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大学英语四级考试语法基础：时态

时间：2025年12月11日

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下面是小编为大家整理的大学英语四级考试语法基础：时态，本文共8篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。本文原稿由网友“大梦居士”提供。

篇1：大学英语四级考试语法基础：时态

1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别

1) 现在完成时：

① 构成：have / has +过去分词

② 语法意义及要点：

a. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far， up to now， since， for a long time等。

--he has worked as a teacher for many years.

--up till now， nothing has gone wrong.

b. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet， just， before， recently等;也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often， ever， never， sometimes， several times等;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now， today， this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year ， in 等)。

--i have never learned japanese before.

--we have been quite busy lately (recently)。

c. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。

--we’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.

--i shall go to see you when i have finished my homework.

note：行为不能持续的瞬间动词(instantaneous verb)，如arrive， begin， come， go， start， leave， die， join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

--he has joined the army for five years. (误)

--he has been in the army for five years. (正)

2) 过去完成时：

① 构成：had +过去分词

② 语法意义及要点：

过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。

--david and jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

--they had got everything ready before the party began.

note：与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。

--he said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.

3) 将来完成时：

① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词

② 语法意义及要点：

将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。

--he will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.

--the shop will have closed already before you get there.

2. 哪些动词不能用于进行时

1) 表示状态的动词，如be， seem， appear， become， get等。

he is being a used-car dealer.(误)

he is a used-car dealer.(正)

she is seeming always about to smile.(误)

she seems always about to smile.(正)

2) 表示感官感觉的动词，如see(看见)， hear(听见)，feel(感觉出)， taste(尝出)，smell(闻到)等。

the medicine is tasting bitter. (误)

the medicine tastes bitter. (正)

i was seeing a car passing by our house. (误)

i saw a car passing by our house. (正)

3) 表示拥有的动词，如have， own， possess， belong， contain， hold等。

he is owning a luxurious car. (误)

he owns a luxurious car. (正)

the book is belonging to her. (误)

the book belongs to her.(正)

4) 表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe， think， know， understand， agree， approve， consider， expect， forget， guess， hesitate， hope， imagine， mean， realize， remember， suppose， trust， want， wish等。

i’m thinking that he is right. (误)

i think that he is right. (正)

i’m understanding your feelings. (误)

i understand your feelings. (正)

5) 表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire， appreciate， care， enjoy， like， love， hate， detest， regret等。

he is loving his daughter very much. (误)

he loves his daughter very much. (正)

i’m regretting to say we cannot come. (误)

i regret to say we cannot come. (正)

3. 时态的呼应

时态的呼应又称时态一致(sequence of tenses)，指的是某些从句里的动词谓语时态必须和主句里的时态保持一致。

如果主句里的谓语动词是过去时态(过去时或过去完成时)，那么从句的谓语动词时态也相应地要用过去时。时态的呼应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句中，但其他从句有时也存在时态一致的问题。

--he explained that he had learned chinese for many years.(现在完成时变为过去完成时)

--he said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.(过去进行时变为过去完成进行时)

--he told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.(将来完成时变为过去将来完成时)

虽然主句用了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或某人(物)的经常性特点时，其时态可以不必遵守时态呼应的规则而仍用一般现在时。

--galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.

--the teacher told the students that knowledge is power.

如果从句中有一个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不必把一般过去时变为过去完成时。

--he said that he joined the red army in 1933.

篇2：大学英语四级考试语法基础：分词

1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别

现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：

a changing world(一个变化着的世界);a changed world( 一个已经起变化的世界)

surprising news(令人惊讶的消息);surprised people(感到惊讶的人们)

2. 分词作状语

作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

hearing the news， he heaved a sigh of relief.

given another chance， i’ll do it much better.

3. 分词作定语

分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

he’s a spoilt child.

the man standing over there is our new english teacher.

where are we to get the material needed?

4. 分词作宾语补足语

分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see， hear， notice， watch， find， observe， smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get， have， keep， leave， set， make， let等。此外，分词还可在want， like， wish， order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

she watched her baby sleeping.

i got my hair cut.

i don’t want you worrying about me.

5. 分词与连词的连用

分词可与各种连词(如：when， while， once， until， if， unless， though， although， even if， as， as if， as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

she’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

he went on talking， though continually interrupted.

6. 分词的独立结构

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

weather permitting， the football match will be played on wednesday.

her son having been sent to school， she began to do some shopping.

he returned three days later， his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

there were two parties yesterday evening， each attended by some students.

