助于高二的名词性从句语法的学习打好基础。
I．从句子类型上进行分析。
1. 直接引语为陈述句。变成间接引语时，把陈述句变成由that引导的宾语从句。
She said : “I’ll come this morning.”
She said that she would come that morning.
2. 直接引语为一般疑问句。变成间接引语时，要把一般疑问句变成由if或whether引导的宾语从句，同时将语序变成陈述语序。
“Will you take care of me?”
Chuck, Wilson asks if you will take care of him.
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句。变成间接引语时，要把特殊疑问句变成由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，同时将语序变成陈述语序。疑问词在句中作主语或作定语修饰主语时语序不变。
“Where did you spend your holiday ?” I asked her.
I asked her where she had spent her holidays.
4. 直接引语为祈使句。变成间接引语时，要把祈使句的动词变成带to的不定式，同时根据语气选择适当的谓语动词，如ask, tell, order等。句型为ask/tell/order sb to do sth 。主句中若有please 时，最好用ask表示。同时去掉please。否定的祈使句，要将don’t或never改为not to, never to
5．直接引语为选择疑问句时，要使用whether。。。or。。。
“Will you accept or refuse the offer?”
He wondered whether I would accept or refuse the offer.
6．直接引语为感叹句时，可用感叹词what 或how 作引导词，语序不变；或者用that 作引
导词，句子用陈述语序。
“What an interesting story it is!” he said.
He said what an interesting story it was.
He said that it was an interesting story.
II．注意事项：
7． 变化：
①said to somebody后加直接引语改为 asked somebody if told somebody that
②人称代词：this-that these-those I-He-she me-him, her,
③时间状语: now-then ago-before today-that day
yesterday-the day before last week（month, year）-the week(month, year) before
tomorrow-the next day next week（month, year）-the next（month, year）week
④地点状语: here--there
⑤动词的变化: come-go bring-take
⑥时态变化：do does-did
Did-had done
Have done-had done
Is doing-was doing
Had done-had done
Will do-would do
8． 直接引语如果是客观真理，名人名言或谚语或当时当地转述时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
He said, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”
He said that where there is a will, there is a way.
9． 直接引语中如有明确的过去时间状语，则变间接引语时时态不变。
Jack said, “I was born in 1990.”--------Jack said that he was born in 1990.
10.主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
Mary says, “Tom is a good boy.”-------Mary says that Tom is a good boy.
11.直接引语有以when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变间接引语时状语从句中的一般过去时不变，但主句的谓动则要改为过去完成时。
She said, “Jack told me all about his past when he was questioned.”
She said that Jack had told him about his past when he was questioned.
12．有些情态动词，如 must， need，ought to等，无过去形式，变间接引语时，既可用原来
的形式，也可用其它的表示法，但要注意保存原来的意义。
“All men must die,” he said. ---- He said that all men must die
“I must go early,” he said. ----- He said that he had to go early.
III. 小试牛刀
把下列句子变成间接引语：
1. John said to Tom, “Come to my house tomorrow.”
______________________________________________.
2. “Will you come to the lecture this afternoon?” Sara asked Yang Mei .
________________________________________________________.
3. “I watched a very interesting TV program yesterday.” he said to us.
______________________________________________________.
4． “How old is your brother this year?” Charlie’s friend asked him.
__________________________________.
5．He said to the boy, “Don’t do that again.”
_______________________________________________________。
6．He said, “I will come here next month.”
___________________________________.
7．Hanks said, “I finished my work last week.”
___________________________________________.
8. “My brother began learning English two years ago.” Tom said.
_____________________________________________________.
9. “Where have you been all these years?” he asked me.
_____________________________________________.
10. “Have you seen the movie?” he asked Chuck.
_________________________________________.
11. He asked, “Who can answer the question?”
_________________________.
12. He asked, “What’s the matter with you?
______________________________.
Answers:
1. John told Tom to go to his house the next day.
2. Sara asked Yang Mei if she would go to the lecture that afternoon.
3. He told us that he had watched a very interesting film the day before.
4. Charlie’s friend asked him how old his brother was that year.
5. He told the boy not to do that again.
6. He said that he would go there the next month.
7. Hanks said that he had finished his work the week before.
8. Tom said that his brother had begun learning English two years before.
9. He asked me where I had been all those years.
10. He asked Chuck if he had seen the movie.
11. He asked who could answer the question.
12. He asked what was the matter with me.
IV. 单选练习
1. He said the train ____ when he reached there, so he had to wait for the next.
A. left B. had left C. was leaving D. has left
2. He asked me ______ I could pick him up ____.
A. if; tomorrow B. that; tomorrow C. that; next D. if; the next day
3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
4. Tell him _____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
5. He asked me ____ the railway station.
A. how he could get to B. how could he get to
C. where he could get to D. where could he get to
6. He wanted to know _____.
A. what was her name B. how was her name
C. what her name was D. how her name was
7. They have no idea at all _____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone
8. He told me to make sure_____ the meeting.
A. when and where we would have B. when and where would we have
C. when and where we will have D. when and where will we have
9. Do you happen to know ____?
A. where is her address B. in which place is her address
C. what her address is D. the place her address is
10. Our teacher told us that the earth ____ from west to east.
A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned
11. He said he ____ her since two years _____.
A. had not seen; ago B. had not seen; before
C. didn’t see; ago D. didn’t see; before
12．The teacher asked the boy _____.
A. what the matter was B. what was the matter C. What the matter is D. what is the matter
13. Mr. Smith warned her daughter_____ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
14. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
15．John said that he would pay ___ second visit to China ____ next month.
A. the; X B. the; the C. a; the D. a; X
16．On his way home from Beijing he told me he ______ Beijing again.
A. had visited B. has visited C. would visit D. will visit
17．Tom said that he _____ to the museum ______.
A. went; yesterday B. had gone; the day before
C. has gone; before C. went; the day before
18. He asked me _____ I _______ fond of Jay Chou’s songs.
A. that; was B. that; am C. what; am D. if ;was
19. Tim _____ me to repeat my address.
A. forced B. asked C. told D. ordered
20. The commander ______ his soldiers to take up their guns.
A. asked B. hoped C. stopped D. ordered
21. He asked me how much ____ on the mountain bike.
A. did I pay B. I had spent C. did I spend D. I had cost
22. Can you tell me _______?
A. what the matter is B. what the matter it is
C. what’s the matter D. the matter is what
23. Jeanne asked Mathilde ________.
A. that had happened B. that had happened to her
C. what had been happened C. what had happened to her
24. We want to know _____ do to help them.
A. what we can B. what can we C. how we can D. how can we
Bdaba caaca bbacc cbdbd bcca
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篇5：直接引语变间接引语 教案教学设计(译林牛津版英语高一)
Step1 Lead-in
She said, “ They are using PSAs to educate people.”
She said that they were using PSAs to educate people.
“ We must not give up in the face of pressure.” she said.
She encouraged us not to give up in the face of pressure.
Step 2 Direct speech and reported speech (直接引语和间接引语)
I、定义
直接引语：
间接引语：
Practice:指出下列句子属于直接引语还是间接引语。
He said, ‘I will go to school tomorrow.’
