以下是小编收集整理的托福阅读时间安排提升效率3个小技巧,本文共5篇,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。本文原稿由网友“欧阳帅哥”提供。
篇1:托福阅读时间安排提升效率3个小技巧
托福阅读时间安排提升效率3个小技巧分享
第一步:看开头
花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为18分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要10分钟以上才能看完。
一般来说,托福阅读不同文章的难度是有一定差别的,比方说:如果最后一篇文章难度较大,那么在这种情况下,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度,同时目测文章的含金量(即题型分布),有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。
第二步:看结构
所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic),是学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章,这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,均议论文、说明文,最显著的特点是呈板块结构。
第三步:看段落首句
托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,没有必要每个句子理解难度大,而不涉及考题,在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。
托福阅读备考没有技巧,那是不可能滴!
1、对于词汇量的要求较为严格
从某种意义上来讲,你积累的英语词汇量的多少,影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求,即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手,只有掌握足够多的词汇后,你才具备他警告阅读能力的最低标准。
遇到生词,即使不知道什么意思,也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系,运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次,还可以分析选项,进行对比,往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项,此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。
2、阅读大量英语文章,增加自己的知识面
读书破万卷,下笔如有神,放在托福阅读备考中依然适用。考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面,对各国或各地区等相关文化及常识有一定了解后,在参加托福考试时,当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后,解题试题时就会比较有自信和感觉,不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚,对文章要说的东西特别盲目,答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。
对于考试技巧,“适合别人的不一定适合自己”。考生可以根据自己的实际情况去训练,尽快找到最适合自己的解锁方式。
托福阅读到底是应该先看文章还是先看题目?
为什么会有人提出这种原本不应该存在的争议?
当人们面对考试的时候,大多数人总会把“获得好的分数”作为终极目标,很自然地就是去想“如何获得好的分数”。在这个时候,所谓的“考试技巧” 的概念就被提出来了,考生们自然搭建了这样的逻辑链:因为我学会了某种考试技巧,所以我在考试中获得了好的分数。
在这个前提下,披着“考试技巧”外衣的各种“大法”就应运而生,其中也包括了这条——“在托福阅读考试中,不需要看文章,只要找到题目对应的答案就可以做对题目。”这个逻辑看起来是自洽的,而且学生在听老师讲的时候非常容易接受,因为这迎合了大多数人希望不劳而获的本能性想法。
面对一个让自己很头疼的考试,突然有人告诉你不需要读文章,只需要找对某个局部对应点就可以得分,很难说这不是一件让人喜出望外的事情。如果有人告诉你一个“不需要背单词就可以把考试搞定”的方法,你会更愿意接受的,不是么?
关于老师们的理论
为了让这个说法显得更加合理和有权威性,这些老师们还会使用如下的说法来强化自己的理论:
1. 某种考试,文章读懂了,题目反而做不对;
2. 考试的阅读和平常的阅读不一样,只要得分就可以,不需要读懂;
3. 很多人在考试的时候是无法在规定时间做完题目的,所以要用这种方法来提高做题的效率。
4. 我教过多少学生,他们用这种方法确实得了好成绩。
看到这里,你有没有一种自己已经被说服了的感觉呢?如果有的话,你就不会奇怪为什么这种说法会存在,并且还一直被人相信了。
为了节省时间,我们就不去关心别的考试是怎样的了,就说说托福考试的阅读理解部分,拿这个为例子,来剖析一下这种方法的问题。
我们姑且先假设这种方法是对的,那么,考生在做题以前是没有读过全文的,直接看每一个题目,按照题目中提示回到原文来定位答案,并且根据所读的内容来选择出答案。
在不考虑阅读能力差异的情况下,这种方法有效的前提条件是:
(1)所有题目答案都与文章整体结构和段落关系无关;
(2)题目中有对答案所在位置的明确指示。
现在,我们可以查阅《新托福官方指南》一书(不论第几版),都可以找到在题型分类中有一种叫做“Prose Summary”,还有一种叫做“Filling the Table”的题目类型,其题目测试要求描述中都有关于文章结构的内容,所以(1)不成立。此外,还有一种叫做“Rhetoric Purpose”的题目类型中,也包含了对于段落关系的考核,再次证明(1)不成立。
此外,除了“Prose Summary”和“Filling the Table”,至少还有“Rhetoric Purpose”、“Negative Factual Information”和“Inference”三类题目,不会明确表明答案的位置,所以(2)不成立。既然(1)和(2)都不成立,那么自然这种方法就肯定是不正确的了,因为它和命题者的基本要求相违背。
为什么会有人用这种方法会“感觉”有效呢?
很简单,托福阅读考试中的确有一些题目类型的测试内容是“局部”性的,比如“Factual Information”类型的题目,它的目的是为了检测考生是否对某些重要信息和关系完成了认知和理解,所以,ETS明确指出,它的答案只会和文章中的一部分内容有关。所以,这种类型题目的存在原本就和文章整体结构以及段落关系无关,我们需要做的只是对应到正确的点,然后读懂,选出答案就行了。
那么,如果直接看题找答案,是否能做对的关键就取决于“是否能找对答案所在的位置”了。当考生缺乏对文章的整体
认识时,考生的定位和选择是随机的,也就是说,找得到或者找不到,以及花多少时间找到,靠的是运气。举例来说,给你一张北京市的地图,在你对北京市完全不了解的情况下,让你去找海淀区的娘娘府在哪儿,你是否能找到,以及花多少时间能找到,就是靠运气决定的。
所以,总有一些运气不错的人,会“感觉”这种方法是有效的,这也可以解释为什么有的人这次觉得好用,下次觉得不好用的现象。
推崇这种方法的人往往会认为,考生在规定时间内是无法读完文章并且正确完成题目的,所以,这些考生需要用这种“技巧”来帮助自己获得高分。
事实真的是这样吗?