篇3：大学英语四级考试语法基础：常用形容词同介词的搭配

absent from不在,缺席 abundant in富于

alien to 与...相反 angry with sb at/about sth生气,愤怒

anxious about/for忧虑,担心 appropriate for/to适当,合适

applicable to适用于 apt at聪明,善于

apt to易于 ashamed of羞愧,害臊

approximate to近拟,接近aware of意识到

applicable to sb for sth可用,可供 bare of几乎没有,缺乏

bound for开往... capable of能够

careful of/about/with;小心,注意 certain of /about确信,肯定

about/in doing characteristic of特有,独特

clear of没有,不接触 clever at善于

close to接近,亲近comparable to/with可比较

conscious of察觉到,意识到 consequent on随之而来

considerate towards体谅,体贴 contemporary with与...同时代

content with满足于 contrary to违反

counter to与...相反 crazy about热衷,着迷

critical of挑剔,批评 curious about好奇,想知道

distinct from种类(风格)不同 doubtful of /about怀疑

east of在...东面 equal to相等,胜任

equivalent to等于,相当于 essential to/for必不可少

expert at/in/on善于 faithful to忠实于

familiar to sb为...所熟悉 familiar with sth熟悉,通晓

fatal to致命的 favourable to支持,赞成

favourable for有帮助的 fearful of惧怕

fit for适于 foreign to非...所原有

fond of喜欢 free of /from未受...;免费

free with康慨,大方 guilty of有...罪的

hungry for渴望 ignorant of不知道

impatient at sth.不耐烦 impatient of无法容忍

with sb independent of不受...支配

impatient for急切,渴望 indifferent to无兴趣,不关心

indignant with sb.愤慨 inferior to级别低于,不如

ab/about sth innocent of无...罪,无辜

intent on专心于 invisible to不可见的j ealous of嫉妒 keep on爱好,很喜欢

liable for对...有责任 liable to易于

loyal to忠于 mad at/with sb.生气,愤怒 mad with因...发狂 next to下一个,其次

necessary to /for必要的 opposite to在对面

open to不限制,开放的 particular about挑剔,讲究

arallel to与...平等,类似 peculiar to独特的,独有的

atient with有耐心 prior to在...之前

opular with受...喜爱,爱戴 representative of代表...的

relative to与...有关 rich in富于

responsible for负责,是...原因 sensitive to对...敏感

sensible of觉查到 sick of厌恶,厌倦

short of缺少 skilled at /in善于

similar to相似 sufficient for足够的

subject to受制于,易于 superior to优于,级别高于

suitable for/to适合于 suspicious of怀疑

sure of /about对...有信心,确信 typical of是典型的,特有的

tired of对...不在感兴趣 votal to对...关系重大

uncertain of /about不确知 mad about/on狂热迷恋

void of没有,缺乏

篇4：大学英语四级考试语法：从句

i 定语从句

1.先行词为all， anything， something， nothing， everything， much， little， none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。在大多数情况下that可以省略.

please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter.

that’s all (that) we can do at the moment.

2.as引出的限制性定语从句

在such … as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。有时和same连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。

such people as were recommended by him were reliable.

i’ve never seen such a talented young man as he is.

i have the same trouble as you (have)。

3.as引出的非限制性定语从句

as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)象…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面.

i live a long way from work， as you know.

she did not， as her friend had feared， break down.

as is generally accepted， economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

4.分隔式定语从句

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。

the days are gone when power politics worked.

a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you french.

5.介词+关系代词(which/whom等)引出的定语从句

如果关系代词(which/whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which/whom等)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。

this is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.

the four travelers with whom i shared the room were pleasant people.

6.关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况：

1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。

this is something (that) you must always keep in mind.

the man (whom) you just met is our manager.

关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。

this is the room (which) churchill was born in.

this is the room in which churchill was born.(which不可省略)

2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由there … be存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。

this is the only book (that) there is on this subject.

the old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research.

3) 在way后面的定语从句中in which或that通常省略。

that’s the way (that/in which) i look at it.

i don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.

7.非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种。

1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。

he said that he had never seen her before， which was not true.

china is still a developing country， which is known to all of us.

2)由 “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

he sent her a letter， in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.

he failed to pass the exam， because of which his parents scolded him.

4) 由 “数词、代词或名词+of +关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。

he had three sons， one of whom was my son’s classmate.

there are about twenty students in this course， most of whom are freshmen.

they are two different words， the spellings of which are easily confused.

Ⅱ 状语从句

状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。

1) 时间状语从句

时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when， whenever， as， while， since， until， till， before， after， as soon as， once， hardly (scarcely) … when， no sooner … than。

i will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.

he didn’t go to sleep until he finished doing his homework.

you have changed a lot since we met last time.