He said that he will go to the school the next day.
She said to me , ‘I am going to London with my father.’
She told me that she was going to London with his father.
She said, “Do you often come here for a visit.”
She asked if I often went there for a visit.
II、直接引语如何变成间接引语
人称变化：
①He said, “I have been to Japan.”
He said that ___ had been to Japan.
②She said, “I'll give you an exam tomorrow.”
She told us that ______ would give ____ an exam tomorrow.
③She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”
She asked me when _____ had _____ dinner.
时态变化
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去完成时
现在完成时 一般将来时
She said. ”I have lost a pen.“→
She said. ”We hope so.“ →
She said. ”He will go to see his friend。“→
注意：①The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
→
②“I’ll never forget the days in the country.”
→
She says that
③My father said to me, “I read the book in 1986.”
→
④He said to me, “I have taught English since I came here.”
→
3.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、及方向性动词的变化
指示
代词 this→ 地点状语 here→
that → 方向性
动词 come→
时
间
状
语 now→ bring→
today→
this week→
yesterday→
last week(month)→
Three day (month) ago→
tomorrow→
next week(month)→
1. ‘I will come and see you again this evening, Tom.’ he said.
2. ‘I will come here again today,’ she said.
The doctor said to the patient, ‘You will have to wait till 3 pm tomorrow.’
Practice
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that ______ never ______ meat.
2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ ______ ______ wallet.
3. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her.
4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”
The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ met the day ______.
6. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I ______ to go ______ before five.
7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.
He said that he _______ bought the house 10 years _______.
4句式的变化
⑴陈述句
He said, “I came to see you.”
⑵疑问句
一般疑问句
Tom said, “Do you have any difficulty with English?”
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”
选择疑问句
He asked, “Do you speak English or Chinese?”
I asked, “Will you take bus or on foot?”
特殊疑问句
He said to me，“Where are you from?”
He asked us, “How many factories are there in your country?”
⑶祈使句
①She said to us, “Please have a break.”
②The teacher said, “Don't smoke in the classroom.”
③The officer said, “Go out!”
⑷感叹句
She said, “What a lovely day it is.”
Practice
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring B. brought C. bring D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass.
A. not play B. not to play C. played D. playing
3. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come B. not to go C. to not come D. to not go
4. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. whether the moon goes B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes D. whether the moon went
5. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this isB. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this D. whose dictionary that is
6. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework
B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework
D. that if she had finished her homework
7. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing B. what he doing
C. what he is doing D. what does he do now
8. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin B. when he began
C. he when began D. when he begins
9. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited D. they were how excited
10. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been B. did you go
C. have you beenD. you have been
11. The boss asked his secretary ____ ____he had finished typing the report .
A. if; or not B. if; not
C. whether; or not D. whether; not
12. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car D. he spent in his car
篇6：高一英语导学提纲 M4U1 Advertising Grammar直接引语和间接引语 (北师大版高一英语必修四教案教学设计)
高一英语导学提纲
M4U1 Advertising Grammar直接引语和间接引语
课前导学
一、阅读课本P8的内容，完成P9的文章。
二、阅读课本P10的内容，完成P11Part A and Part B。
三、直接引语和间接引语的简要介绍
（一）定义
引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。
He said, “I will choose a book for my students.”
他说：“我将为学生选一本书。”
He said that he would choose a book for his student.
他说他将为学生选一本书。
（二）间接引语的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
质疑讨论
请提出预习中存在的问题。
拓展延伸
看下面的讲解，思考并完成下面的填空。
（一） 间接引语中的词语变化
1. 标点符号的变化：
He said to me, “Don’t buy it!” = He told me not to buy it.
2. 语序的变化： 疑问语序变为陈述语序。
He said to me, “Do you live in London?”
= He asked me if/whether I lived in London.
3. 动词的变化： say (to)在陈述句中多变为tell等词，在疑问句中多变为ask等词，在祈使句中表示命令多变为tell, order等词，表请求时多变为ask等词。
He said to me, “Could you please live in London?”
= He asked me if/whether I could live in London.= He asked me to live in London.
4.时态的变化
(1) 如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，间接引语中的动词时态保持不变。
(2) 如果主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，间接引语中的动词时态作如下变化：
一般现在时 一般将来时
现在完成时 现在进行时
一般过去时
(3)但是过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时保持不变。
(4)表示过去具体年份的状语不变
(5)表示真理，格言，谚语等不受时间限制的句子不变。
(6) 强调所谈情况仍然存在时不变。
She said that the bus leaves at 5:40. (公交车尚未开走)
(7)情态动词也要变成相应的过去时：
can→could； may→might； must→had to
5. 人称代词的变化
歌诀巧记人称变化：
人称变更怎么办？ “一主(1)、二宾(2)、三不变”(3)
若是自引自的话， 听者不变称不变。
(1)“一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。如： He said，“I am forty.” →He said that he was forty．
(2)“二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称一致。如：
He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I was coming the next day．
(3)“三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。如：
He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→He asked if she was an English teacher．
注：直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数，间接引语主语相应变复数。如：
He said，“Are you interested in it？”→He asked me/us if I was/we were interested in it．
6.一变、二换、三变化、四连词：
（1）直接引语为一般疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
去掉引号加if（或whether）， 陈述语序要记住;
时态、人称和状语， 小心变化别马虎。
（2）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
直接去引号， 陈述莫忘掉;
助动do（does）、did， 一定要去掉。
（3）直接引语为祈使句变间接引语：
去掉引号要加to， asked、ordered加“告诉”（told），
直引若为否定句， not加在to前部。
7. 指示代词，地点副词，动词, 时间状语的变化
(1)指示代词的变化：
this these
(2)地点副词的变化：
here now
(3)动词的变化：
come bring
(4)时间状语的变化：
today tonight that night
yesterday /
yesterday morning the morning before
tomorrow the next day
tomorrow morning
this week/month/year
last week/month/year
next week /month/year
3 days ago
the day after tomorrow in 2 days’ time
（二）直接引语转换成间接引语的几种特殊形式
1.直接引语是祈使句
当直接引语是祈使句时，转换成间接引语时通常将祈使句改为动词不定式形式。如：
2.直接引语是表述建议、要求、同意、推测、判断的陈述句
如果直接引语是表述建议、要求、同意、推测、判断的陈述句，转换成间接引语时可以改为动词不定式、动词的-ing形式或含虚拟语气的宾语从句。如：
Mary said to Bob, “You’d better ask your parents for some advice.”
a. Mary advised / wished Bob to ask his parents for some advice.
b. Mary suggested Bob / Bob’s asking his parents for some advice.
c. Mary advised / suggested that Bob (should) ask his parents for some advice.
3.直接引语是表示建议、要求或征求对方意见类特殊疑问句
一般情况下，直接引语是特殊疑问句时，通常把原来的疑问词作为连接代词或连接副词来引导宾语从句。但当特殊疑问句表示建议、要求或征求对方意见时，特殊疑问句通常还可改为动词不定式、或动词的-ing形式或含虚拟语气的宾语从句。如：
“Why don’t you go swimming with us this weekend?” Jim said to me.
a. Jim asked me why I didn’t go swimming with them that weekend.
b. Jim asked / advised / wished me to go swimming with them that weekend.
c. Jim suggested me / my going swimming with them that weekend.
d. Jim advised / suggested that I should go swimming with them that weekend.
