以下是小编为大家收集的托福写作题型结构分类介绍，本文共4篇，希望对大家有所帮助。本文原稿由网友“kkzhoudj”提供。
篇1：托福写作题型结构分类介绍
宁波新东方 李瑾老师
Cradles of cultivating talents, universities are supposed to provide most high-caliber education. Responding to the expectation, universities have to think the issue over. Compared with hiring more teachers, from my own perspective, keeping facilities and resources in the universities most advanced and updated is more essential not only for students but also for renowned professors.
First of all, students are able to enjoy a better study environment if their schools utilize advanced equipment. With the assistance of exquisite inventions such as electronic screen and projectors, as well as laboratory equipment, like microscopes and chemical reactors, studying would no longer be a tedious and repetitious information engrafting process, but a way everyone would like to get involved in. Similarly, definitions and formulas of physics and chemistry will graven in students’ minds deeply if they are aided by the equipment when experimenting. However, hardly can professors crystalize abstract concepts into definite ideas without advanced teaching devices.
What is more, as for famous teachers themselves, a university that does not invest in its facilities would be appealing. To be constantly enthusiastic on researching their respective academic fields, teachers have a great demand for exquisite facilities to maintain progressing on their own fields. The most sophisticated technological devices offered in universities enable these teachers to conduct successful researches and remain at the top, which is really attractive to those renowned professors. By contrast, old and obsolete teaching and studying facilities will certainly not inspire teachers to keep further academic researching. Also, practically impossible will teachers have interest in making progress.
Granted, it is conceded that hiring more teachers in universities means guaranteeing education quality in some sense because every student will be concerned and cared about. Even slightest and most subtle academic performance changes of students will be noticed; therefore, teachers can encourage and guide frustrated and upsetting students in time. However, while weighing the benefits brought by investing in facilities and hiring more teachers, we can conclude that facilities are more worthwhile.
In conclusion, I should reiterate that universities should update their facilities, making a top priority. Without advanced facilities, a university will not be helped further improved.
托福写作写作参考二:
7月16日托福独立写作范文(新东方孟炎)
Advanced facilities, like libraries, research center, university hospital are indispensible parts of a good university while famous teachers are also a big component of a prestigious higher institution. Personally, I think it is better for universities to spend more money in hiring famous professors.
Admittedly, research centers can be a place where advanced technology is incubated, a library that incorporates state-of-the-art technology can also be conducive to students' study, however, I still believe that famous professors play a more significant role in assessing the reputation of a university.
First off, well-respected professors in a specific field can bring lots of benefits not only to the whole community but also to the university. To more specific, prestigious professors can come up with theories and solutions to the most intriguing problems faced by human beings, like treatment of cancers, diabetes and even heart attack. Economists can use data and economic models in their empirical study to predict the economy, and it can provide lots of information for the authority to make timely adjustment to their policies. Electronic engineers can design some micro-chips that can sustain large-scale computation. The benefits that professors bring to the school can be also enormous. For instance, a Novel Prize laureate can attract countless research foundations and donations from both the private and public sectors, with this large sum of money, the university can in turn renovate labs, research centers and even libraries.
Additionally, well-established professors and researchers can educate and enlighten brilliant young students and cultivate future scientists. Famous professors are usually expert in education, they might have been teaching and researching in their field for more than a few decades, thus have accumulated lots of rich teaching experience and developed the most effective teaching approach. Together with their superb charisma, lots of bright young adults will be motivated and inspired and therefore embark on the road of scientific endeavor and exploration. Such inspirations and motivations cannot be brought by improved facilities. Indeed, it is the expertise and charisma of these famous professors that attract thousands of brilliant young students to enroll in a college.
To conclude, hiring more famous professors are more advisable than renovating facilities since the scientific discoveries brought by professors can bring colossal benefits to both the community and the university, and also the expertise and charisma of well-established professors can attract, enlighten and cultivate future scientists.
托福写作范文：想要高薪但是工作时间长的工作吗
托福写作真题重现
Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time.
