以下是小编帮大家整理的深度解析托福阅读的规律，本文共7篇，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到您。本文原稿由网友“已住校”提供。
篇1：深度解析托福阅读的规律
深度解析托福阅读的规律
首先，新托福阅读考试所考察的，就是你是否理解“I am fine.”或者“I am good.”的准确意思。准备听力和阅读的一切时间，都要花在让自己快速准确的理解文章或者原文上。这就是新托福考试阅读和听力的规律。当然，你会觉得这一点很简单，那么试着来翻译一下这句话试试，看看你能不能在30秒之内翻译准确。It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price.
准备好了么?
正确的疑问应该是：据说：公众和议会对于欺骗性包装的喧嚣的担心开始了，因为参议员哈特发现，他与他的妻子和孩子所购买的那些谷物的盒子正在越来越高越来越窄，重量从12盎司减少到10.5盎司，但是在价格上却没有任何的减少。
可能错误的点：1 是“担心”开始，而不是“喧嚣”开始。 2 consume不是谓语动词，而是一个后置定语。 3 这里并不是妻子和孩子越来越高，越来越瘦，而是麦片的盒子越来越高，越来越瘦。
看到这里，很多考友该明白了自己在托福阅读备考中努力的方向了吧。多背单词，多分析语法，才是正路!新托福阅读考试考的就是有没有读懂，理解的都是错的，怎么做题!
托福阅读练习：英语不是美国的官方语言?
Two conservative Republican lawmakers, Congressman Steve King (R-Iowa) and Senator Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.), introduced the English Language Unity Act of on Friday, a bill that requires that all official United States government functions be conducted in English.
美国共和党众议员Steve King和参议员Jim Inhofe最近提案(the English Language Unity Act of 2011)，要将英语定为美国政府的官方工作语言。
“A common language is the most powerful unifying force known throughout history,” King said in a release. “We need to encourage assimilation of all legal immigrants in each generation. A nation divided by language cannot pull together as effectively as a people.”
King说：“历史上拥有最强的凝聚力的无疑就是统一的语言，我们要促进合法移民尽快融入美国社会。一个语言众多纷乱的国家无法团结一致。”
Added Inhofe: “This legislation will provide much-needed commonality among United States citizens, regardless of heritage. As a nation built by immigrants, it is important that we share one vision and one official language.”
Inhofe补充道：“这项立案将在不同文化背景的美国公民间建立起共通性。美国这样拥有很多移民的国家，更加需要一种统一的官方语言和目标。”
In response to the measure, Democratic Rep. Jose Serrano of New York addressed reporters in Spanish Friday, asking them, “como esta?” (That's Spanish for “how are you?”) He said the bill reflects a non-issue that nonetheless comes up every once in a while.
纽约的民主党众议员Jose Serrano唱起了反调，在周五的记者会上用西班牙语向大家问好。他说这项议案完全毫无意义，而这种东西每隔一段时间就会有人拿出来炒冷饭。
Serrano added that while it's natural for grandparents speak Spanish, second generations are completely bilingual. With the third generation, he said, the grandmother is always complaining about the kids' Spanish and why they don't play soccer.
Serrano说上一辈的移民或许只会讲西班牙语，但年轻一代差不多都是讲双语的。上一辈的人会对年轻人糟糕的西班牙语表示不满，不明白他们为什么不玩足球，不沿袭自己的传统。
According to the advocacy group U.S. English, Inc., more than 700 members of Congress have co-sponsored or voted for measures on making English the official U.S. government language dating back to 1981. The English Language Unity Act attracted 140 co-sponsors when introduced in the last Congress.