4.直接引语是表示请求、建议、要求或征求意见类一般疑问句可以改为动词不定式、动词的-ing形式或含虚拟语气的宾语从句。如：
“Could you please turn up your radio a little?” Bruce said to John.
a. Bruce asked John if / whether he could turn up his radio a little.
b. Bruce asked / told John to turn up his radio a little.
c. Bruce suggested John turning up his radio a little.
d. Bruce suggested John (should) turn up his radio a little.
5.直接引语是祝福语
当直接引语是祝福语，转换为间接引语时，可以用say something to someone; wish someone to be / have ... 形式。如：
“Happy birthday to you, Alice!” Gary said.
a. Gary said “Happy birthday” to Alice.
b. Gary wished Alice to have a happy birthday.
6.直接引语是感叹句
当直接引语是感叹句时，可以转换为以原来的感叹词what或how所引导的宾语从句；也可以用that把原来的感叹句改为宾语从句。如：
We said: “What a clever monkey it is!”
a. We said what a clever monkey it was.
b. We said that it was a clever monkey.
迁移创新
1.He said to me, “I’ve known you since you came to this place.”
2.He said to me, “Did you come yesterday, a few days ago or last Sunday?”
3. She said, “He will come here again tonight.”
4.Tom said to Kate, “You speak English better than me.
5.Tom asked Mike, “Does she often come to school late?”
6.He said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
7.He said, “When I got to London, she had lived there for years.”
8. He said, “I will live in London next year.”
KEYS
1.He told me that he had known me since I went to that place.
2. He asked me if/whether I had gone the day before, a few days before or the Sunday before.
3. She said that he would go there again that night.
4. Tom told Kate that she spoke English better than him.
5.Tom asked Mike if/whether she often went to school late.
6. He said that the earth turns around the sun.
7. He said that when he got to London, she had lived there for years.
8. He said that he would live in London the next year.
英语学科校本作业
班级_____ 姓名_________ 学号_____
请将下列直接引语改为间接引语。
1. “I'm glad to receive your e-mail,” said he.
________________________________________________
2. He said to me, “Are you going home this weekend?”
________________________________________________
3. “How do you like the food here?” said she.
________________________________________________
4. She said to me, “Don't ride in the street.”
________________________________________________
5. “Stand where you are!” the police said to the young man.
________________________________________________
6.She said, ”We have worked on the school farm for two weeks.“
7.He said, ”I'm reviewing my lessons.“
8.They said, ”We arrived this morning.\"
请在下列空白处填上适当的词语，使句意不变。
1．She said, “Are you from the south?”
She asked ________ I ________ from the south.
2. Mom said to me, “Don't tell a lie.”
Mom ________ me ________ ________ tell a lie.
3．Susan said to me, “We visited the Red Star Farm last week.”
Susan told me that ________ ________ ________ the Red Star Farm ________ ________ ________.
4．Mr Paul said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”
Mr Paul ________ us that light ________ faster than sound.
5．“Go and post the letters,” the manager said to him.
The manager ________ him ________ ________ and post the letters.
参考答案： I.
1. He said that he was glad to receive my e-mail.
2. He asked me if/whether I was going home that weekend.
3. She asked how I liked the food there.
4. She told me not to ride in the street.
5. The police ordered the young man to stand where he was.
6 . She said that they had worked on the school farm for two weeks.
7. He said that he was reviewing his lessons.
8. They said that they had arrived that morning.
II. 1. if / whether; was 2. told; not to
3. they had visited; the week before 4. told; travels
5. told; to go
篇7：时态 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
时态
一、目标
本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态, 即：一般现在时, 一般过去时, 一般将来时, 现在进行时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时。
要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。
二、重点及难点
八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。
三、方法
1．Do you know something about “tense”?
你知道“时态”是什么吗？
2．You are right. For example：
I'm working.我正在工作。
I worked yesterday.我昨天工作。
I will work.我将要工作。
How many tenses have you learned ?
你们学了几种时态？
3．Now let's have a discussion on every tense.
现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。
I think the present indefinite tense is the easiest tense of all． Do you know what it means ?
我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的, 你知道它的含义吗？
4．What's the form of the verb ?
谓语动词形式是什么样的？
5．Very good ! Do you know how to use “am, is, are”?
Here's a saying:
（I）我用 am（you）你用 are, is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are。
Can you learn it by heart ?
你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？
6．Do you know what sound“s” or“es” makes ?
你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？
你应当记住“清-清, 浊-浊, 元-浊”。现在我解释一下：
清-清 即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如 果是清辅音的话, “s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。
浊-浊 指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话, 则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。
元-浊 如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素, 则它读作［L］（浊）。
你能想出几个例子吗？
7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外, 常与什么副词连用呢？
8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外, 还有其他用法。它能表示将来时, 但它是有条件的, 这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中, 如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？
9．I think you have known something about the present indefinite tense. But I have one more point to tell you.
That is：Sometimes the present indefinite tense is used in the object clause when the past indefinte tense is used in the main sentence, Can you show me an example？
10．So much for the present indefinite tense. Let's come to the present continuous tense. Do you know the form of the verb when it is used as the present continuous tense？
11．You are right. Then what kind of adverbial is used？
那么用什么状语呢？
12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义, 它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go, come, start, leave 等。 Would you please give me two sentences？
13．Very good. Now shall we talk about the future indefinite tense？This kind of tense refers to an action that is going to happen in the future. Would you please say more？
14．一般将来时除去will do结构外, 还有其他结构, 也可表示将来时, 但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如： be going to do…表示动作将要发生, 表示主观打算。
be to do表示安排、计划好的动作, 表示命令、可能等意义。
be about to do…表示眼下即将发生……
Can you make some sentences？
15．The past indefinite tense expresses an action happened in the past. It's usually used with the adverbials such as yesterday, last month（ year, week）, the day before yesterday, … ago, in 1968 etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？
16．Now let's come to the present perfect tense. In this tense, the action also happened in the past, but the action has something to do with“now”.
现在完成时动作发生在过去, 但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为have done, done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化, 即has。has用于第三人称单数, 其他人称用have, 请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。
17．请你根据刚才的句子, 归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？
18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要, 要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法, 点性动词用于第一种用法。
19．点点结合, 线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则, 这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来：
A．He has come for 3 hours.
B．The girl has waited since two years.
C．The old man has died for ten years.
D．I have bought the book for two months.
20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Now would you please show the continuous verbs of the following ?
A．join the army
B．join the Party
C．come back
D．borrow a book
E．buy a book
F． leave
G．go out
H．die
I．open
J．begin
K． arrive
21．在完成时的句子中, 同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如：
我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式：
A．I have been a League member for 5 years.
B．It's five years since I joined the League.
I joined the League 5 years ago.
I have been a League member since 5 years ago.