托福写作模板及参考答案：
托福写作范文参考:
篇2：托福写作考试题型介绍
托福写作考试题型介绍
新托福考试的写作部分两大题
包括两道试题，分别是综合写作试题部分和独立写作试题部分，两个部分需在大约50分钟的时间内完成。
综合写作试题部分：考生需要首先阅读一篇学术文章，阅读的时间是3分钟左右。然后文章隐去，这时考生需要听一段大约为1分半钟的演讲。但是考生在写作文时可以看到在放听力材料时隐去的阅读材料。考生在阅读和听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何关系。作文内容是根据考试所提出的问题而定的，不能由考生自由发挥。，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对待某一问题的某个看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇300个单词左右的作文。
独立写作试题部分：考生需30分钟的时间完成这一部分写作，与现行机考托福的写作考试或笔试托福写作考试(TWE)类似，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇超过300个单词的作文。考生可以自由选择材料、形式和观点等，不受题目的严格限制。本试题属于主观性题目。
托福备考之综合写作高分攻略
首先，大家要了解考试的要求。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independentwriting)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。
托福综合写作的满分要求是：
A response at this level successfully selects the important informationfrom the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information inrelation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response iswell organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result ininaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
大家会发现，这里面的关键词是information和organization，也就是信息量和逻辑，至于语言，并没有提出太多的要求，用词和造句“秋裤”一些没有关系。因此，只要听力和阅读的笔记记得较全，并且能够把听力中的观点和细节表达清楚就可以。需要注意的是，这部分对词数和时间都是有要求的，官方的规定是150-225词，我的建议是180-260词，时限是20分钟。关于summary的结构，一定是四段--introduction+3对detail，不需要conclusion。总体来说，这部分得高分的一定是把听力写得很清楚的同学，事实上听力才是考察的重点，阅读是用来帮助对听力进行理解的，同学们在写听力内容的时候切不可有“这个也要写啊，没必要吧”的想法。另外，阅读的内容在写summary的时候决不可照抄。
了解了综合写作的评分细则，我们可以列出同学们需要锻炼的能力列表：
1、阅读能力
2、听力和速记能力
3、一定的改写能力
下面我们来看看应该如何复习综合写作。首先，大家要对自己的阅读和听力能力有一个认识。对自己的能力有大概认识之后，同学们一定要注意复习方法。很多同学认为自己阅读差就是因为不认识单词，所以拼命背单词;有些同学觉得自己听力差，就花大量时间练习听写。这些方法本身都对能力提高很有好处，但是大家一定要记住，实战才是锻炼能力的最好方式，所以还是希望大家多做全套的综合写作习题。这里推荐一个复习的方法，分成4个步骤：1、首先“裸做”题目，即三分钟阅读，听一遍lecture，然后20分钟写summary。写得不好没关系，接下来需要找出阅读和听力中的硬伤，所谓硬伤就是不认识的单词、不理解的词组、没看懂的句型和也认识也理解也能看懂但是听不出来的单词、词组和句型，统统摘抄到笔记本上;2、将阅读材料中的“硬伤”仔细记忆，再细细地读passage，完全读懂为止，如果没有读懂可以参看书后的翻译，接着练习记笔记，这里主要是练习笔头速度和缩写表达能力，尽量积累出定型的缩写表达以在考场上争取时间;3、将听力中的“硬伤”仔细记忆，再精听lecture，如果听不清可参看听力原文，然后练习记笔记，可多遍练习，放一遍记一遍，尽量详细而不复杂(信息量要大但是单词不要全拼符号不要复杂);4、再次仿真练习，读passage，听lecture，再写summary，然后对书后面的sampleanswer，一定做到不要遗漏听力中的信息。
托福独立写作的常见问题与应对技巧
托福独立写作题目相对而言比较多，经典文库中共计185个，但是每年ETS也会研发出新题，即使是在老题的基础做些许的改动，母题的数量也使得“将所有题目写一遍”这一任务变成mission impossible，而且即使做到了，也是一件投资回报率极低的行为，就算考试的时候出现了原题，估计也不可能回忆所有之前写的细节内容。所以针对独立写作部分的备考我们要更多的总结规律，通过总结来节省备考时间。TOEFL独立写作常见FAQ整理如下：
三选一题型如何处理
很多同学不知道三选一的文章结构应该如何处理。这里其实三选一并不复杂，只需要熟记两个注意点就可以轻松应付：一是三者都要提及;二是并没有唯一的正确结构，结构应该根据题目灵活的选择。我们来看一道例题。
Essay Topic
Which one isthe most important for teacher of high school?
1. The ability to help students plan for their future;
2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them;
3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom.
就这道题来讲，题型基本结构的选择有两种：三项能力都重要，但是第一项最重要;或者，第一项是重要的，而第二项和第三项是不重要的。其他的文章结构都是这两种的变体。我们拿第二种结构举例：
总论点：规划未来能力最重要(vs. 发现需要帮助的同学 &教会自学)
主体段1：学生最需要规划，而只有老师有能力提供
主体段2：发现需要帮助的能力不重要，因为学生自己会来找
主体段3：课外自学不重要，高中生没有课外时间
The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers.
To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they did was simply giving us the timeline of the application process, translating our personal statements and recommendation letters from Chinese into English, and finally mailing out all our materials to the US. All of these simple tasks could be performed by ourselves, and these misfortunes surely could have been avoided if we had the luck to meet more competent teachers, with the ability to warn students and their parents about the black-hearted agencies and lay out lucid plans for students’ future.
The capability to find the students who need assistance most and help them, on the other hand, is not that imperative. The reason for this is quite simple, since high school students would come to teachers voluntarily if they are in serious trouble. In other words, many times students don’t want to be bothered by a teacher who treats them like a baby-sitter. As for the “help” part, I firmly hold the faith that all teachers are already equipped with the willingness to solve student’s problem gladly, using their prehistoric powers, no matter how difficult the situation can be. So the willingness to help students should be the minimum standard to be qualified as a teacher.
Similarly, the skill to teach students how to learn outside the classroom is completely unnecessary. For one, most high school students have no time outside their classrooms at all, as all their spare time is already occupied by cram school or by extracurricular activities. Even in the rare circumstance that some students may have free time, parents could always play the part of their instructor on how to self-study.
本篇文章在结构的处理上，做到了清晰、简单。第一个主体段在证明第一项能力是非常必要的。第二、三主体段在分别证明第二、三项能力是不重要的。整个段落结构很明确。这样会更容易获得高分。大家要注意避免结构过于复杂和混乱。
如何丰富整篇文章的结构?