在上万学生中做过实验的,给学生5分钟时间,让学生阅读一篇真题的文章,要求不能查字典,并且不能跳过任何一句话。在这种情况下,绝大多数学生完成率可以超过80%,也就是说,如果时间放宽到8分钟,所有人都可以读完。
在这种情况下,如果假设文章理解没有问题,做完所有题目只需要最多10分钟。而托福考试一篇文章的时间要求是20分钟,谁说学生在规定时间内读不完?毫不客气地说,这些人主观上构建了一个“学生读不完”的假设,来提供给学生一个虚假的解决方案。
但是在这种情况下,学生还是会出现做不对题的情况,原因是什么呢?很简单,学生虽然读完了文字,但是对文字的理解并不好,这里涉及到了单词、句法、文章结构认知、关系理解、记忆效率等方面的问题。而这些问题的解决方案,才是老师应该教给学生的内容,而不是“直接看题找答案来提高效率”这种正确率随机的方法。
说到这里,我想大家应该很清楚如下几点了
1.按照ETS的官方描述,看题目找答案的方式会有解决不了的题目(而且还包括了多选题);
2.看题目找答案的时间消耗和正确率是随机的;
3.在规定时间内完成题目并非难事,关键是教会学生如何提高理解的准度和效率;
到这里,那种方法的支持者们又会说了:我在看题目找答案的过程中,可以顺便了解文章,这样就可以解决文章结构理解不好的问题了。好,我们姑且认为这种说法是对的,并且也确实做到了,那么这和先读完文章再做题有什么区别呢?
这和中药里面加西药成分最后却号称中药有效不是一个逻辑吗?而事实是,大多数人在这样的离散化信息获取过程中,是很难把握文章的逻辑框架和结构的,因为思维被反复阻断,即便是用自己的母语写成的文章也会在认知上有困难,更何况是用英文写成的文章?
所以,结果就是,考生在大脑中留下了一堆信息碎片,最后无法组织到一起。有同学会问,为什么老师在讲的时候头头是道呢?因为他备课的时候已经读过全文了嘛。
“考试阅读”和“普通阅读”存在的关系
实际上,考试阅读和普通阅读的唯一区别在于,考试阅读要你做题,而平常的普通阅读不需要。但是,考试的阅读考的内容是什么呢?还是拿托福阅读为例,ETS在官方文档中讲得很清楚:词汇和语法、文章的主要观点和重要信息、观点之间的相对重要程度、观点之间的关系、所有观点的组织结构。
那么,我们仔细想想,这些东西是不是平时阅读的时候也需要获得的东西呢?显然是的。所以,从阅读本身的要求来说,考试阅读和普通阅读并没任何区别。
既然如此,要做对题目的前提就必须是:读懂文章。反之,如果是题目做错了,也必然是文章的某个局部内容、关系,或者全局的关系理解出现了问题,抑或是逻辑推理出现了问题,而考生需要训练的,是如何修正问题并且提高阅读能力的方法。
如何让托福阅读成为提分最快的单项
托福考试考什么?
1.词汇和语法
对于语言类考试来说,都会涉及到词汇和语法的考查,但在不同的考试中,词汇和语法的考试形态会有一定的差异,比如:有的考试是在阅读里考查单词,有的是在单句填空中考查单词。因此,在备考过程中,我们要科学背单词,系统学语法,这里就不赘述了。
2.对主要观点和重要信息的理解
一篇文章讲了什么,以及每个段落讲了哪些重要信息,这些都会是托福阅读的考查重点。
3.观点的相对重要程度
对于前面提到的两个考查要点,大多数考生都能理解,但是说到观点的相对重要程度的时候,情况就有所不同了。在一篇文章中,所给出的信息并不是同等重要的,有些信息更重要,有些就没有那么重要了。因此,这部分其实考查的是大家对信息的筛选能力——认知能力。
4.观点之间的两两关系
大多数同学读完一篇文章后,脑子里留下的是一堆信息碎片,但最后会发现,记住的全都不考,考查的内容,自己都没记住(听力更明显)。最直接的考查方法就是问因果,如:文章中提到了……,是因为……。实际上考查的就是观点之间的关系。
5.观点和概念的组织结构
读完一篇文章之后,是否形成了清晰完整的文章结构框架,也叫作思维框架 (Menatal Framework)。托福阅读中的“六选三”题,考查的就是对文章架构的掌握,以及在此基础上,筛选主要信息的能力。
以上是 ETS 给出的托福阅读考试的官方说明,明确地阐述了考查的能力点。但是,大家在备考的过程中,究竟有没有按照官方要求做呢?或者备考方法是否正确呢?我们一起来看一下,你是否走进了托福阅读的备考误区。
错误的托福备考路径
1.做错题 → 不会解题技巧 → 学习解题技巧
做错题之后,认为自己解题技巧不好,然后就四处寻找“技巧”。平常可能学了不少技巧,但是到了考场上,会发现“貌似”所有的技巧都用不上。事实上,没有人能够在能力缺失的情况下,去应用所谓的答题技巧。一道题做错了,要么就是文章位置找错了,要么就是文章没读懂。因此,所有阅读题目的本质都是一样的。
2.做错题 → 不认识单词 → 背单词
题目做错了,发现有不认识的单词 → 啊,我要背单词去了。那么背单词有用么?当然有了,但是要注意:单词是阅读的基础,但不是全部。因此,单词要背,但不能只背单词。
科学的备考路径
做错题 → 阅读能力有缺陷 → 提高阅读能力 根据 ETS 给出的能力点考查,梳理出相对应的能力点,概括起来只有六个字:读句子,理关系。
词汇不行,就去背单词;语法不行,就去学语法。句子涉及到理解,即句子看懂 = 内容看懂,句子看懂 → 段落看懂 → 文章看懂。除了读懂内容,还需要对关系(逻辑关系)进行梳理。
托福解决方案
读句子:用“串行”思维代替“并行”思维(句子的层次和成分分析是提高句子阅读能力的核心)。
理关系:用阅读笔记辅助形成思维框架,不应该“ just 读 it”。
总之,词汇认知、句法结构、语义及逻辑、文章结构,这四种能力共同构成完备的阅读能力,缺一不可。画有细腻粗狂,词有婉约豪放,而阅读却没有那么多的自由发挥,能够拿到阅读高分的同学们在某一种意义上都是『完美主义者』——单词要背、句子分析要做、文章阅读也要一步不漏地做完。
一份30天托福备考计划
阶段一:(Day 1-Day 25)以TPO模考为主
要求:每天模考一套TPO阅读题目,模考需要严格计时,质量和速度并重。
步骤为:
一.每天在模考软件上(不要在纸质版的书上)模考3篇文章。
(阅读20分以下的考生先背单词再模考,TPO词汇资料有TPO1-25的单词)
二. 做完核对答案,标记错题(不要记住正确答案),把错题再做一遍。
三. 再次核对答案,利用黄金阅读资料分析第二遍做错的题目(重点是找到自己出错原因,以及正确答案在原文的出处)
四. 通读文章,总结不熟练的词汇和不理解的长难句,词汇和长难句整理在自己的笔记本上,整理完背过单词。
五.总结文章主旨和各段的主要观点,把自己总结后的和文章总结题的正确选项核对,根据正确选项对文章的概括再次理解文章结构。
第二天复习前一天的词汇,标记前一天自己没有背过的词汇。 继续练习下一套文章,总结单词。
第三天复习第一天标记的词汇和第二天的词汇,同样标记第二天没有背过的词汇。
以此类推,直到完成TPO1-25的所有题目。
阶段二:(Day26-30)复习冲刺
这5天内,以复习为主,模考为辅,复习总结的TPO1-TPO25的词汇、错题和文章,选TPO30以后的两到三套题目模考。
这样一个月之后,你的基础能力和做题能力都有巨大的飞跃,可以自信满满的冲刺高分啦。
托福阅读备考FAQ
问:英语零基础可以备考托福吗?