Now I give you some sentences and please try to express the same meaning in other ways.
A．He has been here for 2 hours.
B．They've been away since 1960.
C．The film has been on for one hour.
22．Now let's do some other exercises. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of verbs.
A．I ____ （lose）my pen.
She ____ （ lose） her pen yesterday.
B．I ____ （be）to the Agricultural Exhibition.
I ____ （go） to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.
C．The car ____ （stop）.
The car ____ （stop） just now.
D．A： ____ you ____ your lunch ?
B：Yes, I ____ .
A：When ____ you ____ it ?
B：I ____ it about half an hour ago.
23．Now let me say something about “have been to” and“have gone to”.
have been to 意思是“去过”。
have gone to 意思是“去了”。
请翻译下列各句：
A．我去海南四次了。
B．他已经去南方了。
C．你去过东京吗？
D．小李已经去办公室了。
你可以去那儿找他。
E．你去哪儿了？
F．他去哪儿了？
24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识, 你能说出它们的异同点吗？
25．Very good !Here's a drawing to show the difference between the present perfect tense and the past indefinite tense.
e．g．He was a student in the past.
e．g． He has been a student for 2 years.
26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在, 但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。
27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比, 含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止, 如它与 by the end of…, by the time when…
例如：
A．They had completed the program by the end of the last year.
B．The train had left by the time when we arrived at the station.
28．You are right. The present continuous tense expresses an action happening at a present moment or during a present period of time, while the past continuous tense refers to the past.
e．g．My daughter was reviewing her lessons at eight last night.
What were you doing while I was watching TV ?
Students
1．I think“tense” is a certain form of a verb. It changes according to the time of the action.
我想“时态”是动词的某种形式, 它随动作的时间而发生变化。
2．We have learned eight tenses. They are： the present indefinite tense, the past indefinite tense, the future indefinite tense, the present continuous tense, the present perfect tense, the past continuous tense, the past perfect tense and the future-in-the-past indefinite tense.
我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。
4．一般现在时, 谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式, 即am, is, are；行为动词有两种变化形式, 即：原形和第三人称单数。
5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式：
A．动词后面直接加“s”, 如works, plays, learns。
B．以［K］［CM］, ［DN］,［M］,［L］ 结尾的单词, 词尾加“es”, 如果词尾有“e”, 则只加“s”, 如：misses, finishes, teaches, loses。
C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾, 应变y为“i”, 再加“es”, 如： flies, carries。
D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。
6．啊！我明白了, 像 works, 由于 s之前是k, 读作［E］, 是清辅音, 所以s读作［K］；又如：learns s之前是浊辅音［Q］, 所以它读作浊辅音［L］； plays s之前由于是ay字母组合, 读作元音音素［-!］, 所以s读作［L］这叫做“元-浊”。
7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often, usually, sometimes, always, seldom, twice a week, every day…
8． A．If it is fine tomorrow, I will go out for a picnic.
（条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来）
B．When they leave school, they will go back to the factory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来）
C．The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.
（计划, 有规律的动作表示将来）
9．Yes, I can. Here's a sentence.
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. Here“rises”is the present indefinite tense. This tense is used because it happens regularly.
因为动作是有规律地发生。
10．The form of the verb is“be doing”, and“be”can be changeable.
For example：am, is, are. I think the present continuous tense expresses an action happening at present time or during present period of time.
For example：
He is reading a book now.
We are learning BookⅡthis week.
11．现在进行时与 now, at the present, this year（week, month）等时间状语连用。
12．
A．He is coming to see me tomorrow.
明天他要来看我。
B．They are leaving Shanghai for Beijing.他们要离开上海去北京。
13．OK ! The future indefinite tense is connected with the future time, such as, tomorrow, next week（year, month）, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a month （year） etc.
它的动词结构是will do 有时第一人称单复数用shall do。
14．Yes, I can.
A．We are going to help the farmers on the Red Star Farm.
我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。
B．The boys are to go to school next week.
这些男孩们下周要上学了。
C．We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now.
我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他了。
15．一般过去时, 谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed, 还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went, see----saw, do----did, read----read, give----gave, sit----sat。
我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。
16．我清楚了, 现在完成时谓语动词形式have done, 可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。
A．We have cleaned the room now.
我们现在已经打扫了房间。
B．He has cleaned the room now.
他现在已经打扫了房间。
C．They have been here for 3 hours.
他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。
D．The professor has worked in this university since 1969．
教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。
17．我想有两种含义：
一种是动作发生在过去, 动作不延续, 但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去, 但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。
另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在, 对现在有结果和影响, 如句子C、D。
18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用, 线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now, today, already, just, before, never, ever, always, yet等, 线性时间状语有for…, since…等。
19．A句中应当把come改为 been here, come为点性动词, for为线性时间状语。
B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for, 意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在two years之后加ago, 意思是“自从两年前就开始等, 一直等到现在。”
C句将 died改为 been dead, 因为 for ten years是线性时间状语, die为点性动词, 不能延续, 而 be dead是线性动词, 可与 for短语连用。
D．将 bought改为 kept或 had。 buy为点性动词, have（keep）为线性动词。
20．Let me have a try．
join the army----serve in the army
join the Party----be a Party member
come back----be back
borrow a book----keep a book
buy a book----have a book
leave----be away
go out----be out
die----be dead
open----be open
begin----be on
arrive----be here
A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since one hour ago.
21．A．He has been here since two hours ago.
It's two hours since he came.
He came here two hours ago.
B．They went away in 1960.
They have been away for 40 years.
It's 40 years since they went away.
C．The film began an hour ago.
It's one hour since the film began.
The film has been on since an hour ago.
22．
A．have lost； lost
B．have been； went
C．has stopped； stopped
D．Have… had
have
did… have
had
23．
A．I have been to Hainan four times.
B．He has gone to the South.
C．Have you ever been to Tokyo ?
D．Xiao Li has been to his office. You can find him there.
E．Where have you been ?
F． Where has he gone ?
24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。
25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态, 而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。
26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如：
I said that I would go to that island.
“said”在前，相对它来讲，would go在后。
可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前, 那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如：
I said that I had finished the composition.
said发生在过去, had finished在它之前发生, 称之为过去的过去。
27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。
老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？
四、精选题
选择填空：
1．----Can I join your club, Dad？ [ ]
----You can when you ____ a bit older.（'94）
A．get B．will get
C．are getting D．will have got
2．----I'm sorry to keep you waiting.（'94） [ ]
----Oh, not at all. I ____ here only a few minutes.