先说答案：另外一个大家经常会有疑惑的问题就是：我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事，好像手法太单一了，会不会被扣分?如何丰富?答案是：有可能;以及，偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。众所周知，TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种，exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此，大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手，并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节，从而获得高分。但注意，如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开，未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例证，我们文章中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。
举例和说理分别的优势?
大家现在可以重新观察一下范文三个主体段的展开手法。三个主体段一共444字。其中第一段259字，第二段116字，第三段69字。第一段的展开手法为例证(讲故事)，第二、三段均为解释。大家明显感受到例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节，或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练，表达效率高，文章的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。
举例和说理分别的劣势?
例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点，有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字，而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象：讲故事的语言通常比较简单，句式单一，因此不容易得高分。注意，讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达，可同样可以获得满分。
答题战略、以及举例和说理的优劣小结
因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字，尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落，分别写到60～100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字，再加上开头结尾段，可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。
如何练好说理?
说理对语言和句式的要求要明显高于例证。因此一定要有扎实的基本功的支持才能够写出漂亮的说理段落。关于句式的练法，可以参考强化班上的句型基本构成以及句型转化练习。
如何练好例证?
例证的套路大家都很熟悉。很多同学的问题出在没思路上。比如，一道题目问说：我们的闲钱应该拿去旅游好，还是存到银行好?有同学说，存起来更好，因为可以未雨绸缪。这是一个很好的分论点，那么如何以例证的方式来展开呢?有同学说可以使用反证法：我有一个朋友Foosen，他就不存钱，后来他就死的很惨。用此例来强调存钱的必要性。大部分同学都能够想到这一步，问题会处在如何用故事来展开死的很惨，以及什么事情导致Foosen死的很惨。我们来看一篇来自万炜老师的范文：
To begin with, as a young man living in a big city, I need to start saving up from now on, because there are a lot of things in the future costing tons of money. Take my good friend Foosen for example. He is an optimistic guy who prefers to seize the day. He can spend all his salary within just two days either on luxuries or on trips. Before he was even 22, he already went around the whole Africa. Unfortunately, not everything goes according to plan. Last year during his trip to South Africa, he accidentally broke his leg and had to go through surgery. However, since he could not cover the expense, he had to call everybody to borrow money. It took so long for him to collect the money that the surgery was delayed. As a result, the recovery period for him was 2 months longer than everyone else’s. Now, this example might be a particular instance, and it is out of his expectation. Nonetheless, in today’ssociety, even the potential spending within our expectation is already quite worrying. For instance, in Beijing, if I wish to purchase a 30-squaremeter apartment, it would cost me over 3 million yuan; if I want to invite, say, 20 friends to my wedding, I would have to pay over 200,000 yuan; not to mention if I have a child and want to support his education, it would cost at least 50,000 yuan per year just for him to go to kindergarten. It aches mejust to look at these horrifying numbers. If I don’t save up for my future, there would be no future. (275 words)
故事描述了主人公Foosen，由于是乐天派并且坚持活在当下，进而展开月光、全世界各地旅游;到之后有一次意外摔断腿，需要做手术，但没有存钱，从而导致恢复期比普通人长了两个月。大部分的同学就是这些故事的“细节”想不到，或者没思路。如何解决?很简单，就是多看。因为讲故事并没有一个明显的模式或公式可以使用。According to a Personalized Education: Schooling for Tomorrow published by OECD in , “Brains have the ability to generate rulesfrom examples. All that is needed, therefore, are the right examples – lotsand lots of them.”其实就是我们中学老师总的说的那句话，“量的积累产生质的飞跃。”大家想练好例证，只需要找到优秀的讲故事型范文，仿写10篇左右，自然会掌握规律。关于仿写的方法，大家可以关注我的公众号”Foosen资料库”进一步了解。
托福备考之独立写作题目练习
同不同意：Some people think that 最重要的品质 in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is 诚实.
Leaders of all kinds should have lots of qualities in order to thrive together with the team. Persistence, passion, confidence and personal charisma, to name a few. When it comes to question of whether honesty is the most important qualities of all for a leader in a student organization, I, personally, would say honesty is definitely not the most important even though it is a contributing factor for a qualified leader and there are other qualities that are more urgent than being honest.
First off, being a good listener and able to communicate well with fellow members can be more important than being honest. Only when a leader sits down and listens patiently to problems and concerns of his or her members, can he or she become an effective leader in a student organization. Also, being an effective communicator can also be equally important since it is essential to convey emotions and ideas clearly to others, and when the leader get his or her ideas across to the fellow members, it enjoys a better chance to be implemented. A leader with exceptional communication skills is very confidence and personable when they are interacting with others. Since they can grab the listeners' attention, it is very easy for them to build rapport with strangers and thus they enjoy better chance to broaden their social networks.
Additionally, it is more essential for leaders of student organizations to be compassionate about the community and set exemplars for their fellow members than just being honest. Actually, lots responsibilities of student leaders involve various volunteer programs and philanthropic activities, if leaders of students body are not committed to getting involved in charitable activities, there will be a lack of energy level and passion among his or her fellow members. To be more specific, students organizations involved in lots of volunteer activities, like collecting food, managing the inventory and distributing food to those in need. They also volunteer in homeless shelters to prepare food or even work behind the scene in the business office. If leaders are motivated to take the initiative and contribute their time and other resources to the community in the first place, chances are that his or her members would follow suit.