倡导学英语的组织U.S. English, Inc.统计表明，自1981年起，有超过700名国会成员参与共同提案或同意将英语定为美国的官方语言。上一次同样的议案在国会赢得了140人的共同提案。
托福阅读：让我们 一起来看“星星”
忙碌的寒假刚刚结束，而随着结束的还有前段时间一直在热播的韩剧《来自星星的你》。在这部韩剧中，我们一下子迷上了外星人“都教授”，就如同成语爱屋及乌这句话所说的，既然迷恋“都教授”，那么咱们就趁热一块来看看托福阅读中与“星星”有关的背景知识，一块来对这些“星星”着迷吧。
天文学的文章在托福阅读中出现的频率并不是特别高，比如 已经出现的5场托福考试中(截止到3月2日)，天文学的文章并未出现，就是的43场考试中天文学的文章在咱们阅读中也仅仅出现过10篇。虽然出现的文章不多，但每一篇文章的内容都涉及的不一样，所以可以说我们通过这10篇文章可以获得相当多的天文学知识。
首先咱们先来一块熟悉一下八大行星 (Planet : 行星 )：
Mercury: ['m?kj?ri] 水星
Venus : ['vi?n?s] 金星
Earth: [??θ] 地球
Mars: [mɑrz] n. 火星
Jupiter : ['d?u?p?t?] n. [天] 木星
Saturn: ['s?t(?)n] n. 土星
Uranus: ['ju?r?n?s] n. 天王星
Neptune: ['n?ptjun] n.海王星
对于这八大行星，我们再进行细分的话可以分成两组，分别是：the terrestrial planet (类地行星)和the Jovian planet (类木行星)。类地行星包括：水星，金星，地球和火星;类木行星包括：木星，土星，天王星和海王星。这两大类行星的区别在于它们的大小、密度和构成成分各不相同。类地行星的结构大致相同：一个主要是铁的金属中心，外层则被硅酸盐地幔所包围。它们的表面一般都有峡谷、陨石坑、山和火山。相比较类木行星来说，类地行星的体积要小的多。而类木行星也称作气体行星，它们的共同特点是其主要由氢、氦、冰、甲烷、氨等构成。是不是同学们会感觉上面的知识很熟悉，是的，这部分知识在咱们TPO16的Planets in our solar system中就有介绍。
简单的了解完这八大行星的分类之后，咱们再来看看机经中所涉及到的几个行星。在20出现的机经中所涉及到的行星有：火星，木星和金星以及咱们人类所居住的地球。
那咱们先来了解一下火星。火星Mars这颗行星的名字取自罗马神话战神马尔斯的名字。之所以用战神的名字来命名火星，是因为火星地表的氧化铁使得火星的整个表面看起来是猩红色的，而猩红色则是好战的战神所喜欢的颜色。火星两极皆有水冰与干冰组成的极冠，极冠会随着季节消长。与地球相比，火星的地质活动并不活跃，地表地貌大部份于远古较活跃的时期形成，有密布的陨石坑、火山与峡谷，包括太阳系最高的山：奥林帕斯山Olympus Mons和最大的峡谷：水手号峡谷 Valles Marineris。另一个独特的地形特征是南北半球的明显差别：南半球是古老、充满陨石坑的高地，北半球则是较年轻的平原。除此之外，在有关火星的文章中还会出现的两个名词：Tharsis: 火星表面的一个巨大凸起，有大约4000千米宽，10千米高。Hellas Planitia: 处于南半球，6000多米深，直径为千米的冲击环形山。
当然说起火星，我们还不得不提起一个人，这人就是商人及天文学家帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔 (Percival Lowell)。帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔在美国的亚利桑那州自建了一个天文望远台，研究火星，而且通过观察发现火星上存在水从而推测火星上存在生命。所以在我们学到的TPO8的Running water on Mars或是阅读机经(.3.24ML)中就针对火星上的水和是否有生命出过相关的文章。当然目前的科技研究得出的信息告诉我们火星上曾经有过水的痕迹，但是确未发现有任何生命迹象。对于帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔来说，他在观测星星的过程中，还计算出了另外一颗星星的存在，这颗星星就是已经被降级为矮行星(dwarf planet)的冥王星(Pluto)。虽然在帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔在世的时候他本人并未真正找到冥王星，最终发现冥王星的人是克莱德·威廉·汤博。汤博把这颗新星星取名冥王星，这名字的头两个字母P和L正好是珀西瓦尔·洛厄尔的姓名的开头字母。
大体了解完火星之后咱们再来看一下木星。木星是 太阳系八大行星中体积和质量最大的行星，也是自转最快的行星。可能由于它的这些特点所以才会用罗马神话中主神朱庇特Jupiter的名字来命名它。(罗马神话中的主神朱庇特相当于希腊神话中的宙斯)。木星的卫星(卫星：satellite或是moon)特别多，现在已发现的就有66颗卫星了。在这些卫星中当属木卫一到木卫四这四颗卫星最亮，而这四颗卫星则是由非常著名的物理学家及天文学家伽利略发现的。木星的这些卫星的名字也特别有意思，并且已经有50多颗木星卫星拥有了自己的名字，而它们的名字则都是用与主神朱庇特有关系的女人的名字命名的，在这之中仅有木卫三是以一男人的名字命名的除外。在2013年9.14的大陆考试中就出现了一篇文章提到了木星的两颗卫星：木卫三(Ganymede)和木卫四(Callisto)。
最后咱们再来了解一下金星。金星是最亮的一颗星星，它的亮度要比著名的天狼星(sirius )还要亮14倍，就如同一颗耀眼的钻石，所以我们用罗马神话中最美的神仙维纳斯(Venus)的名字来命名它。金星没有卫星，它和我们居住的地球称为“姊妹星”，因为金星跟地球有很多的形似的地方，比如从结构上看，金星的半径约为6073公里，只比地球半径小300公里，体积是地球的0.88倍，质量为地球的4/5;平均密度略小于地球。虽说如此，但两者的环境却有天壤之别，因为金星距离太阳比较近的缘故，所以金星的表面温度很高，不可能存在液态水。金星的大气成分多为二氧化碳，因此它的地表具有强烈的温室效应其大气压大约是地球的90倍。极高的大气压力和严重缺氧等残酷的自然条件，表明金星上不可能存在生命。在2013年10月12日的大陆考题中就有一篇阅读是讲金星，火星和地球的。
篇2：新托福阅读推理题深度解析
新托福阅读推理题深度解析
推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我们再来看一道例题：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
托福阅读TPO31第2篇:Early Children Education
【1】Preschools—educational programs for children under the age of five—differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.
【2】While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United Stated, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
【3】Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.
【4】In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades, and they are more like to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduated reached the age of 27.
【5】The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behaviors. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation were promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.
【6】Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
1.According to paragraph l, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children can
A.get a good academic start.
B.expand their emotional development.
C.become more independent.
D.experience being part of a group.
2.The word “Whereas” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.Although.