A．have been B．had been
C．was D．will be
3．I don't really work here；I ____ until the new secretary arrives.（'94） [ ]
A．just help out
B．have just helped out
C．am just helping out
D．will just help out
4．I need one more stamp before my collection ____ . [ ]
A．has completed
B．completes
C．has been completed
D．is completed
5．I first met Lisa three years ago．She ____ at a radio shop at the time.（'97） [ ]
A．has worked
B．was working
C．had been working
D．had worked
6．----Is this raincoat yours？ [ ]
----No, mine ____ there behind the door.（'97）
A．is hanging B．has hung
C．hangs D．hung
7．----Nancy is not coming tonight. [ ]
----But she ____ ！（'98）
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
8．Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.（'98） [ ]
A．has written B．wrote
C．had written D．was writing
9．----Hi, Tracy, you look tired. [ ]
----I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.（'98）
A．painted
B．had painted
C．have been painting
D．have painted
10． The price ____ , but I doubt whether it will remain so.（'99） [ ]
A．went down
B．will go down
C．has gone down
D．was going down
11．----Bob has gone to California. I hear. [ ]
----Oh. I wonder when he ____ .（'96海淀）
A．has left B．leaves
C．left D．was leaving
12．----Have you got your test result ? [ ]
----Not yet. The papers ____ .（'96海淀）
A．are not correcting
B．have not corrected
C．are still being corrected
D．have already been corrected
13．----Why weren't you at the meeting ? [ ]
----I ____ for a long----distance call from my father in Australia.（'99西城）
A．waited B．was waiting
C．had waited D．have been waited
14．The telephone ____ four times in the last hour, and each time it ____ for my roommate.（'99西城） [ ]
A．has rung; was
B．has been ringing; is
C．had rung; was
D．rang; has been
15． Two million tons of oil ____ exploited in this area that year.（'99西城） [ ]
A．was B．has been
C．were D．have been
16．----What time ____ Tom tomorrow？ [ ]
----At 3：00 p．m．（'99西城）
A．do you meet
B．will you meet
C．would you meet
D．are you meeting
17． That was not a good place to go skating. You ____ your leg. [ ]
A．can break
B．could break
C．could have broken
D．could have been broken
18．---- ____ the sports meet might be put off. [ ]
----Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A．I've been told
B．I've told
C．I'm told
D．I told
19．----Your phone number again？ I ____ quite catch it. [ ]
----It's 9568442．
A．didn't B．couldn't
C．don't D．can't
20． As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. [ ]
A．read; was falling
B．was reading; fell
C．was reading; was falling
D．read; fell
21．I don't think Jim saw me; he ____ into space. [ ]
A．just stared
B．was just staring
C．has just stared
D．had just stared
22．----Who is Jerry Cooper？ [ ]
---- ____ ? I saw gou shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A．Don't you meet him yet
B．Hadn't you met him yet
C．Didn't you meet him yet
D．Haven't you met him yet
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1． I'm afraid I can't get in all the wheat within such a short time unless you ____ to help me tomorrow.（come）
2． They left for Beijing last week and we ____ then so far.（not hear）
3．When we reached the airport, we were surprised to find that Uncle's plane ____ . （land）
4．I ____ he had finished his work.（think）
5．We ____ the problem for quite some time, but we any conclusion yet.（discuss, not reach）
6．He said this book would be published if the writer ____ .（agree）
7．John works very hard. In fact, I think he ____ right now.（study）
8．The little boy didn't see me, he ____ a golden fish in a basin.（watch）
9．I have to make a quick phone call. Can you wait a few moments ? It ____ long.（not take）
10．They ____ themselves on the beach when the train ____ .（enjoy, come）
答案：
选择填空：
1～5 AACDB 6～10 ABDCC 11～15 CCBAC
16～20 BBAAB 21～22 BD
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1．come 主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时表示将来。
2．haven't heard so far与现在完成时连用。
3．had landed 在 reached之前发生, 故用过去完成时。
4．thought
5．have been discussing, haven't reached 讨论从过去开始一直到现在, 但是到目前仍没有结论。
6．agreed 主句是过去时, 从句动作受它影响。
7． is studying
8．was watching 没有看到我, 那时正观看金鱼。
9．won't take
10．were enjoying, came
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇8：It 句型 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
It 句型归纳
1． It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的形容词有：easy， hard， difficult，possible，
important， impossible， necessary， good， bad， exciting，
interesting， surprising等。如：
It is necessary to change your job．
It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in
the snow．
2． It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋ to do sth．
用于此句型的名词有： pity, shame, pleasure, one’s duty, one’s
job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：
It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful
play．
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats
for the old．
3． It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有：
kind, nice, wise,
silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：
How silly it was of you to give up such a good
chance！
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel
at home in their house．
4． It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good,
useless等。如：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk．
5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth． 表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the
sea．
6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported,
recorded, thought, believed, considered等。如：
It is reported that the Russian President will visit
China next week．
7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem， happen， appear， matter等。如：
It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．
It happened that I met my good friends in the museum
yesterday．
8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball
this morning．
It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after
the old man．
9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：
It is ／has been three years since we saw each other
last．
10．It is (high) time that sb． did sth．
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）
说明现在应该做的事情。如：
It’s six o’clock．It is high time that we went home
now．
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：省略 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
省略
省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。那么--
一、词法上的省略
1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如：
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。如：
at the doctor's 在诊所
at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家
at the barber's 在理发店
2. 冠词的省略
1）为了避免重复
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。（thunder前省略了定冠词the）
2）在the next day (morning, week, year...)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可以省略。如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 第二天，我们去农场帮助农民收庄稼。
3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如：
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
4）在某些独立主格结构中。如：
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。
3. 介词的省略
1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如：
Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。
2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如：
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。
3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如：
The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. 这封信是昨天寄出去的。
4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing..., have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。如：
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。
4. 动词不定式中的省略
1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如：
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。
2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。如：
They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
3）在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to； but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。如：
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
4）在并列结构中为了避免重复。如：
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。如：
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。
5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。如：
Why talk so much about it? 为什么大谈这个事呢？
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？
6）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。如：They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。
在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。如:
-Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？
-Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容词，如：afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。如：-Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？
-Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。
有些动词，如：tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。如： He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).
尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。
注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。如：
-Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
二、句法中的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
1． 简单句中的省略
1）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如： What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！
How wonderful!多妙啊！
2） 在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。如：
-（Will you） Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗？ -No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
（Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？
2． 并列句中的省略
1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。如：
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。如：
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。如：
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。如：
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3． 复合句中的省略
1） 名词性从句中的省略
（1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语。如：Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
（2）有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。如：
（I'm） Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如：It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely. 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
2） 定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。如：
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？
（2）关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。如：
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
3）状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
（1）在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。如：
While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
（2）在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。如：
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
（3）在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如：
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
（4）在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。如：
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
（5）在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。如：
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
三、替代性省略
在一些交际用语中的某些动词，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so， not等连用，以替代上文出现的内容。如：
-Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? 你认为他会来参加这个会议吗？
-I suppose not. 我认为不会。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇10：表语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
表语
一、教学目标
通过本章学习, 使学生明白表语的概念及表语的用法。
二、教学重点和难点
不定式、分词、动名词作表语及表语从句。
三、教学方法
1．在谓语一章中我们已分析过表语, 最常见的是 be动词及 become。
2．在使用中我们常见到不定式用在be动词后边作表语。由于不定式表明一个具体的动作, 当放在be动词后边时表示即将要去做的事。请将下列句子翻译成汉语并作分析：
3．
A．The news sounds inspiring.
B．His absence is disappointing.
C．We are interested in the story.
D．After a long walk, we all felt tired.
E．He has got married.