In all, students leaders should have more important qualities other than being honest like excellent communication skills, compassion about their community and dedication to their endeavors.
篇3：托福写作：结构性词汇介绍
托福写作：结构性词汇介绍
相比于中国(或者说东方)风格的婉转隐晦，美国人则更坚持简洁明了。那么从行文习惯上，这个特点有一个很常见的体现，那就是结构性词汇的使用。这里所说的结构性词汇是我自己起的名字，可能不同的人有不同的说法。这些词汇在文章当中的作用就是表明和构建框架，告诉读者每一部分的内容分别是什么。它们与逻辑关联词的最终目的相似，都是为了使文章看起来调理更加清晰、结构更加合理。
对于综合写作来说，各位老师通常为同学们提供的模板当中很多都是结构性词汇，最典型的就是序数词和类似序数词作用的一些表达。简单的有first，second，third，高级一些的有first of all，moreover，in addition等等。这些是用来分隔和标明综合写作的三段主体段，方便读者(即阅卷人)理解和寻找要点。另外很重要的一种结构性词汇就是“阅读文章提到”“听力部分认为”等等这类说明观点持有者身份的部分。有了这些我们才能明确下面我们所体现的内容到底是哪一份材料的观点，从而避免歧义。
对于独立写作，结构性词汇也有非常重要的作用。与综合写作相同的就是我们需要用到分隔并标明分论点的序数词。这些序数词或者类似功能的词汇出现，读者就能意识到后面一般会紧跟着一个主体段的分论点。除此之外，为了体现清晰的结构脉络，主体段内其他几个关键环节(比如“说理”和“论据”)也需要结构性词汇的引入。比如说理，即把主旨句当中的理由再表达得更清晰明确一些，所以引入说理环节的结构性词汇就可以是：
1. That is to say, ...
2. To be more specific, ...
3. In other words, ...
他们的意思也很简单，分别是“那就是说”“更具体地说”“换句话说”。而引入论据的方式就更简单了，for example/take sth.as an example等等都很常见。
关于结构性词汇的重要性，笔者也是在美国留学的过程中逐渐意识到的。因为在自己的essay甚至论文当中，导师和写作指导都曾或多或少强调了这些词汇的重要性。也就是说，一旦内容上进入了不同的部分或者环节，就应该用明确的标志物表明这种转换。当然文中提到的一些结构性词汇还是非常简单的几个，同学们可以询问老师或课后自行积累，以获得更多逼格更高更地道的表达。
托福写作：如何避免写出假的thesis statement?
独立写作中最重要一句话就是thesis statement，也就是你的观点(opinion)。写在开头段的最后。那么如何判断你的写出的thesis statement是符合美国人要求的呢?那么，你就要问自己以下5个问题。
1.这是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?
2.它是否arguable(可以被议论的)?
3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?
4.它是否表达了一个main idea?
5.它是否是个疑问句?
来看一下例子：我的观点是California was the best trip ever. 那么这句话是否是个合格的thesis statement呢?通过问自己这5个问题我们就可以判断出来。
1.这是不是一句grammatically-complete的句子?
是的。这句话有主语和谓语。
2.它是否arguable(可以被议论的)?
是的。很明显，我是通过对比了其他地方的旅行经历才得出了加州是最棒的这一观点。
3.它是否supportable(可以被支持的)?
是的。我会用三个分论点来支持我的观点。1)learning how to surf at Malibu; 2) going sightseeing; 3) meeting Vincent.
4.它是否表达了一个main idea?
是的。我只有一个main idea：having a fantastic time in California.
5.它是否是个问句?
不是问句。
thesis statement永远不可以是一个问句。
所以，基于这五个问题的分析，我们可以确定California was the best trip ever.这句话是一个合格的thesis statement。
在了解了什么是thesis statement的基础上，来看一下什么是假的thesis statement。
a statement of fact 事实的陈述
a.Alaska is a big state.
这是一个不能够被讨论的事实，是一个真理。
b.Californian red wine is the best in the world.
这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话，能够被议论，被支持，表达了一个主要观点，并且不是疑问句。
a question
a. Is global warming a problem?
这里又要强调一遍thesis statement永远不可以是一个问句。
b. Global warming threatens the future of the planet.
这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话，能够被议论，被支持，表达了一个主要观点，并且不是疑问句。
a sentence fragment
a. Paris: the most beautiful cityin Europe.
这句话不是完整的句子。缺少“is”。
b. Without a doubt, the TOEFL iBTis a true measure of your potential.
这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话，能够被议论，被支持，表达了一个主要观点，并且不是疑问句。
simple announce the topic
a. In this essay, I will talkabout the problem of teenagers drinking and driving in my country, Argentina.
这句话只是告诉读者将要写的内容(topic)，而没有出现观点。
b. Personally, I think thatteenagers must finish high school before they can get a driver’s license.
这句话可以作为thesis statement因为是完整的一句话，能够被议论，被支持，表达了一个主要观点，并且不是疑问句。
丨练习：判断真假thesis statement
everyone should learn a foreign language.
How difficult is it to get a perfect score on the TOEFL iBT?
The CEO told us that the company had no other choice but to lay off five thousand employees.
In this essay, I’m going totalk about dogs and cats, and other domestic animals.