时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment， the instant， every time，等)和副词(instantly， directly等)引导：

i will tell you the news the instant i know.

directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.

note：

①before除了可表示 “在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。(“not … before” 可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”)。

it was a long time before i got to sleep again.

they had not been married a month before they quarreled.

②如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或“was/were about to， was/were on the point of”等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。

i was walking on the street when i ran into my old friend john.

she had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

we were about to leave when it began to rain.

2) 条件状语从句

条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if， unless， providing/provided (that)， suppose/supposing (that)， on condition (that)， as/so long as， in case等。

so long as you work hard， you will surely achieve good results in examinations.

i shall return next thursday unless something unexpected happens.

i will go provided that you go with me.

please give this letter to john in case he comes.

3) 让步状语从句

让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though， although， even if， even though， whatever， however， whoever， wherever， no matter how/ what/ where/ when等。以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。

(1)while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。

while i admit i did it， i didn’t intend to.

while i understand what you say， i can’t agree with you.

(2)短语“even now/then/so”相当于“though it is/was true”，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。

the fire was out， but even so， the smell of smoke was strong.

i’ve tried my best， but even now/then she is not satisfied.

(3) as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。

child as he was， he could speak four languages.

hard as she tried， she failed to get the job.

4) 比较状语从句

比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not) as … as， (not) the same as， (not) such … as， not so … as， than， the + 比较级…， the +比较级…等。

we have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.

she can speak english as fluently as her teacher (can)。

Ⅲ 宾语从句

1) 及物动词后的宾语从句

有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。

i remember that we have learned this word before.

i don’t understand what you have said.

she asked the teacher how she could learn english well.

2) 介词的宾语从句

it depends on whether you want to do it or not

there is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.

note：在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，in that可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。

the evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means.

a turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.

篇5：大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句

1、mary is a beautiful girl.

名词的扩展靠限定，最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语，上面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然，如果只是mary is a girl这样的句子会让人觉得非常枯燥，没有什么意义，所传递的信息量极其有限。所以，名词前面加定语，可以使被限定的名词更加生动，更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出更多限定，挖掘更多内部信息，我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定，如mary is a beautiful chinese girl.

放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式，形容词，名词，动词现在分词，动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样，但是这类定语还是比较好理解，只要顺着句子的顺序，就基本可以明白是怎么回事。

2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well.

有时候，我们需要对名词给出很多的说明，用大量的信息来限定名词。这时，如果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面，就会头重脚轻，所以英语中会用跟在名词后面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号，而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用，不可或缺，后者起到补充作用，舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。

本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句，使得主语the computer得到限定而明确，是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可以通过后面加定语从句来扩展，我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来，请看下例：

another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club.

译文：另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马，这种比赛由赛马总会控制。

本句话中，两个which引导的定语从句分别对前面的名词“spectator sport”和“horse-racing”，如果去掉这两个定语从句，句子就比较简单“another popular spectator sport is horse-racing.”

请再看下例：

each course which a student attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree.

译文：学生所上的每门课都将给他一个学分，当学生把所得学分累加到一定数量就可以获得一个学位。

本句子的表象也是有点复杂，但是如果我们明白定语从句可以限定名词，就可以把定语从句的部分先括起来跳过不看，抓住主干。第一个从句which a student attends到这里已经完整，所以括起来，同理第二个从句which he may count towards a degree，剩下的即为主干each course gives him a credit.在翻译时，要注意汉语句子的结构平衡，所以一般把短的定语从句放在被限定名词前面翻译，而把相对较长的定语从句放在被限定的名词后面翻译。

有时候，定语从句的引导词如果在从句中作宾语，那么引导词可以省略，如下例：

pollution and waste is a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.

本句话的主干就是开头部分pollution and waste is a problem.在problem后面紧跟着everyone can help to solve这个定语从句，省略了引导词that，by后面引导的是限定动词solve的状语by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products。在状语部分，最后是名词products，后面又有一个省略that的定语从句(that) we use in our daily lives。显然，省略引导词后，定语从句判断的难度会加大，但是我们可以根据句子的含义来判断句子和前面名词的限定关系。

篇6：大学英语四级考试语法复习指导

大学英语四级考试语法复习指导

6月的四级考试题型变革，把长期以来作为重点考查的语法减至一题。非谓语动词、虚拟语气、关系代词、时态语态等等这些长期以来考点已经被打入冷宫。之后的考试语法题基本消失。