一般来说～ing形式作表语表示主语的特征, 具有影响别人的能力；～ed形式作表语表示受到影响而呈现的状态。
4．A句是动名词作表语, 表示主语job的内容。
B句是现在分词作表语, 表示主语result 的特征。
动名词与现在分词作表语的不同就是前者是表内容, 后者是表特征。
5．这是一个含有主语从句和表语从句的复合句, 在后边的章节中会作进一步阐述。
1．表语表明主语的身份、状态、样子、方位、处所, 除了be, become这两个系动词外, 还有一些本身既是行为动词又是系动词的词。
2．
A．I am to go to town.
我要进城。
B．My work is to clean the classroom.
我的工作是打扫教室。
3．A．这消息听起来挺鼓舞人心的。是现在分词作表语, 表示本身具有影响别人的特征。
B．他的缺席令人失望。与上句一样表示主动。
C．我们对这故事感兴趣。过去分词作表语, 表示故事有趣, 使得我们对它感兴趣, 因此用过去分词。
D．走了一大段路, 我们都感到累了。过去分词作表语, 是走路使得我们累, 我们才感到累。
E．他结婚了。表示一状态, 过去分词作表语。 get married是个词组。
4．同样都是～ing 形式作表语, 遇到这样的句子, 怎样解释？
A．My job is running the machine.
B．The result is exciting.
5．如何理解下面这个句子？
Why he hasn't come is that he has something important to do at home.
四、精选题
1．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. [ ]
A．not makeB．not to make
C．not making D．do not make
2．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. [ ]
A．pay B．paying
C．paid D．to pay
3．Longjing tea, Jasmine tea and Wuyi tea are all famous, but which do you think ____ ? [ ]
A．tastes best B．smells most
C．drinks mostly D．sounds best
4．----Hello, Tom, where were you last night ?---- ____ . [ ]
A．To Brown's
B．To the Browns'
C．In Brown's
D．In the Browns'
5．Thank you very much indeed． That's ____ of you. [ ]
A．kindest B．most kind
C．the kinder D．the most kind
6．The meeting was put off, ____ was exactly ____ we wanted. [ ]
A．it；that B．as；that
C．which； what D．this ；what
7．His suit has become loose． He seems ____ weight. [ ]
A．to lose B．being lost
C．losing D．to have lost
8．----Did you enjoy yourself at the party？ [ ]
----Sorry to say I didn't． It was a meeting than a party.
A．more ofB．rather like
C．less of D．more or less
9．----Where is George？ He said he would meet me here at 3 O'clock. [ ]
----He seems ____ with Mr Brown in the office.
A．to talk
B．to be talking
C．to have talked
D．talking
10．They found there was ____ to weigh such an elephant. [ ]
A．big enough nothing
B．nothing enough big
C．enough nothing big
D．nothing big enough
答案：1～5 BCADB 6～10 CDABD
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇11：倒装(人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
倒 装
(一)疑问句多数是倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问词或被疑问词修饰的，整个句子是自然语序，本身就是个正装句
A. Who invented the machine?
B. What impressed you most?
C. What has happened to Tom?
D. How many people took part in the demonstration?
E. Which team won the game?
(二)there be结构是倒装句，除be以外，live, happen, exist, lie, remain也都可以充当该结构的谓语
A. About 2, 300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.
B. There happened to be nobody in the bedroom.
C. For there lay the Combs-the set of combs that Della had worshipped for many months in a shop window.
(三)only放在句首修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时要倒装，其他情况就不构成倒装式了。如果谓语动词是单个实意动词，倒装时加do的相应形式(即do, does, 或did)
A. Only in this way can you succeed.
B. Only yesterday did I hear of the accident.
C. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
D. Only my parents know the secret. (不倒装)
(四)表示否定意义的词放在句首时要倒装
hardly, scarcely, never, not, not until, not only, seldom, little等。
A. Never shall I forget it.
B. Not a single mistake did he make.
C. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
D. Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.
E. Not until quite recently did I have any idea what a guided missile was like. 请注意下列这组句子。
A. She didn't change her mind until yesterday. (正装句)
B. Not until yesterday did she change her mind. (倒装句)
C. It was not until yesterday that she changed her mind. (强调句不倒装)
(五)把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)，只用于肯定句
A. He has been to Beijing, So have I.
B. They like English very much. So does John.
C. Society has changed and so have the people in it.
但如果后面的句子是对前面句子的内容加以确认的话，那么也把so放在句首，不过后面主谓不倒装。
A. There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby couch and weep. So Della did.
B. I said I was going to visit him. So I did.
C. He studies hard. So he does.
(六)如果虚拟条件从句的谓语动词含有be动词，助动词或情态动词，可将if省略，而把be动词、情态动词或第一个助动词移到主语前，构成倒装句
If it had not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (正装句)
A.
Had it not been for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties. (倒装句)
If there should be a flood, what should we do?
B.
Should there be a flood, what should we do?(倒装句)
(七)在某些让步状语从句中用倒装结构
A. Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
B. Small as it was, the army had great fighting capacity.
C. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
(八)某些表示祝愿的句子也用倒装结构
A. Long live the solidarity of the people of the world!
B. May you both be happy!
(九)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时常常把表语或状语部分放在谓语动词前
A. On the ground lay an old sick goat.
B. There, on the shore, were nine savages, sitting round a fire.
C. From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor's voice: “Good morning. ”
D. Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(十)宾语在多数情况下都紧跟在谓语后面，但当我们特别想强调宾语时，亦可放到主语前面，但句中的主谓不倒装
This they kept for themselves.
All this he fixed together with glue, string, wax and many wires.