Iwona is ecstatic. Her grades are so good she got into Harvard and Yale. Now she must choose which one she will attend.
Last night, I went to an Italian restaurant and had lasagna.
The TOEFL iBT consists of four sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing.
There are many English language proficiency tests; however, TOEFL is the test you must take if you are serious about studying at an English-speaking college or university.
Drinking a bottle of red wine every day will make you smarter.
Why is the price of gasoline going up?
答案：
真
假
假
假
假
假
假
真
真
假
托福写作：灵活使用比喻句，让自己的文章更出彩
不久前，看到新闻推送说Uber的CEO大概要辞职了。因为之前左膀右臂纷纷离职，所以孤注一掷的首席执行官也要撑不下去了。于是，马上看到有段子手说
“So now Uber does not have a CTO, COO, CFO, and CEO on the edge of out, this is the closest Uber ever is to a self driving company.
Uber是如图嘀嘀打车的出行便利平台，进入中国之后，仅仅3年就因为无法本土化而推出中国大陆，此后Uber在其他市场的行情也不乐观，即使在原产地美国，市场占有率也屈居于另外一个打车软件Lyft之后。Uber的总裁是卡兰尼克也是常青藤校的辍学生，在市场行情不好的情况下，仍然执意开辟无人驾驶领域。目前，Uber已经储备了无人驾驶(self-driving)的汽车投入匹兹堡市场进行试点。时隔不久，就传出了公司首脑分崩离析的消息。
这个小段子中“Self-driving”一词一语双关起到了讽刺的有趣效果。一方面，Uber提供驾车服务，也正在推行无人驾驶的服务，巧合地描述了公司。另一方面，现在Uber群龙无首，没有了COO，CFO，CTO甚至CEO来做司机，整个公司变成了一个无人驾驶的公司。读到的人有一种“笑着哭”的赶脚，感叹这家公司未来的悲惨境遇。语言委婉地说人家是自己会开车的公司，貌似要说它前景好，而实际的含义却出人意料。
修辞是语言的修饰，是表达的艺术，触动人的情感，是全世界共同的特征。人类都喜欢比较事物的相似和不同之处，在丰富的想象里中创造自己的世界。英语学习中，也有许多基于西方文化产生的修辞。双关需要一定的巧合才能创造妙语，但是比喻却随处可见。
钱钟书先生说：“比喻是文学语言的根本”。
汉语中说“热锅上的蚂蚁”
英语中说“like a cat on hot bricks”
汉语中说“蠢得像猪”
英语中说“as stupid as a goose”
汉语中说“一贫如洗”
英语中说“as poor as a church mouse”
汉语中《诗经》将琼瑶比做“爱情”
英语中卡夫卡将人比喻成“虫”
每个文化有自己的相似点，但是只要我们找到两个事物之间的相似点就可以自己构造字字珠玑的比喻句哦。
丨话不多说，模板现行
描述同类事物的比较
我们可以说A to B is what Cis to D
中文解释为A之于B好比C之于D
如果我们要说“对孩子恰当的表扬好比太阳之于花一样”
可以怎么说呢?
Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower.
以上比较的点是说两者都很重要。
恰当的表扬对于孩子很重要
太阳对于花也很重要
其实重要性在托福写作中是非常常用的内容。
所以，我们再来练习一个说两者重要性相似的句子吧
“教育之于现代社会好比水对于鱼一样重要”
Education to modern society is what water is to fish.
学会了吗?
重要性的句子在托福写作中一定会用到呢。
拿上周六的托福真题“在家吃饭还是出去吃?”举个例子。
我们可以说 Having meals at home ensures our safety.
Healthy food to us is what the sun is to a flower.
健康食物对于我们来说就像太阳之于花一样重要
托福写作范文：关于环境的破坏
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth. Natural resources are being depleted and pollution is being created as a result of development of technology. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion to populate more people.
First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources. If we fell too many trees at one time to build
houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees before they grow to maturity, they can hardly grow back in time. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. With improved technology and greater drive for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted, reducing the biomass of some fish to the verge of extinction. Whaling seems a most irksome issue. While most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes. We often take it for granted that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner, bringing about great losses.
Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms. Factories pollute water and the air. Vehicles pollute the air. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in polluting the air, especially when we dispose of related waste carelessly. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.
Third, expanding towns and cities are taking up more and more land. As populations flood to cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.
In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of the Earth in various ways. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate the Earth.
原文来源：哈佛20篇
托福范文解析
While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth. Natural resources are being depleted and pollution is being created as a result of development of technology. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion to populate more people.
While the past few centuries have witnessed increasingly better quality of human life, (while引导词，表对比关系;主语是the past few centuries，要学会物化主语;这句话可以直接背下来套用在科技+政府+社会等话题开头段，“尽管过去的几个世纪见证了人们生活水平的不断提高)human activity is doing more and more harm to the Earth.
2. Natural resources are being depleted(耗尽) and pollution is being created as a result of(由于=as a consequence of= due to=owing to) development of technology.
3. Natural areas are being damaged as a result of urban expansion(城市扩张) to populate more people.
First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources. If we fell too many trees at one time to build houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees before they grow to maturity, they can hardly grow back in time. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. With improved technology and greater drive for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted, reducing the biomass of some fish to the verge of extinction. Whaling seems a most irksome issue. While most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes. We often take it for granted that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner, bringing about great losses.