第一部分、语法讲义

206月的四级考试题型变革，把长期以来作为重点考查的语法减至一题。非谓语动词、虚拟语气、关系代词、时态语态等等这些长期以来考点已经被打入冷宫。之后的考试语法题基本消失。我们在配置自己的有限备考时间也应有所调整。

语法之于英语学习的重要性实际上并没有如何降低，在语言知识运用(完形填空等)、作文、阅读长难句分析方面起到的作用是不可替代的。因此我们要抓住复习的重点，集中突破在各个题型最容易出问题的语法点。

该部分将主要结合阅读理解长难句分析来快速掌握语法的精髓。很多时候，我们准确定位之后，由于和问题相关的句子长、难，造成最终理解错误而选错答案，这非常可惜，连前面定位的时间都浪费了。能否快速有效的抓住定位句子的主干大意和次要细节实际已经成为阅读分数高低的'一个关键问题。

第一节、解决四级英语长难句的意义

1、阅读，抓不住句子重点，在一个句子上浪费太多时间。最后根据不完整的理解，碰运气乱猜答案。

2、翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手；胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响印象分。

(一)长难句到底难在哪里?--几句废话般的常识。

1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多；

2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断；

3)代词的指代关系复杂；

4)并列成分多；

5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长；

6)习惯搭配。

注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是“团伙作案”。

(二)长难句的破解的几个基本要点

・把握规律(按照所讲的基本方法)

・充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。

・破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。

(三)长难句解决的具体步骤

1、抓主干

2、理顺主从句子关系。

(四)分析句子成分的详细过程

1)找出全句主谓宾或主系表，即句子的主干；

2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词；

3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等；以及词，短语和从句之间的关系；

4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分

相关推荐：记忆四六级大纲词汇注意的几点

大学英语四级同义词辨析

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篇7：大学英语四级考试语法：49短语动词

1)动词+介词(+宾语)?

这类结构在四级考试中考察最多，需要了解每个短语的确切含义及相近短语的区别。?

【例句】?without proper lessons, you coulda lot of habits when playing the piano. (cet-4 , 12)?

a) keep up

b) catch up?

c) pick up

d) draw up?

keep up：坚持，保持，使继续;catch up：跟上，赶上;pick up：拿起，捡起;draw up：起草，拟定，使停止。本句译为：没有正确的练习，你弹琴时许多坏习惯会保持下去，因此答案为a。?

everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we can meet the body's need for it from natural sources without turning the salt bottle. (cet-4,2000,12)?

a) to

b) over

c) on

d) up?

turn to：求助于，求教;turn over：翻转，移交;turn on：打开;turn up：出席，出现。本句译为：我们吃喝的所以东西都含有盐份，我们从自然的饮食中便可以满足对盐份的需求而不必求助于盐浚??哉?反鸢肝狝。?

a) look out

b) make out?

c) refer to

d) go over?

look out：当心，注意;make out：辨认，了解;refer to：提及，谈到，查阅，咨询;go over：复习。本句意思为：我不懂这个词，我不得不查字典，所以正确答案是c。?

the early pioneers had tomany hardships to settle on the new land. (cet- 4, 2000, 6)?

a) go along with

b) go back on?

c) go through

d) go into?

go along with：陪伴;go back on：违背，背弃;go through：经历，详细讨论;g o into：进入，调查。句意为：早期的开拓者不得不经历了千辛万苦才在新的土地上定居，所以正确答案是c。?

2)动词+副词?

这类结构不用于被动语态。?

【例如】?i am sure you can't win the game, so you may well give in.?

3)动词+宾语+副词?

宾语为代词时，必须位于谓语动词与副词之间;宾语为名词时，位置比较灵活。用于被动语态时，动词与副词不能分开。?

【例如】?

i decided to give it up, for it was too difficult.?i decided to give up the program, for it was too difficult.?his proposal was turned down by his boss.?

4)动词+副词+介词(+宾语)

【例如】?we are running out of fresh water.?we should work hard to make up for what we have lost.?we had toa lot of noise when the children were at home. (cet-4 ,6)?

a) go in for

b) hold on to?

c) put up with

d) keep pace with?

go in for：从事，致力于;hold on to：紧紧抓住;put up with：容忍，忍受;keep pa ce with：跟上，同速前进。句意为：当孩子们在家的时候，我们不得不忍受许多噪音，因此应选择c。?

the destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of mone y could. (cet-4 1995,6)?

a) stand up to

b) make up for

c) come up with

d) put up with?

stand up to：耐久，耐用;make up for：补偿，弥补;come up with：产生，发现;p ut up with：容忍，忍受。句意为：这些珍宝遭到破坏是人类的损失，是多少金钱都弥补不了的，因此应选择b。