答:不可以。托福考试的词汇量要求大概在8000-10000,所以在你开始准备托福之前,底线是你最起码要有高中词汇储备(3500)。如果,词汇量太低,强行备考,结果就是备考过程及其痛苦、漫长,效率低下,进步极慢。
问:技巧真的有用吗?
答:有用。托福阅读,个人觉得七分能力,三分技巧足以。当然,对于阅读能力极其强大的,不需要技巧。 技巧的目的两个:1.提高正确率 2.提高做题速度。
问:为什么在托福培训机构听老师讲了技巧,我感觉没什么用?
答:个人观点,可能3个原因:1.你的基础真的太挫了,理解简单句都有困难,那么技巧对于你起不到大的作用。 2. 老师的问题。 3.老师讲完了,不代表你会用,想要在考试中灵活运用,需要你在平时的分题型练习过程中,严格按照做题步骤和技巧答题,逐渐培养出使用技巧的能力。
问:为什么我的做题速度太慢? or 一句话要看很久才能看懂?
答:两个原因:1. 单词词义理解单一、片面 2. 理解单词反应时间太长 3. 语法不扎实。
问:为什么刷了很多TPO缺不见成效?
答:刷题步骤不对。我的理念是:一次刷100套题, 不如一套题刷100遍。具体刷题步骤以后再发
篇2:托福阅读提升时间使用效率6个技巧解读
指将一个长句子(有时不止一个句子,还包括从句)读成一个相对短的句子,以对长句子内容作一总结式归纳,找出其所陈述的要点。这种能力的培养对托福阅读考试的帮助极大,考生应在平时勤加练习。
托福阅读提升时间效率技巧:抓关键词,准确定位
考生在做题过程中,要熟练掌握根据关键词进行定位的技巧。这一技巧可以帮助大家加快解题速度,提高正确率。因为大部分托福阅读题目考查的是考生对文章细节的理解,答案基本上都能在文章中找到。拿到一个题目,我们先找题干中可以用来定位的关键词,比如专有名词、数字、符号等,然后根据关键词回到原文进行定位。有时候文章中不一定会出现和关键词一模一样的词,但很可能是关键词的同义替换词。
托福阅读提升时间效率技巧:善于使用排除法
托福阅读中有些题目枝干信息太多,但都是干扰项,如果逐字阅读的话会很浪费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向,如果有几项答案自相矛盾或者意思明显相反,就可以直接排除,然后再对模糊选项进行确认,这时候再回到正文中细读相关信息就会很省力。一般情况下,排除法是比较容易培养的套路,考生要善于使用这一技巧提高答题速度。
托福阅读提升时间效率技巧:掌握句子顺序上的变化
问句中所含信息与文章中相应句子中的信息在顺序上有时可能出现不同,甚至前后完全倒置。这种情况可能会导致迷失答题的方向。还应注意到文章中有关问句的信息并非全都能在每个句子中找到,甚至在关键词及短语之间存在一些不相关的信息,这些都会是寻找答案过程中的困难。
托福阅读提升时间效率技巧:查找同义词、近义词、相关词
在托福阅读考试中,能否准确找出正确答案很大程度上取决于能否辩认出同义词、近义词、相关词及不同形式的短语。 1.词形完全相同; 2.词义相同,即同义词 ;3.词义相近,但并非同义 ;4.词义相关。上述四种词汇/短语表达方式中,第一种当然容易辩认,第二种同义词也相 对不难,但第三种与第四种形式则不易辩认,所以要在阅读过程中多加比较练习。如能攻破这一关,则一定能够取得好的考试成绩。
篇3:托福阅读答题时间不足如何提升效率
托福阅读答题时间不足如何提升效率?迅速答题2个实用小技巧分享
托福阅读时间不足是普遍问题
很多托福考生都说,也许在托福阅读中,最影响人的实力发挥的恐怕就是要求55分钟内做完50道阅读题。托福阅读不同于CET4,CET6,与高考也是有区别的,因为这些都是大约4-5篇阅读,20题,而且这些考试都没有要求做完没门考试所用的时间。因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候,十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制,有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。
托福阅读省时提速技巧分享
1. 只看首句
1 即先阅读文章的首段前4行,注意这里不是前2行,因为现在很多文章首句通常是由专业名词组成或者是一些习语组成,大多数中国学生只知道看完首句,然后他们就崩溃了,因为专业词汇和习惯用语一次性将他们打懵。因此这里建议首先读完前4行来了解文章主题方向。
2. 直接做题
然后在题中找关键词回到原文进行点查。不过这里点查也是有技巧的。第一题通常是文章的主题题,跳过不做,放到最后来做,其他的很多试题都是标记了行号或者可以通过特殊字符来辨认,比如数字,大写字母,拼写十分怪异的单词等等,当一道题没有这些标示的时候要通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。
托福考试阅读理解模拟试题及答案
A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.
Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The function of the voice in performance
(B) The connection between voice and personality
(C) Communication styles
(D) The production of speech
2. What does the author mean by stating that, “At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen” (lines 9-10)?
(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.
(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.
(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.
(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.
3. The word “Here” in line 10 refers to
(A) interpersonal interactions
(B) the tone
(C) ideas and feelings
(D) words chosen
4. The word “derived获得” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) discussed
(B) prepared
(C) registered 记录,登记,注册
(D) obtained
5. Why does the author mention “artistic, political, or pedagogic communication” in line 17?
(A) As examples of public performance
(B) As examples of basic styles of communication
(C) To contrast them to singing
(D) To introduce the idea of self-image
6. According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's
(A) general physical health
(B) personality
(C) ability to communicate
(D) vocal quality
7. According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide
(A) hostility
(B) shyness
(C) friendliness
(D) strength
8. The word “drastically激烈地” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) exactly
(C) severely
(D) easily
9. The word “evidenced表明” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) questioned
(B) repeated
(C) indicated
(D) exaggerated 夸大,夸张
10. According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?
(A) lethargy
(B) depression
(C) boredom
(D) anger
答案:
BBADA BBCCD
托福考试阅读真题回忆
Passage One
学科分类:Economy
题目: England’s Economy in sixteenth century
文章原题:
England’s Economy in sixteenth century
In the last half of the sixteenth century England emerged as a commercial and manufacturing power in Europe due to a combination of demographic, agricultural and industrial factors. The population of England and Wales grew rapidly from about 2.5million in the 1520s to more than 3.5 million in 1580, reaching about 4.5 million in 1610.Reduced mortality rates and increased fertility, the latter probably generated by expanding work opportunities in manufacturing and farming (leading to earlier marriage and morechildren), explained this rapid rise in population. While epidemics and plagueoccasionally took their toll, the people in England still suffered less than did those in continental Europe. Furthermore, the country had been pulled out of the war that occurredin France and central Europe during the same period. England provides the prominent example of the expansion of agricultural production well before the general Europeanagricultural revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A larger population stimulated the increased woollen through crop civilization. English agriculture becamemore efficient and market-oriented than almost anywhere else on the continent. Between 1450 and 1640 the yield of grain per acre increased by at least thirty percent. In sharp contrast with farming in Spain, English land owners brought more dense marshes and woodlands into cultivation.
The great land estates of the English society largely remained intact and many wealthy land owners aggressively increased the size of their holdings, a precondition for increasedproductivity. Marriages between the children of landowners also increased the size of landestates. Primogeniture (the full inheritance of land by the eldest son) helped prevent land from being subdivided. Younger sons of independent land owners left the family and went to find other respective locations. Larger farms contributed more to commercialized farming at the time when an expanding population pushed up demand and prices.Farmland owners turned part of their land into pasture land for sheep in order to adapt to developing woollen trade.
Some of the great land owners as well as Yeomen (farmers whose holdings and security of land tenure guaranteed their prosperity and status), organized their holdings in the interest efficiency. Many farmers selected crops for sales in growing London market. In their quest for greater profits, many land owners put their squeeze on their tenants. Between 1580 and 1620 land lords raised rents and altered conditions of land tenure in their favor, preferring shorter phases and forcing tenants to pay an entry fee before agreeing to rent them land. Landlords evicted those who could not afford annual, more onerous terms. But they also pushed tenants toward more productive farming methods, including crop rotation. England's exceptional economic development also drew the country's natural resources,including iron, timber, and coal, extracted in far greater quantity than elsewhere in thecontinent. New industrial development expanded the production of iron and pewter in and around the city of Birmingham.
But above all textile manufacturing transformed English economy. Woolens, which accounted for eighty percent of the exports, worsteds (sturdy yarn spun from combed woolfibers), and other cloth found eager buyers in England as well as in the continent.Moreover, late in the sixteenth century as English merchants began making forays across the Atlantic these textiles were also sold in the Americas. Cloth manufacturers undercut production by urban craftspeople by “putting out” work to the villages and farms of thecountryside. In such domestic industry poor rural women could spin and make cading (combing fibers in preparation for spin) in their homes.
The English textile trade was closely tied to Antwerp, in the Spanish Netherlands, where workers dyed English cloth. The entrepreneur Sir Thomas Gresham became England's representative there. He so enhanced the reputation of English business in that region that English merchants could operate on credit---the most prominent achievement for sixteenth century. He also advised the government to explore the economic possibilities ofAmericas, which led to the first concerted efforts at colonization, undertaken withcommercial profits in mind.
Paragraph 1
In the last half of the sixteenth century England emerged as a commercial and manufacturing power in Europe due to a combination of demographic, agricultural and industrial factors. The population of England and Wales grew rapidly from about 2.5million in the 1520s to more than 3.5 million in 1580, reaching about 4.5 million in 1610.Reduced mortality rates and increased fertility, the latter probably generated by expanding work opportunities in manufacturing and farming (leading to earlier marriage and morechildren), explained this rapid rise in population. While epidemics and plagueoccasionally took their toll, the people in England still suffered less than did those in continental Europe. Furthermore, the country had been pulled out of the war that occurred in France and central Europe during the same period.
1. The word “generated” in the passage is closest in meaning to
? Produced
? Strengthened
? followed
? dominated
2. The word “furthermore” in the passage is closest in meaning to
? however
? in addition
? similarly
? in general
3. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as developments that led to England's emergence as a commercial and manufacturing power EXCEPT
? rapid population growth
? an increase in the number of jobs
? a trend toward earlier marriages
? an end to epidemics and a plague
Paragraph 2
England provides the prominent example of the expansion of agricultural production wellbefore the general European agricultural revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A larger population stimulated the increased woollen through crop civilization. English agriculture became more efficient and market-oriented than almost anywhere elseon the continent. Between 1450 and 1640 the yield of grain per acre increased by at leastthirty percent. In sharp contrast with farming in Spain, English land owners brought more dense marshes and woodlands into cultivation.