1. First, we harm the Earth by using more and more natural resources.
主题句1：利用自然资源-->破坏地球
2. If we fell(砍伐树木，fell trees=cut down trees) too many trees at one time to build houses and make paper, or if we cut down trees(砍伐树木)before they grow to maturity(n.成熟), they can hardly grow back in time(及时).
自然资源1 - 破坏森林资源
3. As worrisome as overcutting of trees is overfishing. (as+adj+as A is B“和A一样adj的是B)
“和过度砍伐树木一样令人担忧的是过度捕捞”
4. With improved technology and greater drive(动机=motive=motivation)for money, fish of all kinds are being over hunted(过度捕猎), reducing thebiomass(生物量) of some fish to the verge of extinction.(reduce the biomass of sth to the verge of extinction将...的数量减少到灭绝边缘)
5. Whaling(捕鲸) seems a most irksome(令人厌烦的=troublesome=worrisome) issue.
6. While(引导词“尽管”，表对比关系) most countries argue against it, some countries go whaling to extremes(go sth to extremes 做某事过火).
自然资源2 - 过度捕捞
7. We often take it for granted(take sth for granted把某事认为是理所当然的) that we have unlimited natural resources and use them in a wasteful manner,bringing about(带来) great losses.
结论1
Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms. Factories pollute water and the air. Vehicles pollute the air. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in polluting the air, especially when we dispose of related waste carelessly. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.
1. Second, we damage the Earth by producing pollution in all forms.
主题句2：产生各种形式的污染-->破坏地球
2. Factories pollute water and the air.
污染形式1 - 工厂
3. Vehicles pollute the air.
污染形式2 - 汽车
4. Nuclear-related and electronic products are playing an increasingly big role in(在...中扮演越来越重要的角色) polluting the air, especially when wedispose of(处理) related waste carelessly.
污染形式3-核相关的和电子产品
5. We take it for granted that Nature can help clean everything, but it can not.
结论2-注意参考上一段结尾句
Third, expanding towns and cities are taking up more and more land. As populations flood to cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.
1. Third, expanding towns and cities(doing做主语，扩大城镇) are taking up(占据) more and more land.
主题句3：城镇扩张-->破坏地球
2. As populations flood to(涌入) cities, new houses and stores have to be built to accommodate their needs(迎合他们的需求).
解释句1： 人口增加-->建造更多住房和商店
3. Land that was good for farming has now become factories and apartment buildings.
解释句2：农业用地-->变成工厂和公寓
4. We seem to take it for granted that we have unlimited land, but we do not.
结论3-注意参考前两段结尾句
In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of the Earth in various ways. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate the Earth.
1. In summary, human activity seems to be going at the expense of(以...为代价) the Earth in various ways.
2. However, our survival depends on the Earth, including natural areas and natural resources, so we have to venerate(尊敬) the Earth.
篇4：托福写作综合和独立题型时间分配经验细节介绍
托福写作综合和独立题型时间分配经验细节介绍
托福综合写作时间不足应对细节介绍
首先考生需要花费大约三分钟的时间阅读一篇学术短文，在阅读的同时大家要注意记下文章的主要观点及词汇，为听力部分先做准备。接下来考生还需要听一段大致为2分钟的听力讲座，内容一般是对阅读资料观点的辩驳。这个时候考生就需要针对阅读内容的观点分别记下听力部分的辩驳理由及相关细节，当然对于阅读资料的内容如果有补充我们也要记下来。
接下来考生大致有20分钟来总结听力中的关键内容，并写出一系列的关键内容以及与阅读材料的差异点。一般建议大家写150-225个词，每个写作任务的分数大致是0-5分，详细评判规范以考生答复的完整性及准确性为首要依据。所以综合写作大致要花费20分钟。
托福独立写作如何合理分配时间?
独立写作的第一步是列好提纲，需要完成审题、提出观点、列出理由三个步骤，大致花费的时间约为3-5分钟。在这个过程中，我们要防止两种错误做法：首先是需要先在草稿纸上列出大致提纲，不要写作思路都没有就动笔，这种做法容易导致文章结构不明确和之后行文中的频繁修改;其次是不要太过详细的在提纲中把所有观点细节和举例内容都写出来，会花太多时间在提纲上，建议大家搭好文章框架后一边写一边展开。
独立写作的第二步就是开始正文的写作了，花费时长大致为22-26分钟。当我们在写作时，要注意每个段落都需要有不同的侧重点。每个段落的主题句能够让考生自己和考官明确了解到你这一个段落的大致内容，因此考生要注意写出主题句以突出自己想表达的观点。如果大家缺乏临场搭建框架的信心，也可以选择提前制作和记忆一些写作模板，并结合作文题目套用到实际写作中。而到了写作最后阶段，当监考官通知距离结束还有五分钟时，考生应该确保已经写到了最后结尾段。如果还没有，那你就要赶紧写完结尾段以确保文章的完整性。
托福写作解析：十大常见写作话题
1、动物类
一直以来采取防止动物和植物免于灭绝太少了,尽管人们已经注意到这个问题了很长时间。为什么人们没能改善这种状况吗?你有什么建议吗?
Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out, although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation? What are your suggestions?