B.Because.
C.Moreover.
D.Already.
3.The word “focus” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.consider.
B.respect.
C.concentrate.
D.advise.
4.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children who
A.come from families that do not have a lot of money.
B.are not doing very well in kindergarten.
C.were born in the 1950s.
D.need programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factors.
5.According to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?
A.Helping children adjust to school.
B.Providing long-term increase in IQ scores.
C.Improving school performance throughout high school.
D.Preventing children from being placed in special-education classes.
6.In paragraph 4，the author mentions the “results from other types of readiness programs” to
A.provide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successful.
B.question the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programs.
C.indicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programs.
D.emphasize that participation in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced.
7.According to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed that
A.only one dollar's worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the program.
B.the benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age 27.C.taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollars spent on the program.
D.to be successful, the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receives.
8.The word “comprehensive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.easily understood.
B.thorough.
C.respectable.
D.objective.
9.Paragraph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPT
A.Take care of there health.
B.Support themselves financially.
C.Take care of their own children.
D.Have increased emotional development.
10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?
A.These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.
B.Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.
C.The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.
D.Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.
11.The word “seek” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.claim.
B.manage.
C.fail.
D.attempt.
12.The passage mentions “developmental psychologist David Elkind” in order to
A.give an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education program.
B.introduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood education.
C.explain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countries.
D.refute the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents' control.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? According Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. ■【A】 In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■【B】 Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents'control, such as inherited abilities and a child's rate of maturation. ■【C】Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. ■【D】ln short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.
A.In addition to stressing academic development, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.
B.Preschool programs such as Head Start have been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-team benefits in helping children become effective adults.
C.Studies have shown that preschool programs are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the “whole child”.
D.The primary purpose of preschool programs varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or getting a good academic start.
E.Critics of preschool programs argue that these programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective of children are not developmentally ready for academic work.
F.David Elkind is a critic of publicity funded preschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children's emotional development.