4. Why does the author mention that “English land owners brought more dense marshes and woodlands into cultivation” ?
? To give an example of a way in which the English increased agricultural production
? To emphasize the influence of English agriculture on the agriculture of other Europeancountries
? To emphasize that Spanish agriculture needed to improve their farming methods
? To discuss an intended consequence of crop specialization
Paragraph 3
The great land estates of the English society largely remained intact and many wealthy land owners aggressively increased the size of their holdings, a precondition for increasedproductivity. Marriages between the children of landowners also increased the size of landestates. Primogeniture (the full inheritance of land by the eldest son) helped prevent land from being subdivided. Younger sons of independent land owners left the family and went to find other respective locations. Larger farms were conducive more to commercialized farming at the time when an expanding population pushed up demand and prices.Farmland owners turned part of their land into pasture land for sheep in order to adapt to developing woollen trade.
5. The phrase “conducive to” in the passage is closest in meaning to
? a result of
? favorable to
? able to
? expanded to
6. According to paragraph 3 why did wealthy land owners increase the size of the land theyowned?
? To avoid the necessity of arranged marriages between their children and the children of other land owners
? To ensure that there were enough land to divide between their older and younger sons
? To increase the number of goods that their farms produced
? To provide more jobs for members of the colony
7. Why does the author mention that farmland owners turned part of their land into pasture land for sheep?
? To explain why the younger sons of land owners had to leave the family land and find other jobs
? To provide an example of a way in which large farms were eager to improve theirbusiness
? To explain how the practice of primogeniture worked
? To describe a strategy land owners used to give their lands from being subdivided.
Paragraph 4
Some of the great land owners as well as Yeomen (farmers whose holdings and security of land tenure guaranteed their prosperity and status), organized their holdings in the interest efficiency. Many farmers selected crops for sales in growing London market. In their quest for greater profits, many land owners put their squeeze on their tenants. Between 1580 and 1620 land lords raised rents and altered conditions of land tenure in their favor, preferring shorter phases and forcing tenants to pay an entry fee before agreeing to rent them land. Landlords evicted those who could not afford annual, more onerous terms. But they also pushed tenants toward more productive farming methods, including crop rotation.
8. The word “quest” in the passage is closest in meaning to
? organization
? exchange
? search
? argument
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 as a way that English landlords tried to increase the efficiency of their farms?
? encouraging the use of methods as crop rotation
? selecting crops on the basis of demand in the London market
? increasing rents and reducing the length of phases
? hiring Yeomen to work on their farms instead of relying on tenants
Paragraph 5
England's exceptional economic development also drew the country's natural resources,including iron, timber, and coal, extracted in far greater quantity than elsewhere in thecontinent. New industrial development expanded the production of iron and pewter in and around the city of Birmingham.
10. The word “exceptional ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
? predictable
? initial
? extraordinary
? complex
Paragraph 6
But above all textile manufacturing transformed English economy. Woolens, which accounted for eighty percent of the exports, worsteds (sturdy yarn spun from combed woolfibers), and other cloth found eager buyers in England as well as in the continent.Moreover, late in the sixteenth century as English merchants began making forays across the Atlantic these textiles were also sold in the Americas. Cloth manufacturers undercut production by urban craftspeople by “putting out” work to the villages and farms of thecountryside. In such domestic industry poor rural women could spin and make cading (combing fibers in preparation for spin) in their homes.
11. Select TWO answer choices that according to paragraph 6 indicate changes that occurred in the English economy.
To receive credit you must select two answer choices.
? The textile trade products became more profitable than manufacturing them.
? Local sales of textile products increased by eighty percent.
? English textile merchants expanded their markets inside and outside England.
? Part of English cloth manufacturing moved to rural areas.
Paragraph 7
The English textile trade was closely dyed to Antwerp, in the Spanish Netherlands, where workers died English cloth. ■The entrepreneur Sir Thomas Gresham became England'srepresentative there. ■ He so enhanced the reputation of English business in that region that English merchants could operate on credit---the most prominent achievement forsixteenth century. ■ He also advised the government to explore the economic possibilitiesof Americas, which led to the first concerted efforts at colonization, undertaken with commercial profits in mind. ■
12. Which of the following statements about merchants during the sixteenth century can be inferred from the information in paragraph 7?
? Most merchant activity at this time was controlled by Spain.
? The textile market was less profitable for merchants than were other areas of trade.
? Merchants from different countries in Europe rarely operated in the same regions.
? During this period most European merchants did not operate on credit.
13. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
In addition to this achievement in Antwerp, Gresham convinced the government at home in England to authorize actions that would make trading in the rest of Europe even more profitable for English merchants.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summarybecause they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
In the last half of sixteenth century England emerged as a commercial and manufacturing power in Europe.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. It is somewhat surprising that England was able to expand its economy during the sixteenth century because its neighbors were involved in many wars during this period.
2. In order to make more money England nobles acquired more land, pushed for more efficient farming methods, and introduced new land tenure conditions.
3. Two England's economic strengths are its use of natural resources, and its textile manufacturing, which found increased markets at home as well in Europe and in theAmericas.
4. England experienced an agricultural revolution much earlier than the rest of Europe and agriculture became more efficient and market-oriented.
5. Many of the changes that land owners made to land renting rules not only made their lands more profitable but also made a life for their peasants.
6. Though he was a successful ambassador to the Spanish Netherlands, Thomas Gresham was unable to convince the English government to start colonies in America.