2、教育类
(1).一些人认为教育孩子完全会使他们受益。其他人认为聪明的孩子应该分开教学,给予特别的课程。讨论双方的观点,给你自己的意见。
Some people believe that educating children altogether will benefit them. Others think intelligent children should be taught separately and given special courses. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
(2).如今,越来越多的毕业生无法找到工作。讨论在年轻人和成年人之间不断上升的失业率的原因，给出解决方案。
Today, more school leavers are unable to find jobs. Discuss the causes of rising unemployment among young adults and suggest any solutions.
3、全球化影响
现有一个对于增加国家之间的商业和文化联系给国家的身份所带来的影响的分歧。你的意见是什么?
There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country’s identity. What is your opinion?
4、政府投资
人们应该把保留所有他们挣到的钱,不应该缴税给国家。你同意或不同意?
People should keep all the money they earn and should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree?
5、科技影响
很多员工可能运用现代科技在家工作。一些人认为它只对员工有好处,而不是雇主。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?
Many employees may work at home with modern technology. Some people claim that it benefits only workers, but not employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
6、文化类
(1).对一个建筑而言实用目的外表美观更重要。架构师不需要担心是否它是一个真正的艺术品。你同意或不同意?
It is more important for a building to serve its purposes than to look beautiful. Architects do not need to worry about whether it is a real work of art. Do you agree or disagree?
(2).国际旅游是世界上最大的产业。在什么程度上你认为它的优点远远大于它的缺点?
The international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. To what extent do you think its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages?
7、生活工作
一些人认为定期换工作是好的。你的意见是什么?
Some people think that changing jobs periodically is good. What is your opinion?
8、传媒类
一些人认为应该有限制的在电视和报纸上详细描述犯罪。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?
Some people suggest that there should be restrictions on a detailed description of crimes in the newspapers and on television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
9、广告类
当今有许多针对儿童的广告。父母认对孩子是误导,然而广告商认为这是很有用的信息。你的意见是什么?
There are many advertisements directed at children. Parents argue that children are misled, while advertisers consider advertising a source of useful information. What is your opinion?
10、环境类
据说最好的办法解决世界环境问题是提高燃料的价格。你在多大程度上同意或不同意?
It is said that the best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
托福写作解析：电影和电视的利弊
托福写作题目：
A/D Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave.
30分作文也没有那么难做到啦。这是一篇近期考出30分写作的同学的考前习作。这个考试季很多同学反映写作压分，30分的作文单项分已经很罕见。我们一起看看，在这个季节，什么样的作文能稳稳拿下考场高分。
总结一下几个要点
1. 清晰有力的论证逻辑
2. 准确的用词
3. 句式的适当变化，如排比，虚拟，短句的偶尔出现。
4. 小错误多次出现可以容忍
托福写作满分作文：
Whenever I turn on TV, I see dark themes and plots of programs broadcast on it. Just calculate roughly, there are about 30 programs whose theme is pessimistic in every 40 programs. 【眼尖的同学一眼能看出来几处语法错误，显然ETS不那么介意;我们要学习的是作者用数字说明问题】And there are so many plots orienting adults that should not be seen by young people.【上面两个句子点出电视节目的两个问题，为论点的出现做充足铺垫】So I strongly believe that movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on the way young people behave. 【出论点，论点句要稳扎稳打，千万别此刻玩花的，花大了别人没看懂就麻烦了】This is not only because young people will imitate the inappropriate behavior in the programs, but also because the dark theme of them will distort the way young people view the world.【预告自己的两个分论点，老套的开头结构，胜在稳重清晰】
Firstly, young people may imitate the bad behavior they saw on televisions and movies.【同样，观点句不许玩花的，老实点儿】 Young people, especially children, are not sophisticated enough to think about the consequences【用词准确】 or their behavior carefully, and they are often eager to try new things 【解释论点句为什么成立--因为年轻人有这些特性】. Television programs and movies often include some violent behavior in them in order to make the plots more inviting【用词准确】 and attract more people to watch.【重申电视节目的特点，暴力镜头多，与上一句‘年轻人爱模仿’的信息合起来为下一句短句的力量制造必要条件】 So here is the problem【我们一再强调的短句的力量】. Young people will probably try those inappropriate【用词准确】 behaviors they saw on televisions, thinking they are normal or acceptable.【换个方式把论点句重新说了一遍，但并不让人觉得重复，因为顺承上文的逻辑推理而成立。全段没有一个例子，直接用纯论证完成，功力可见】
Secondly, lots of pessimistic themes of television programs or movies will make young people feel sad about the world. 【虽然主语长了一些，但作为论点句，依然是经典的主谓宾结构，简洁明了】As mentioned in the former paragraph, there are violence in TV programs and movies, and young people may not only imitate those bad behaviors, but also affected by the sad view in these programs.【借力上一段的内容，回点上段，增加文章内部的粘结力，但是在上一段所讨论信息的基础上向前推进一步，推出新论点，经典的承上启下结构】 Because they are during a period when their ways of looking at the world are formed, seeing too much about the dark side of the society is no good for their growth.【解释上一句为什么成立--因为年轻人世界观正在成形,应该用being formed 而不是are formed，但这种小错误不影响高分】It can create a false sense of reality【用词准确，来自平时的积累】, as if the only newsworthy events are those that are tragic or violent. They may form a bad habit of always looking at people or events from a dark point of view, feeling hopeless and despairing, even conducting some self-destructive behaviors.【这个列举的句子如果从sat语法的角度来说也是错误多多的……不过从语义上来说，做了一个因势利导夸大其词的论证推断，三个列举层层递进互为因果，还是实现了列举的修辞效果的】
Admittedly, there are some programs trying to convey optimistic view to viewers, but their plots are so unrealistic that they cannot convince young people. 【让步段第一句话，先提出自己之前的论证没有正视的情况，再明确指出这种情况的致命缺点】And they tell stories in a too exaggerating way, making stories more unconvincing. 【补刀】For example【全文都没有举例论证，到这里实在摒不住了，呵呵】, once I saw a TV program on the daily life of a couple. In order to convey【用词准确】 the view that ‘if you do good things, you will always get want you want’, the program told a story that the young man picks up 10000 dollars three times a week just because he always helps his neighbors and the god is touched by him! What a ridiculous story! If I were a child, I would have no desire to do good things, as I didn’t believe I would pick up so much money no matter how many good things I did.【这个虚拟语气的使用信手拈来，适合各种假设状况的探讨】 So even if there are some programs with optimistic themes, I don’t think they will impact young people more than those with pessimistic themes. 【总结这个例子对于自己论点的意义，再次强化自己的立场】
托福写作解析 写作中这7个语法错误要避免
1、中式英语
原：Thus, one is easier to draw bosses’ attention and gain appreciation.