托福阅读答案
1.根据题目中Parents in Japan，定位可直接得到答案D。
2.这里对比了Chinese和Japanese家长之间的差别，所以A最合适。
3.focus是集中的意思， 另外这里和focus配合的介词是on，concentrate也用 on，所以这里帮助推断。
4.根据Head Start定位， 后面的内容就是对Head Start这个program的介绍，首先是 I960年开始的，和C矛盾， 然后说是在US宣布了 War on Poverty (贫穷)的时候，所以是为穷人设计的，符合A。 B没提到，D在这段的开头提到了，但是不是针对Head Start的描述，Head Start目标 是“whole child”，德智体美劳全面发展。
5.只有B不对应，其他的几个选项根据后文中的内容都是正确的。
6.利用 results of readiness programs定位到本段第一句，本句内容：参加这些 program留级的可能性小，而且还能省钱，所以选A。
7.A改变了原文意思，B文章没说只到27, D和原文意思正好相反。
8.comprehensive是全面的，综合的意思，使用代入法，A最易懂的，B完整的，C值得尊敬的，D客观的 中，AC可以排除，不通顺，B和D之间就需要理解 comprehensive的词意来确定。
9.根据关键词定位至For instance开始的内容，其中不包括C。
10.A对应 “reduction in future costs〃证明是 long term 的 benefit，所以A错误。B对应 ”less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones〃说明便宜和贵的一样好，B选项也不对。 C没提到。D对应not every child benefited to the same extent，正确。
11.seek本身是寻找，追求的意思。A是要求，B是设法，管理， C是失败，D是尝试，所以D 最合适。
12.关键词对应后，根据本段的第一句，Elkind是作为反面观点的例子出现的，所以是为了阐述另外一面的观点，选B。
13.要插入的句子中有not only，also的结构，那么起到的就是承上启下的作用。句子前面一定出现emotional distress的内容，后面要引出的就是 intended cognitive gains的相关内容，所以选B。
14.BDE
托福阅读译文
【1】由于不同社会持有的关于儿童早教目的观点的不同，学前班(5岁以下儿童的教育项目)的形式在不同国家也大不相同。比如说，在一项中、日、美三国的跨国学前班调査中，调査者发现这三个国家的父母对学前教育的看法大相径庭。中国的父母大都认为上学前班可以帮孩子们打开学术上的大门，日本父母则把其看做是一个使孩子融入集体的好机会。相比之下，美国父母认为学前班最主要的目的是让孩子减少依赖性并变得更加自立，尽管获得一个良好的学业开端和团队经验同样重要。
【2】许多为学龄前儿童设计的课程项目主要集中在社会因素和情感因素上，而有些主要是为提升学龄前孩子们的认知能力和给他们提供开始上幼儿园后会经历的正规指导。在美国，众所周知，为促进未来学术成功设计的项目叫“Head Start”，在20世纪60年代美国开始“对贫穷开战”时建立的。这个项目已经为超过13000000孩子和其家庭提供服务。其强调的是家长的参与，为培养“全方位发展的儿童”所设计的，包括孩子的身体健康、自信心、社会责任感以及社交能力与情感的发展。
【3】“Head Start”的成功与否取决于人们看待的角度。比如说，如果人们希望它可以带来智商的长期増长，那它终将是令人失望。因为，尽管“Head Start”可以使智力迅速地提高，但这种増长并不会持续太久。另一方面，很显然，“Head Start”的目标是让学龄前儿童做好上学的准备。相对那些没参与过“Head Start”计划的孩子们而言，参加了这个项目的孩子们对学业有着更充分的准备。而且，“Head Start”的毕业生今后的学习成绩会更好。最后，调査表明，虽然收获一般，但最终“Head Start”的毕业生在高中结束时会取得更高的学术成就。
【4】此外，从其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果来看，那些参加过学前项目的毕业生很少重读，他们更愿意完成学校而不是预备项目。在毕业生长到27岁时，纳税人在这个项目上曾经花费的每1美元都可省下7美元。
【5】最近关于早期介入项目的综合评估表明，总的来说，学前项目可以带来巨大的收益，政府在早期投入的资金最终会减少未来的花销。比如说，与没有参与早期介入项目的孩子相比, 参加了各种项目的孩子在情感和认知能力上得到了提高，改善了教育成果，提高了经济的自足性，减少了犯罪行为的发生，健康行为得到了改进。当然，不是所有的项目都能产生这样的收益，也不是每个孩子都能得到同等程度的提高。此外，一些调査者称那些相对便宜的项目和昂贵项目结果一样好。评估的结果仍然很乐观，它认为早期介入的潜在好处是不可估量的。
【6】并不是所有人都认为在学前期追求学术上的提高是一件好事。事实上，据发展心理学家 大卫??艾尔凯德所说，美国社会急于催促逼迫孩子，以至于他们年纪小却感到压力。艾尔凯德认为学术上的成功主要取决于父母控制以外的因素，如天生的能力和孩子的成熟程度。因此，如果不考虑特定年龄段孩子们目前的认知发展水平，就不能期待他们掌握教材。总之，孩子们需要发展适当的教育实践，那就是基于孩子的典型发展和独特性的教育。
篇3：托福阅读出题规律解析总结
托福阅读题型简介
1、托福阅读单词题目
平时注意单词量的积累，力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略，那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。考试过后，你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外，对于自己不认识的单词，我们应该主动回原文找同义词，或找相关的提示信息。
2、托福阅读题型之找代词指代对象的题目
在考试中，它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类，这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握，这时，我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话，从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类，我们在面对这种题目时，应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者，因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