答案:A、B、D、A、B、C、B、C、D、C、CD、D、C、BCD
Passage Two
学科分类:Biology
题目:蝴蝶翅膀的作用
内容回忆:
蝴蝶的翅膀可以用来帮助它们躲避捕食者的捕猎。主要有三种形式:伪装色,警告色以及恐吓色。
第一段引出了蝴蝶翅膀的纹路有三种形式来影响捕食者,特别是通过视觉来捕猎的动物。
第二段详细介绍了伪装色的作用,举例说明了蝴蝶翅膀会伪装成周围树林、水流等颜色。
第三段详细介绍了警告色的使用,有些蝴蝶翅膀的样式会告诉捕食者自己的不可食用性。
第四段详细介绍了恐吓色的作用,大多以眼睛的样式展现,告诉捕食者该物种的体型等,产生错觉。
第五段进一步阐述了恐吓色的应用。
词汇题:
1. virtually = almost completely
2. startled = surprised
3. disrupt = disturb
4. rudimentary = simple
Passage Three
学科分类:Biology
题目:松树和火灾防御
内容回忆:
一种松树会自动脱落靠地面比较近的树枝。因为这些树的树叶中饱含着树枝resin,在火灾爆发时,火很容易从地面通过这些靠近地面的树枝,顺着燃烧,引燃整棵树。所以为了避免这种情况,树木会自动脱落靠近地面的树枝。
在森林火灾发生之后,这种树比起其它树也能更快地从火灾中恢复过来。这种树在树龄很小的时候就可以开始繁殖,而在火灾后的一段时间里,会不断的繁殖。因为不知道下一场火灾什么时候会发生。
这种松树的树皮也也能帮助规避火灾带来的伤害,因为树皮很松,火一烧树皮就会自动脱落,这样火就不能顺着树皮往上燃烧。
这种树的种子非常的坚硬,只有红松鼠会以它的种子为食,但是红松鼠也不是特别喜欢吃,因为太坚硬了。种子能够忍受很高的温度,并能够长时间地保存,在适宜的时候发芽。
篇4:托福阅读提升学习效率3个备考要点讲解
托福阅读提升学习效率3个备考要点讲解
明确托福阅读真正考点
考生在托福阅读备考中的重点在于适应答题的环境和节奏。这需要考生把握托福阅读文章内容和明确托福阅读题目考点。所以,考生要提升基础阅读能力,从词汇、语法和文章结构出发备考,要把握托福考试的8000词汇,在学习词汇时不仅要知道单词的汉语意思也要掌握词汇用法;要提高长难句的分析能力,要在备考中多阅读相关文章,提高阅读能力。
学会托福阅读机经真题正确用法
这里提到的真题包括托福阅读考试回顾、托福阅读官方真题Official以及托福阅读预测机经。对于托福阅读考试回顾,考生要从中把握本次考试的话题是什么、话题所属学科、话题具体背景知识;尤其熟记考过的词汇;对于托福阅读官方真题Official,考生可以分析文章中所有不懂的词汇以及难句并通过全文翻译来扫清理解障碍,也可以根据不同话题文章的写作特点来总结多个话题文章写作思路;考生也要利用官方真题Official题目来测试自己的阅读水平,深入分析题目类型和熟悉运用答题策略。
掌握托福阅读高效解题技巧
在托福阅读备考使用官方真题Official题目时,考生可以对每种托福阅读题型有足够了解,从中巩固题目答题策略。但是考生的短期提升只有策略是不足的,因为短期掌握的策略在遇到有难度文章或者不熟悉的题目时都帮助不大。所以考生可以掌握一些答题技巧。比如在文章中遇到难题时,考生可以利用猜词等技巧来读懂词汇,可以通过上下文语境来推测词汇含义;对于托福阅读题型解答也要掌握一些技巧。比如细节类题型解答时可以利用排除等手段高效解题,推论题、修辞目的题可以利用题目本身的特点来锁定答案等等。
新托福阅读题解析:脑偏侧优势
学科分类Biology
题目:Cerebral Lateralization
内容回忆:人的大脑由左右半脑组成,通过神经纤维连接。左半脑控制右边身体,右半脑控制左边身体,这叫做脑的偏侧优势(cerebral lateralization)。脑的偏侧优势是什么时候形成的呢?早期的研究认为这种偏侧优势出现在人的幼儿时期,定型于成年时期。而之后的研究表明,脑的偏侧优势在胎儿时期就已经存在,而出生后就会表现出来。X.X的研究发现,4岁左右没有表现出明显的左撇子或右撇子倾向的孩子,协调能力更好一些。
词汇题:integrating; assume; implication
新托福阅读题解析:蜥脚类恐龙
4月15日托福阅读Passage 3
学科分类Biology
题目:Did Sauropods live in Swamps?
内容回忆:Sauropods传统认为他生活在水中,long neck 伸出水面呼吸,leg 可以支持在地面上缓慢行走。然后设问:neck 不是用来伸出水面呼吸的,那作用是什么? Sauropods 的脖子跟长颈鹿有些像,为了够到tall tree? 但又有人反对。B这个品种或许可以, 但ACD三种都不行。有个专家分析一个品种的fossil, 说neck向上伸的高度limited,还有两个专家用电脑模拟,发现另外两个品种也limited
新托福阅读题解析:大陆漂移
大陆漂移Continental Drift
分别说了4个不同的scientist在大陆漂移学说方面做出的学术研究。首先是一个人发现了同样extinct的物种在不同大陆的fossil,他认为是因为那个时候有大陆桥(continental bridge)。第二个人认为大陆是由更大的陆地板块分裂而来的,因为那个时候月球进入了地球的引力范围,所以产生潮汐力使得大陆板块分裂,他的证据是一个海底的mountain chain。第三个人写了一本monumental的著作,提出了本来是个supercontinent然后分裂的说法,其证据有二:一是和当时的海岸线吻合,二是fossil体现出的古生物特征吻合。最后一个人支持前一个人的理论并且发现了一个有力的证据:一种淡水生物,在南非和古巴均有,而这种生物不可能在海水中游了这么远去寻找另一个环境中条件差不多的淡水。最后,即使有这么多证据,当时很多地质学家还是不愿意接受这一理论。
新托福阅读题目解析
A卷
Debate about the earliest calendars
重复.05.22
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复.04.18
Bird Colonies
重复.04.19
Nitrogen in Crops
新题,加试文章
B卷
Why Did Nonavian Dinosaurs Became Extinct?
重复2016.07.10
Climate of the Past
重复2016.07.09
Gondwana
重复2015.06.13
C卷
The Qualities of a Good Trout Stream
重复2016.12.03
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复2015.04.18
Flightless Bird
重复2014.12.21
D卷
Cerebral Lateralization
重复2016.07.02
Historical Trends in European Urban Design
重复2015.04.18
Did Sauropods live in Swamps?
重复2015.09.17加场
ETS连续多次在每场考试中设置加试,并增加每场的文章篇数,旨在测大家的基本功和心里素质!!还好,文章难度并不大,皆为之前考过的文章和TPO中出现的相关话题,切记不要慌张!