(十一)so…that结构中的so置于句首时，需要倒装
A. So excited was he that he couldn't say a word.
B. So loudly did he speak that even people in the next house could hear him.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：高三英语教学初探 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三英语教学初探
周至四中 张荣利
众所周知，高三这一学年里，英语教师既要完成高中英语第三册的教学，又要带领学生进行会考、高考的复习备考，再加上我们农村地区的学生英语基础差，要让学生在一年内成绩有较大的提高，可谓任务紧、压力大。那麽，如何更加有效的进行教学呢？
分析历年考题后，我们会发现，高考、会考在重视英语基础知识的同时，都突出以测试语言运用能力为主的原则，形成了以篇章阅读为主的试题布局。说到底，高三复习最终目的是提高英语语言运用的能力。因此我的做法是这样的：
一、新课教学与单元复习同步进行.--------以新带旧,复习总结
边进行高三的课文教学，边对高中的内容如语音、词汇、语法和惯用法等语言知识进行查缺补漏和系统化训练。每单元除精选课本上的词汇、语法、填空或阅读理解习题进行即时训练外，还结合高考第一轮复习资料《创新设计》上高三部分套题对学生进行反馈训练。这些套题为每2单元一套，包括短语翻译15个，单词拼写10个，句形转换5个，单项选择15题（基本包括本单元主要语言点）、完型填空1篇。同时适当穿插语法专项、句型翻译、阅读理解和完型填空强化习题，印发一些范文让学生背。并告诉学生：词汇、短语的学习不能脱离语篇。要求同学通过诵读课文、范文，试着造句加深对词语与重点句型的印象。
二、加强词汇教学,积累语言信息．---------稳固根基,加强交际应用
在平时教学中对所学英语知识进行归纳总结，将零散的、孤单的知识有机地结合起来，使已学知识网络化，形成一个完整的知识体系，从而摸索出、总结出带规律性的东西，提高复习效率。比如：
（1）“点”： 归纳常用、常考重点词汇的基本用法、语法特点、适用条件以及相关知识点，特别是一些使用频率教高的动词，如 need, consider, suggest, expect, prefer 等。例如 suggest, 可表示“建议”，也表示“暗示”“表明” 等意义；还有suggest doing的结构, 以及做宾语从句时要用虚拟句型suggest that sb.（should）do 的结构，而作“暗示”、“表明”时则要用陈述语气；据此还可以联想到所带宾语从句中用虚拟语气的相关动词insist, demand, order, advice等。
（2） “线”：对有共同用法特点的词汇进行归纳、串联，形成知识链。如，既可作实义动词又可作系动词的词有：sound，smell，taste，get，become，turn，grow，come，fall，go，remain，look，appear，seem等。又如常用动名词（不能用不定式）作宾语的动词有：mind, enjoy, finish, imagine, suggest, avoid, practise, delay, appreciate, risk，等。
(3） “面”：由点及线，由线及面，培养发散思维和知识迁移的能力。对搭配能力强的词汇在复习时让学生先进行归纳复习。如复习Put用法时，马上想到Put away,put aside,put sth.in order,put on,put up with,put through等 。再区别记忆。
(4) “分”： 英语近义、同义词的学习和归纳可以扩大知识面，增强语言的使用能力。如在复besides 用法时，可以联系except, but, except for, except that, but for, apart from, other than 等词汇的词义区别和用法。再如: dress, be in ..., put on, have on, wear等词汇都可以表示“穿戴”，但他们的意义和用法的区别在哪？
（5）“合”：正确处理语法教学和阅读教学的关系：
要摆脱语法束缚，就得学好语法，逐步养成用英语思维的习惯。现行教材强调交际和运用，可是交际并不排斥语法，我们不能孤立地谈交际、阅读，更不能片面地教语法。这是两个极端。语言的基本功能就是交际，就是用来交流思想和看法的，很难想象一个满口病句错句的人能把他自己的思想准确无误地表达出来。形式是为内容服务的，适当的语言形式(即语法)应在运用中、在篇章阅读中让学生不断体会，进行自我总结，再由老师简要归纳，最后为学生所掌握。
三、检测：
实施单元训练和月考制度。单元训练每单元学完进行一次，重点是对阅读理解、完形填空和写作的考查，测试时量不超过45分钟，题量为一张8开试卷纸（双面）。
四、专项突破
单项选择
1、这种题型知识面考查范围较宽,要通过上下文中的暗示,附加信息掌握语境,正确推测对话双方的关系,选择符合西方文化习俗的正确答语;
2、在题中加入插入语成分、或故意打破句子的结构和平衡、或故意前置增加迷惑性;
3、句子结构题:考查强调句型、倒装句型、省略句型;
4、习语搭配型:提高区别相近习语混淆的能力;
5、逻辑题型:考查上下文的逻辑关系,选择恰当的连词;
6、将基础的语法、时态融入特设的愈境中,这时附加信息对答案有直接的影响;
完型填空
完形填空实际上是从词汇、语法、篇章、语境和用英语思维等方面对学生进行综合考查。所以，应从以下三个方面入手训练学生做完形填空的思维能力和解题技巧：
1．充分利用首句信息，掌握文章大意；
2．利用同位结构、破折号、上下文对词汇、词组进行推测;
3．掌握全文基本时态;
4、利用语篇标志解题;
语篇标志即:表明语篇内在联系的词语。如表示结构层次的firstly ,secondly ,finally等;表示逻辑关系的thus, therefore, so ;表示改变话题的by the way ,on the contrary,;表示递进的besides, what’s more ,further等;表示时间的before, after, so far, meanwhile ,later等;
5．利用语法知识分析句子结构；
6．利用词性和词语辨析法来解题；
7．利用文化背景和生活常识解题。
高考完形填空所选文章都堪称精品，其逻辑必是上下贯通，其脉络也必是井然有序，令人信服。因此，做完完形填空以后，应从文章的内在逻辑入手，看所选答案是否经得起推敲，是否能自然融入整个语篇，如果有游离于文章主旨之外或与整篇文章的逻辑相矛盾的答案，就需要重新理解、修正。
阅读理解
阅读能力一直是高考英语测试的主题，完型填空题也是以阅读能力为基础的。因此，在平时的教学中，我们尽量采用整体教学法，注意培养学生的下列能力：
1．理解文章主旨大义的能力；
2．获取课文中重点细节的能力；
3．根据上下文、词缀推测生词词义的能力；
4．根据文章的内容和提供的线索做出简单判断和推理的能力；
5．理解文章基本结构和逻辑关系的能力；
6．理解作者基本意图和基本态度的能力；
7．分清文章中的事实和观点的能力；
8．理解指代关系的能力；
9．理解图表信息的能力；
10．预测下文的能力。
在进行专项复习中，让学生限时阅读，培养他们快速阅读的技巧。对于学生无法读懂的文章，采用泛读和精读相结合的办法，通过对语义的解析，使同学理解语篇。阅读训练的重点是主旨大意和推理能力的培养。同时，课外给学生一定的阅读量，使他们熟悉各种体裁的文章，提高阅读能力。同时注意文章的时效性，题材的多样化。特别关注人与人、人与自然的和谐，健康与饮食，环保与节能内容的文章。
短文改错
1、检查是否“三一致，”即：主谓一致，指代一致，时态一致；
2、平行结构的一致：由and,but 连接或是比较状语结构是否前后一致；是否该省略“to”;是否是并列谓语；
3、用词的准确性，是否夹杂了文化差异；
4、并列与转折：根据上下文，选择恰当的连词；
5、逻辑推理与语意呼应：上下文的语意是否一致；
6、介词、动词是否搭配一致；
7、冠词是否恰当，是不是零冠词；
8、形容词是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级；
9、名词的数与格；
10、注意隔行句（每行只有一个错）；
书面表达
写作的过程与达标是一个渐进的过程。在高中的整个课文教学中，要求学生背诵每篇课文中的典型句式和表达好的句式。在高三的作文讲解中，也要重视对学生组句成文、文法知识、各种文体的行文方法的指导和对学生进行范文引导和习文点评。同时通过汉译英、词语造句的练习来强化学生对句法和文章结构的理解与认识。这样，学生在训练过程中逐步积累题型训练经验、获得答题技巧，提高语言交际运用能力。以下是注意事项：
1. 加强遣词造句的训练。把握五种基本句型结构，避免中式英语，力使句子语言生动、精练；
2. 练习篇章写作。循序渐进，仿写、改写、缩写、扩写，正确使用过渡词语；
3. 规范使用大小写和标点符号，避免非文字信息的丢分；
4. 注意人称、时态的一致和文章格式；
5. 学会审题，思路清晰，拟好提纲，避免要点错漏；
6. 字数适中，书写规范，卷面整洁。
五、考前训练
专项训练结束后，再进行NMET的适应性训练。训练学生审查试卷和填涂答题卡的习惯，养成良好的适应考试的能力，使学生在考试中能够发挥正常水平。时间分配上，建议单项选择用12分钟，完型填空用18分钟，阅读理解用40到45分钟，单词拼写和改错题用10分钟，写作（包括阅读填空）用25到30分钟，填涂答题卡用5分钟（建议每做完一个大题填涂一次，避免出错和没时间填涂）。
总之，高三的教学重点就在于通过第一轮对基础知识的系统复习、归纳、整理、深化，第二轮的专项训练和第三轮的模拟训练，完成由知识向应用能力的成功转化，使学生具备参加高考的能力和取胜的信心。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：补语 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
补语
一、目标
通过本章学习, 使学生了解主动语态句子中宾语补足语的概念、使用方法及被动语态中主语补足语的使用。
二、重点和难点
不定式、分词、形容词、名词及with sb./sth.+补语结构
三、方法
1．We mean that part of the sentence which stands in the same relation to the object as the predicate stands to the subject.