3、托福考试阅读考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福考试中，也存在着两大主要题型，即：文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
(1)、文章细节考查题
解答文章细节考查题，我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的内容，进而得出答案。
常见的定位有以下3种：
(1)题目本身给出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。
(2)、文章结构考查题
一定要注意：
(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体，尽可能各段独立。
(3)根据经验，在考试中，整篇文章的最后一句出题较多，所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的句子。
以上是针对托福考试阅读部分的常见题型做出的一些有关于考试解题方法与技巧的分项介绍。
在整个的阅读考试中，我们还应该了解到：
(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内，我们的记忆比理解更为重要，在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文，切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。
(2)在做题步骤方面，我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一，二句话)，而后阅读题目，最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是，我们在做出判断的时候，切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较，而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。
篇4：托福阅读出题规律解析总结
托福阅读常见的套路和特点
新托福阅读考试的整体特点为：
题目大多为客观题，基本都可以在文章中找到答案的对应点。
新托福阅读的出题顺序和文章对应内容的顺序基本是一致的。
具体套路有：
托福阅读文章中出现否定/转折句、因果句、举例句等逻辑关系比较明显的句子常考推断题或者插入文本题。
文章中出现含比较级和比喻的句子往往会考推断题。
文章中出现绝对性较大的词如must, all, only, never, always等;最高级词汇如highest, most important等;同位语、插入语、举例句等，这些往往是出题的要点，一般考查细节性题目。
文章中出现并列、列举的信息，这些信息一般考细节性题目，尤其是否定排除题。该题型在题目的4个选项中有3个选项符合原文内容，只有一个选项不符合原文内容或者原文没有提到，题目便要求选出这个选项。这种题型只适合于考并列、列举信息。因此，考生们在答题过程中如果看到并列、列举信息就应该预想可能考否定排除题，或者遇到否定排除题时，在文章中定位信息时就应该注意找并列、列举信息。
文章每段的首尾句是特别重要的地方，因为英语中作者往往喜欢在段落的首尾句表达中心思想，或者进行总结综述。因此这些地方往往容易出主体性问题，如摘要题，细节性问题或者结构性问题。
有些特殊标点考生也要尤其注意。如：
破折号——表示解释说明，可能考细节性问题
括号——表示解释说明，可能考细节性问题
冒号——表示解释说明，可能考细节性问题;有时表示列举，可能考否定排除题
引号——表示引用，可能考细节性问题
上述就是有关托福阅读考试题型详细介绍及出题特点分析，相信通过上述介绍，大家对于托福阅读考试考什么、怎么考有了更清晰的了解，接下来就是针对性的不断练习和总结，肯定会有很大的提高。小编祝大家学习愉快!
篇5：托福阅读出题规律解析总结
新托福阅读题型比例分配
托福阅读的题型共分10种，即词汇题、指代题、句子简化题、插入句子题、事实信息题、否定事实信息题、推断题、修辞目的题、小结题和图表题。其中前 8种题型都属于基本信息类题型，即每篇文章的14道题目中的13道题目，每个1分。而后两种题型，小结题和图表题属于最后的1道小结类题目，两者选其一， 通常为小结题(6选3)，满分2分，错一个选项扣一分。
如果知道了每篇文章的的分数与题型的对应关系，那我们就能够用于对我们的备考策略提供指引。那么每篇文章的分数和题型是如何对应的呢?
我们来看一下每篇文章的题型构成：
基本信息类题型——13题
1.词汇题——3题
2.指代题——1题
3.句子简化题——1题
4.插入句子题——1题
5.事实信息题——3题
6.否定事实信息题——1题
7.推断题——1题
8.修辞目的题——2题
小结类题型——1题
小结题和填表题，二选其一——1题
从该构成中可以看出，词汇题和事实信息题是所占数量较多的题型，占比达到43%，因此在备考过程中，这两种题型应该是考生准备的重点
篇6：托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
句子简化题是托福阅读中不可忽视的一类题型，它考察学生对长难句的理解和同义替换能力的掌握，而这些技能在学生未来的海外求学生涯中都极为重要。下面我们就以真题为例，给大家深入解析一下句子简化题的应对策略，希望有助于各位的托福阅读备考。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化，而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项，A为正确答案。
将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
浏览原句，从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项，A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词，此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。
托福词汇之10种著名小吃的英语说法
羊肉泡馍
01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [标志性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [炖的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.