改：Thus, it’s easier for you to draw bosses’ attention and gain appreciation.
评：中文习惯说“人们可以更容易地吸引老板的注意力”，而英语则习惯说“It’s easier for sb. to…”同学们要注意中英表述习惯的区别哦!
2、用词不当
原：The absence of groupwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.
改：The absence of teamwork is a disaster for teenagers in modern society.
评：groupwork是“分组”或者“小组集体任务”的意思。这位同学原本想说teamwork“团队合作”，却用了一个看起来很像，但实际完全不同的词，表达出来的意思就风马牛不相及了。
原：You will be dangerous if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.
改：You will be in danger if you keep moving without a clear view of the whole picture.
评：dangerous表示所修饰的对象是“带来危险的，有危险性的”，而be in danger才是“身处险境”的意思。到底谁才是威胁呢?
原：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might effect their further development.
改：Firstly, the job, providing the opportunity for students to utilize what they learned in class, might affect their further development.
评：模样长得像，意思可不同了。这里想用动词affect表示“影响”，却误写为名词effect“效果”，一字千里啊!
3、搭配错误
原：Nowadays, people are crazy pursuing to be excellent.
改：Nowadays, people are crazy about excellence.
评：这位同学显然记错了be crazy about sth. 这个用法，写出来的句子自然会出问题啦。
原：Besides, public speech can effectively increase your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.
改：Besides, public speech can effectively improve your communication skills, which facilitate your salesman career.
评：此处是一个明显的动宾搭配错误。“提高……技巧”应该是improve the skills，而不是increase the skills.
4、词性错位
原：I will forget my sad and pressure from the work and the study.
改：I will forget my sadness and pressure from work and study.
评：sad是形容词，而这里明显需要一个名词，应该是sadness。
原：Although making money is a priority for most people, spending time with the family is equal significant.
改：…, spending time with the family is equally significant.
评：形容词significant前需要用副词来修饰，所以equal应该改成equally。
5、时态混乱
原：Although I have no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.
改：Although I had no work experience when I was a teenager, I always dreamed about having a job.
评：过去时的句子中冒出了现在时，同学你太粗心了，要仔细检查哦~
原：I would explain my view in the following paragraphs.
改：I’d like to explain… / I will explain…
评：可能是两种说法记混了吧，结果把时态搞错了……
6、主谓不一致
原：The way we deal with the environmental problems are crucial to the prosperity of human-being.
改：The way we deal with the environmental problems is crucial to the prosperity of human-being.
评：谓语之前有两个名词时，主谓搭配的问题就常常出现了。这里真正的主语应该是单数名词the way，所以与之搭配的谓语也应该是单数的is。
7、重复累赘
原：From my point of view, I think this argument is quite limited since many other ways can also help learning a foreign country.
改：From my point of view, this argument is quite limited since many other ways can also help us learn a foreign country.
评：from my point of view和I think重复啦，保留一个就好。当然这里建议留下更“高级”的from my point of view.
原：There are the majority of people who deem that they like to spend money on things which can bring them long memory.
改：Majority of the people like to spend money on things that can be memorized for long.
评：中文句式说的“有很多人……”，但别一看到“有”就非要用there be句型不可哦，直接摆出主谓宾就行了。
“things that can be memorized for long”，被动语态明显更地道。
- 托福口语题型最全解析2022-12-11
- 托福阅读题型分析须知2024-09-12
- 托福听力考试题型及解题技巧2022-12-18
- 托福阅读五种题型的技巧2024-02-10
- GRE写作：具体分类2023-04-29
- 垃圾分类知识介绍2025-02-11
- 经济纠纷申诉状写作结构及2023-03-03
- 雅思高分写作的结构2023-04-17
- 英文简历的格式结构介绍2023-01-05
- 托福听力常见题型解题思路讲解之结构题和态度题2022-12-11