2．A．At the meeting we elected him monitor.
把him与monitor扩展成一个句子则成为：He is a monitor.
B．What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
把Xiao Wang与angry扩展成一个句子则成为：Xiao Wang is angry.
3．名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
4．Nouns used as objective complements.
Please do the following translations:
A．他们让他当会议主席。
B．我认为你弟弟是个聪明的孩子。
C．年轻的父亲给他的宝宝起名叫“强强”。
D．我认为这是撒谎。
E．你们选玲玲当经理了吗？
5．How many verbs can be followed the nouns used as by objective complements? And what are they?
6．形容词是否可以作宾补？请翻译下列句子：
A．我发现教室空无一人。
B．他们把丝绸染成红色。
C．别把布料裁得太短。
D．一切都准备好了吗？
E．这消息几乎令他发疯。
7．Generally speaking, the following can be followed by adjectives used as the objective complements: find, make, keep, cut, paint, push, drive, leave…
8．副词
A．Please call the students back at once.
B．He was seen to take his cap off.
C．It was John who took the baby upstairs.
D．I joined the two pieces of wood together.
E．Please keep yourselves off the grass.
F．We wished the talk at an end.
9．副词作宾语补足语比较难于掌握, 对高中学生来说, 多用于理解, 而不强求会用。
10．不定式
在高中阶段我们只学过如下九个及物动词后边的不定式作宾补省略to：
let, make, have, feel, see, watch, hear, observe, notice, 从日常应用的角度看, 记住上边的九个动词基本就够用了。
11．Without“to”:
A．I can't have you say so.
B．You should try your best to make him understand that.
C．I noticed the thief steal into the room.
D．We observed the students do the physics experiment.
E．I felt my hands tremble.
能够跟不定式作宾补的词很多, 我们应当在使用中注意积累。
12．现在分词作宾补
have, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, 注意make后边不能跟现在分词作补语。
13．过去分词作宾补
在 have, make, see, watch, feel, hear, notice, observe, keep, find, get后
如： get one's hair cut
have one's hair cut
make oneself understood
keep one's mouth shut
find the work done
14．上述凡能跟宾语补足语的动词, 当它们出现在被动语态的句子中时, 原来被称为宾语补足语的部分则被称为主语补足语。需要指出的一点是, 原来不定式作宾补省略to的动词变成被动语态时, to不能省。
A．We call him Lao Wang.
主 谓 宾补
He is called Lao wang.
主 谓 主 补
B．We made him copy the sentence.
主 谓 宾 补
He is made to copy the sentence.
主 谓 主补
C．We asked him to sing us a song.
主 谓 宾 补
He is asked to sing us a song.
主 谓 补
需要说明的地方是have sb. do sth.一般不用于被动语态。 let sb. do sth.一般情况下也不用被动语态。
Students
1．What do you mean by the objective complement?
2．在一个句子中谓语动词是及物动词时, 后边必须跟宾语, 如果宾语后边仍有一个能与它构成逻辑上主谓关系的部分, 我们则称其为宾语补足语。
C．We hear him singing in the hall.
把him与singing扩展成一个句子则成为：He is singing.
3．什么可以在句子中作宾补？
4．
A．They made him chairman of the meeting.
B．I think（consider） your brother a clever boy.
C．The young father named his baby “Qiang-qiang.”
D．We call this lying.
E．Have you elected Ling-ling manager?
5．They are: elect, make, name, call, think, consider…
6．形容词也可以作宾补：
A．I found the classroom empty.
B．They dyed the silk red.
C．Don't cut the cloth too short.
D．Have you got everything ready?
E．The news almost drove him mad.
7．间或我们还能见到这样的句子：
Don't swallow it whole.
I bought it cheap.
也即是说swallow与buy后边也可跟形容词作宾补, 只是不常用罢了。
8．We use adverbs as well as prepositional phrases to be the objective complements less frequently than we use adjectives.
A．请叫这些学生们立即回来。
B．只见他脱下了帽子。
C．是John把孩子带上楼的。
D．我把两块木头接到了一起。
E．请你们不要践踏草地。
F．我们希望谈话快点结束。
9．We think it a bit difficult for us students to use adverbs to be the objective complements.
10．不定式作宾补分带to与不带to两种。因为在做练习时我们常见到这样的句子：
We saw him enter the hall.
I forced him to tell me the truth.
另外help后边的不定式不论是作宾语还是作宾语补足语, to省与不省没有关系。
11．With“to”:
A．I believe him to be honest.
B．He allowed me to use his car.
C．All parents forbid their children to play with fire.
D．Can you get some students to help me with the work?
E．What caused the Second World War to break out?
12．
A．It's too cold inside, please keep the fire burning.
B．When I pushed the door open,
I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
13．
A．He saw his face reflected in the water.
B．I heard it spoken of in the next room.
C．I'll get it done in one day or two.
D．How much will it cost to have it repaired ?
E．We observed the door unlocked.
14．
A．He is seen to stand up and go out.
只见他站起来并走了出去。
B．He was observed to open the window.
有人见到他把窗子打开。
C．The students were watched to play basketball.
人们观看学生们打篮球。
D．Air can be felt to be exist if you blow to your hand.
如果你对着手吹气, 就能感觉到空气的存在。
E．They were encouraged to practise speaking English.
人们鼓励他们练习讲英语。
四、精选题
1．Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. [ ]
A．to have studied
B．to study
C．to be studying
D．to have been studying
2．I saw the man ____ down and the driver ____ away. [ ]
A．knocking； driven
B．knock；driving
C．knocked；driving
D．knocked； drive
3．----Is there anything I can do for you ? [ ]
----I'd like to have these materials ____ by ten o'clock.
A．printed
B．print
C．printing
D．to print
4．who did the teacher ____ an article for the wall newspaper? [ ]
A．has write
B．has written
C．have write
D．have written
答案：1～4 ADAC
责任编辑：李芳芳
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