带有汤汁的饭菜通常用in + 汤汁这个公式来表达，如红烧肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。
肉夹馍
02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……组成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [炖猪肉] and a crispy baked bread.
肉夹馍其实是馍夹肉__但不管怎样，肉夹馍和西方的汉堡包很类似，只不过肉夹馍用的是饼，汉堡包用的是面包。顺便说一下，驴肉火烧可以翻译为donkey burger。
凉皮
03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黄瓜].
提到noodle的时候，通常都是复数noodles，因为我们不可能就吃一根吧!方便面叫instant noodles。
biangbiang面
04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.
酸汤水饺
05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [葱花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味无穷].
汤圆一般翻译为sweet dumpling，如果要告诉外国人饺子和汤圆的区别，恐怕得进一步解释一下。
粉蒸肉
06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不扬的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.
馒头可以翻译为steamed bun，包子就是有馅的馒头，可以说成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子馒头都用steamed bun。
串儿
07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上瘾的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.
穿肉串的签子叫skewer。
石榴汁儿
08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.
我中学大学的时候会说的水果很少，撑死5个：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市场，立志要把所有常见水果的英文说法学会。
甑糕
09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商贩] only prepare one batch [一炉] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [枣子] layered cake) a day.
glutinous rice也可以简单说成sticky rice。我们传统的英语课堂上通常是不会教这些词汇的，因为考试不考，看到人名地名，老师也会跳过(基本不会教人名地名的发音)，因为考试不考，这就导致我们中的绝大多数出了学校就像从来没有学过英语一样，因为只会用排除法做选择题。凡是我们经常看到的，听到的，想到的，都应该设法用英语说出来，这样才会有成就感，才不会觉得枯燥，才不会放弃!
汤包
10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.
这里把汤包翻译为soup dumpling其实也可以理解，因为汤包和饺子也没有绝对的区别。总之，中文和英文是两种截然不同的语言，词汇不可能完全对应，需要我们不断揣摩和体会，这也许就是语言的魅力吧。加油!
托福词汇之“雨夹雪”用英语怎么说?
首先，“雨夹雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American对它的解释是：
1. a mixture of snow and rain
2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky
也就是说，sleet既可以作名词，又可以作动词，作动词时是“下雨夹雪”的意思。
其实，部分以字母组合sl-开头的单词与“滑”有关，如：
1. sleet 雨夹雪-导致地面湿滑。
2. sleek 光滑而有光泽。如sleek black hair就是洗发水广告中经常出现的“乌黑顺滑的头发”。
3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用来滑的。著名圣诞歌曲Jingle Bells里有一句歌词是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。
4. slide 滑动;滑梯。sliding door是滑动门，也就是开关的时候是往左右两侧滑动的门，与转动的合页门对应。
5. slip 滑(倒)
6. slippery 湿滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共场所可见。
7. slippers 拖鞋-后跟拖着在地上滑动，发出嚓嚓的响声。拖鞋是一双，所以要用复数slippers。
8. slope 斜坡;斜面-东西放上去容易往下滑。还记得物理课上的斜面吗?上面放一个长方体，问斜面与地面的夹角大于多少度时长方体会往下滑动。
托福词汇之“老司机”用英语怎么说?
林丹出轨事件继续发酵升温。据某媒体爆料，林丹居然是出轨“老司机”。今天我们来看看“老司机”用英语怎么说。
林丹曾经拍摄的一则公益广告，前几天被网友“挖坟”了。
广告词“人生不能越界，底线必须坚守”，惨遭打脸。
林丹到底是不是老司机不重要，我们今天来讨论一下“老司机”到底怎么翻译。
“老司机”的直译是experienced driver，也就是说，这里的“老”并不一定指年纪大，而是“有经验的”。中文里的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年纪也不相关。
【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名经验丰富的司机，和我们工作了了。
但是，如今网络上流行的“老司机”跟司机其实没有什么关系了，百度是这样解释的(愤青们，其实百度解释中文还是比较精确的，别喷)：“老司机，网络名词。意为行业老手，对各种规则、内容以及技术、玩法经验老道的人。”也就是说，“老司机”并不非得是泡妞专家或情场老手，只要在一个行业混得比较久的经验比较丰富的人，都可以叫“老司机”，相当于“老手”或“老江湖”。
其实非常巧，英文中正好有一个词叫old hand和中文的“老手”精确对应，当然也可以对应“老司机”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是这样解释old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。
【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名资深的摄影师，他的爱好是拍摄野生动物，这一爱好已经持续了13年。
(来源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)
既然词典说了veteran是old hand的同义词，那么“老司机”还可以说成veteran。既然词典又说了novice是old hand的反义词，那么novice就对应于我们常说的“菜鸟”。
总结一下：
old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司机
novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鸟
篇7：深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换
深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换
以TPO为例，来看一下一篇文章中究竟会出现多少种同义替换。
第一种：单词替换
这一类型替换其实是语言中最容易辨别的，也就是单词会以原形进行不同的变化。总共有两种不同的变化;
1. 同义词/近义词
原文：The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in594B.C.,when he broke the aristocracy's strangle hold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding...