新托福阅读考情回忆版本一:
Passage1: nitrogen。氮对于植物的重要性,氮可以由打雷和被微生物分解而合成,种了庄稼后氮会变少,氮有人为的添加方式,比如种豆类植物,氮肥,氮的新应用导致英国工业革命对比非洲不断的换耕地
Passage2: early calendar。一种最早发现的在骨头上做记号的日历,然后为什么会认为这个是日历,科学家提出刻这个骨头的古人类可能会抽象思考,以及其他的各种观点反驳,比如这个记号可能是因为用来磨武器造成的
Passage3: flightless birds的演化。有些鸟住在温暖的地方,不用迁移,也没有什么捕食者,所以翅膀就渐渐退化了。最早的flightless bires大概出现在恐龙灭绝之后,有一种鸟只吃植物,为了能够消化植物,它们的消化器官会很重,而会飞的鸟很少以吃植物为生,它们要尽可能的保持体重最小。很多动物进化出了手,而鸟没有,但有些鸟也进化出了类似于手的部位,可以capture preys
Passage4: 人类放弃打猎开始从事农业的一系列理论
Passage5: 可以通过ice和ocean sediments来推测地球当时的温度和大气组成
Passage6: 建筑风格和城市发展。文艺复兴时期的建筑风格,有个建筑师建造了新风格的城市,城市因不同的功能分成了不同的区
Passage7: 左脑与右脑的不同功能,和左撇子与右撇子的研究
Passage8: 南半球的大陆讨论,后引出大陆漂移和版块构造
Passage9: 恐龙灭绝,造成灭绝的原因,如气候,环境因素等
含部分加试题目。
新托福阅读考情回忆版本二:
Passage One
学科分类:Science
题目:Climate of the past
内容回忆:
1. Ice layers can provide information of the past climate, top layers are
recently produced and bottom of the layers are formed for many
years.
2. Air bubbles in the ice can yield climate information as well. By
investing the gases in the bubbles, the correlation and connection of
carbon dioxide and temperature are revealed.
3. Some sea sediments can also tell information of the climate.
词汇题:
1. Compacted=compressed together
2. associated =related
3. sensitive to =responsible for
4. constructed=created
Passage Two
学科分类:Biology
题目:Becoming Flightless
内容回忆:
1. There are two conditions of becoming flightless. First is no need to
migrate to warm conditions. Second is no predators.
2. South America has a special bird which has no predators, this result
flightless.
3. Flightless has advantages. Flightless birds can feed on plants due to
their digestion system which is so heavy for flight birds
4. Flightless birds have larger eggs which can provide embryo more
nutrients
5. Why most flightless birds didn't evolve to hands? Maybe due to their
beak which can manipulate objects. However, some birds evolve to hands and paws.
词汇题:
1. Vacated= recall
2. Manipulate =handle
3. Speculate =understand
4. Exclusively=only
Passage Three
学科分类:Ecology
题目:Some qualities of a good trout stream
内容回忆:
1. Some streams have common qualities for trout ( a kind of bird)
2. Cool-cold water
3. Smooth-slowing water
4. Cover and shelter
5. Abundant insects
6. Areas for building nests
7. Conclude all the conditions for trout
词汇题:
1. robust =healthy
2. optimal =ideal
3. obstruction =阻碍
4. predominantly=主要的,显著的
点评
1. 本次考试继续了从今年3月4日以来出现的每场考试10余篇考题随机组合出试卷的方式,并且参考的考生大多数人都会经历阅读非经典加试。虽然考试之后通过考题回顾与对答案,考生会发现自己和别人考了几乎完全不同的考题,但是文章的主题涉及到的学科与背景知识还是万变不离其宗:生物、历史、地质。其中除加试以外的考题多会重复两年以内的旧题,同学们需要在复习时更加关注并熟悉两年以内的鸡精内容。另外试题与其他考生不同不会影响自己的考试成绩,加试试题也不一定是自己见到的最后一篇,考试的时候试题顺序随机分布,考生还是不能心存侥幸的,要认真对待每一道试题。
2.本次考试除了上述6篇文章之外,还涉及到的文章有:a)左右脑功能与左右撇子研究,人的左右脑控制不一样的区域,且功能不同,有些是天生就有的才能而有些不是,人有左右脑的使用偏好;b)欧洲城镇设计的历史趋势 Historical trends in European Urban Design: 建筑风格和城市发展,文艺复兴时期的建筑风格,有个H建筑师创造了新风格的城市,城市因不同的功能被分成不同的地区;建筑风格从和以前相同逐渐演变成城市建筑那种很高的混凝土水泥或者玻璃幕墙房子;c)马的种类进化与农业 (话题重复1月11、11月14、12月19考题):一开始人们用牛作为农耕主力,后来变成了马,两种动物生理构造不一样,所以用在动物身上的犁车不同。人们的生活方式从打猎转化成农业,原因在于气候变化,但是种地之后更累,还要预防传染病、水污染、细菌污染,此外还要养家畜;d)古代气候的研究:通过冰层里的气体、尘埃(dust)和生物化石来推测过去的气温、大气的组成等,其中化石方面可以把获得的动物化石按照时间排列以研究过去温度变化,其中小的啮齿类动物(rodent)的化石更可靠。e)Passage 2 某蜥蜴脚恐龙的栖息地Did Sauropods Live in Swamps:某蜥蜴脚恐龙(sauropod),一开始被认为是水生动物,后来发现是陆生的,其中一种证据是关于它的脖子能不能伸长,举了类比长颈鹿的例子,其中提到了landmass bridge和地壳运动。
3. 通过整理我们发现,生物、历史话题所考察的重点越来越集中化,近期常见的主题有如生物中的鸟类(TPO 11 Begging by Nestlings,TPO 11 Orientation and Navigation)、鱼类(OG Swimming Machines,TPO2 The Origin of Cetaceans)、植物生长与生态系统(TPO 5 Minerals and Plants,TPO 26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions);历史中的农业进化和农具发展(TPO 21 The Origin of Agriculture,TPO 23 Seventeenth-Century Agriculture)、生活方式变迁(TPO 14 Patoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)、城镇化发展(TPO 24 Moving into Pueblos)、人类思维的进化(TPO 33 The First Civilizations);地理类的考古与气候变化(TPO 10 Variations in Climate,TPO 46 Ecosystem Diversity and Stability)。而地理地质类主题除了单独出题外,还会和以上话题进行融合,从而增加考试内容的复杂性。
4.这次的词汇题都属于频繁考过的常规词义,难度并不大,复习时还是需要重视TPO词汇题和鸡精词汇。
考试预测