题目：According to paragraph3.an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to
[A]make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly
[B]make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office
[C]help the aristocrats maintain power
[D]Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens
原句中的broke the aristocracy’s strangle hold on elected offices 这句话中的broke 为否定词，替换成近义词否定，成为否定前缀non-， 而aristocracy 则替换成同义词，替换成aristocrats。
TPO40 P1T9中也考察了类似变化
原文：Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures...
题目：According to Paragraph 4. one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to
[A]ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners
[B]distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region
[C]limit the number of aristocratic clans
[D]reduce the importance of family connections
不难发现原文中的weakening 同义替换成D选项中的reduce，近义词变化，因此答案选D。
这一类型同义替换最主要是考察对于单词的认知，最常见就是相近相似单词的变化，所以在辨识度上面比较容易，对于这样的同义替换现象，其实只要针对固定的单词进行背诵，也就是托福常考的单词类型背诵，其实就可以大大避免错误量。
2. 词组同义替换
TPO40P1T8
原文：By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out,andin508B.C.a new reformer, Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already underway.
题目：The tyrants were driven out, and in 508B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy
本题中出现的同义替换是词组的同义替换，gave final form替换成completed the weakening , 虽然单词不是特别的难，但是重点在于阅读时不能只阅读单词，而是要以意群式阅读，以词组或者是短语为阅读单位，这样就不容易被此类干扰项混淆。
第二种：逻辑关系词变化
这一种同义替换经常出现在逻辑关系的句子中，也就是句子主语和宾语在单词上并不会有很大的变化，但是关系词变化比较明显，一般在平行结构(and, but,or )或者在因果关系上最为明显。
如：TPO33P3T3
原文：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
题目：3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
该长句其实是2个长句的并列;主要分成2个意思：第一是没有任何一种生物能永远地统治，第二是恐龙灭亡之后，哺乳动物开始发展统治，且两层意思之间可以构成因果关系。所以只有B选项满足所有条件。从此题不难发现在备考过程中一定要熟悉句子内部的逻辑关系，如让步，转折，对比还有因果等关系等。
这一类型的同义替换最重要是能判别出前后二者的关系为何，一旦明确关系后就可以根据逻辑连接词进行干扰项的排除，快速解题。
第三种：句子信息概括
这一类型的同义替换是所有变形中最难也是托福阅读中最难的一部分，大多数情况下这类型句子原文会比较长，甚至有可能是两句话， 而答案会稍短一些，将两句话中的内容综合就可以得出答案。
举例说明：
TPO 40 P1T1
原文：One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800B.C.to500B.C.was the rise of the polis, or city-state,and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
题目：Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?
A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.
B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.
C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.
D. By 500B.C.the city-states were no longer powerful.
题目中的句子是针对原文中那么长的一句内容进行概括， 每一个城邦有一种适应其特征的政权概括起来就是不同的城邦有不同的政权，因此答案应该为C。
本题的概括性其实并没有很难，重点在于了解句意， 并且知道该句的重点内容究竟在何。
如果遇到更长一点的句子，那么重点就在反复讨论的内容和重点细节为何，这一点在TPO31P3T3上特别明显：
原文：In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
According to paragraph 3. rain forests and savannas differ in that
A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.
B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.
C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.
D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.
本题的答案其实就是根据该段中的for example一句内容进行概括后得出，不难发现原句句子很长且单词比较具体，而答案中信息则是简洁明了。这就是典型的概括性同义替换，同时题目难度也增加了。应对这一类型题目，需要了解句子中的相关关系，摈弃过于细节的内容，抓主干即可。
托福查询分数可能出现哪些问题?
问1：考完考试分数多久出来，可以刷分(就是考多次考试)吗?
答：考试结束后，一般10-13个工作日ETS官网上就可以查询成绩了。托福考试的分数是没有记录的，也就是说考生无论参加多少次的托福考试，申请是都可以用自己的最高成绩进行申请，其他次的考试不会对成绩造成任何影响，但是两次考试要间隔12天以上。
问2：考试之后的正式成绩单如何寄送?
答：托福考试的成绩单的寄送是指将托福成绩单邮寄给考生自己，而并非将成绩单邮寄给美国大学。一般成绩单在考试完成后8周左右会邮寄到考生手里。
问3：什么是口语成绩的“复议”?
答：口语“复议”的概念是：提出口语部分重新评分的申请。同时需要交纳一定的费用。
复议的收费分下面两种
第一种，如果你只是想要对口语或者是写作部分进行成绩复议的话，那么你所要交纳的费用是535元人民币。
例如：口语复议申请单项：535元。
例如：作文复议申请单项：535元。
第二种，如果你想要对两项都进行成绩复议的话，就是说，你也想复议口语也想复议作文，那么你就要交1067元人民币。
例如：口语与作文同时申请双项：1067元。
问4：何种情况适合复议?
答：以下两种情况比较适合复议：
1)其它分数很高，单项成绩很低，比考生自己预想的成绩低。
2)申请的时间允许，因为复议需要较长的时间。
注意：复议可能会加分同样可能会降分一旦降分将无法修改!
如果考生判断自己应高于或等于此分，可选择复议。只有口语和作文是可以复议的。但许多同学遇到听力或阅读只得到个位数成绩的情况。想口语复议的考生可以回忆一下考试时的发挥，以及对照高分的EXAMPLE ANSWER来决定是否复议。也有说法是说如果其他三项的分数都很高，口语复议加分的可能性比较大。作文方面，有的时候自己认为写的很不错的文章，拿给别人一看就会被挑出很多毛病，所以作文的主观感觉有时不是很准。作文可以把自己平时的文章拿来参照OG上的评分标准。如果平常的文章就有一些语法错误和拼写错误的话，真正考试的时候只会多不会少，提分的可能性就不大。
问5：申请复议的时间有要求吗?
答：自2012年10月10日起托福网考成绩复议申请期限开始调整改变，由原来的考试结束后的三个月内变为考试结束后30天内提出申请。与此同时，如果考生已申请了向机构或者学校或寄送成绩单，包括免费和付费申请，那么就不能再对该次考试成绩提出复议。
托福阅读考试七个高分技巧
(1)概括地观察 Survey
首先略读每章或每页的大概内容，例如：可从书本的序言和目录开始，通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机，而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title，主题 main。
headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句，导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话)，图片说明 captions to all graphics 等，这样，你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。
(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question
观察课文内容后，提出一个包含所有新托福阅读数据的问题，把问题写在每章节的开首，令自己可以看到此问题时，便忆起全部内容。
(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading
当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时，由此而提出有关问题，写在题目或图片旁边，帮助你阅读文章内容。
(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions
阅读章节时，尽量跟随你的问题来找答案，把握课文重点。
(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question
在了解一段内容后，找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases，并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔，既方便又快捷。
(6)修正问题 Revise the questions
如果在阅读时，发现问题并未得到解答或不明确，可重新写下问题，并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章，遇到不明白的地方，再请教导师或同学。
(7)举一反三 Use examples
当你理解全文时，便可将知识整理起来，同时，学习类推的方法，将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上，利用联带关系，才能把文章内容融会贯通，大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如：当银行利率提高时，会使银行的存款利息增加，而你可能会联想到投资受影响，或是你会类推更多其它事项。
关于托福阅读备考的八个建议
托福阅读复习TIPS：
1.考试采取早签早考原则，所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队，早点开考。不过如果过早的话，就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。
2.一进考场在托福阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒，会有些影响，一定要集中注意力;
3.每个人开始的时间不一样，所以具体休息的时间不一样，具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。
4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师，因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来，下一个人才能去，所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你，这样就会让你先出去，否则要等很长时间;
5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样，但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的，不要跨去做题，顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;
6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩，不要点错，否则就白考了。
7.中间根本没有时间吃东西，考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累，接近虚脱状态。
8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复，甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的，但是分配到每个国家，时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经，可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。
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