无论是哪一热点话题,都会和人类、社会联系在一起,同学们在备考刷题的同时注意去理解文章的背景以及一些原理,不要硬抠字眼。TPO不光要刷,还要仔细读原文以理解文章的背景信息。另外考试时间因为加试的频繁出现会自然而然延续到80分钟,同学们平时练习时还需要加强做题耐力方面的训练,以防考试的时候不适应而影响发挥。
篇5:托福阅读3个技巧告别时间不足问题
托福阅读如何保持答题节奏?3个实用技巧告别时间不足问题
1. 提前规划时间安排
托福阅读时间紧张,想要保证做完题目,小编建议大家首先要做的一件事就是提前规划考试时间安排,具体来说,阅读如果算上加试部分的话时间是80分钟4篇文章,那么每篇文章甚至具体到每道题目的完成时间应该都能提前计划好,而考生要做的不仅是做出一个大致的时间规划,还需要设置几个时间节点,比如做到第几题时应该是多少分钟,第几篇文章还剩下多少时间,这些时间节点能够有效地帮助大家控制答题节奏,避免初选耗时过多严重拖慢整体节奏的问题,规划好时间以后大家可以通过官方真题Official模考来熟悉掌握,以便在实战中能够通过这种方式安排好具体用时,确保顺利完成阅读部分全部题目的解答。
2. 耗时题型应有对策
托福阅读中题型众多,有些题目一看就能知道答案,有些做起来却需要花费一些时间,而对于那些明显耗时更多的题目,小编希望考生能够提前想好应对策略。具体来说,阅读文章最后常会出现的总结题小结题,这里题目往往难度较高,做起来也是耗时大户,那么面对这类题目,考生如果时间不够就需要有应对策略,是以认真态度投入时间解答,还是为了节省更多时间放弃题目,大家需要提前做好计划,再结合实际答题耗时情况来选择具体应对方法,保证时间不会白白浪费,投入的时间物有所值。
3. 多用技巧减少耗时
做好托福阅读需要技巧,这里小编所说的并不只是解题保持正确率的技巧,还有节省时间的相关技巧,比如阅读提速或是边读边记录各类文章细节线索的技巧。托福考试中能做出一道题不是本事,能在有限时间内找到并运用最省力的方式做完题目才是真正的本领。考生如果能掌握相应的减少耗时的技巧,阅读部分的答题节奏自然能保持得更好,得分也就更有把握了。否则虽然做出了题目但耗费的时间却导致大家来不及做完之后的题目,那么这样的正确率其实是毫无意义的。
托福阅读不应耗费太多精力
另外小编还需要提醒大家一点,那就是不要把过多的精力全部投入在阅读部分,托福考试成绩取决于听说读写四个部分的总分,仅靠阅读高分是不足以帮助大家拿到理想成绩的,作为考试中第一个出现的部分,即使阅读难度较高,考生也不能把全部精力都投入到阅读上面,适当保留精力应对其它部分的考试也是很有意义的。
托福阅读长难句:人类思维的形成
It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. (TPO21, 57)
archaeologist /ˌɑ:ki'ɔlədʒist/ n. 考古学家
cognitive /ˈkɔɡnitiv/ adj. 认知的
fluidity /flu:'idəti/ n. 流动性
integration /ɪntɪ'greɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 整合,熔合
gear /gɪə/ v. 调整,适用于
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, (brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996)), (that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity), (that is), (the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. )(TPO21, 57)
分析:
这个句子的主干就是It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis+后面的同位语从句,断句要注意,中间被非谓语动词 (brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996))隔开了
修饰一:(brilliantly developed in his bookThe Prehistory of the Mind (1996)) ,非谓语动词,修饰thesis
中文:在他的书《The Prehistory of the Mind》(1996)中完美形成
修饰二:(that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity) ,从句,解释thesis
中文:大约四万年前,人的思维形成了认知流动性
修饰三:(that is) ,插入语
中文:那就是
修饰四:(the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. ) ,同位语,解释cognitive fluidity。
其中还有一个非谓语动词(geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources),修饰history
中文:即思想专业化的融合:技术、自然历史(用于去理解自然资源的运转和分配)、社会智力以及语言能力。
参考翻译:
考古学家Steven Mithen的命题——这在他的书《The Prehistory of the Mind》(1996)中完美形成——认为:大约四万年前,人的思维形成了认知流动性,即思想专业化的融合:技术、自然历史(用于去理解自然资源的运转和分配)、社会智力以及语言能力。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句,插入语和同位语,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
托福阅读长难句:快拍摄影
The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22,46)
candid photography n. 快拍摄影
subject n. 对象
radical /'rædɪkl/ adj. 根本的,基本的,彻底的
crop v. 剪短
impose /ɪm'pəʊz/ v. 将某事物强加於
compositional adj. 组成的
大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解
The new candid photography—(unposed pictures) (that were made) (when the subjects were unaware) (that their pictures were being taken)—confirmed these scientific results, and (at the same time), (thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images)(that the camera often imposed), suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22, 46)
分析:
这个句子主干:
The new candid photography confirmed these scientific results and suggested new compositional formats.
修饰一:(unposed pictures) ,非谓语动词,修饰The new candid photography
中文:没有摆拍的照片
修饰二:(that were made) ,从句,修饰unposed pictures
中文:被拍
修饰三:(when the subjects were unaware) ,从句
中文:当对象没有意识到
修饰四:(that their pictures were beingtaken),从句
中文:他们正在被拍
修饰五:(at the same time) ,介词短语
中文:同时
修饰六:(thanks to the radical cropping(trimming) of images) ,介词短语
中文:由于对于图像彻底的裁剪
修饰七:(that the camera often imposed) ,从句
中文:相机经常自带有
参考翻译:
这种新的快拍摄影——在对象没有意识到他们正在被拍时,没有摆拍的照片——证实了这些科学结果,与此同时,由于相机经常自带对于图像彻底的裁剪,表明了新的构图方式。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句和介词短语,大家务必想清楚,每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么,才能看清楚这个句子的结构。
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