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托福阅读如何从“完败”到满分

时间：2025年02月16日

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今天小编就给大家整理了托福阅读如何从“完败”到满分，本文共5篇，希望对大家的工作和学习有所帮助，欢迎阅读!本文原稿由网友“蓝天”提供。

篇1：托福阅读如何从“完败”到满分

托福阅读如何从“完败”到满分?这是一个励志的经历，大家快来学习一下吧!

托福阅读如何从“完败”到满分?

我第一次参加托福，结果败在托福阅读上。阅读失分最多。很好笑，别人觉得阅读很容易提高的，但我就偏偏不行。时隔半年第二次参加托福以后，重点提升阅读，结果考试拿了110分，阅读满分。想知道我是怎么做的吗?

首先，我们要明确，我们的知识面有限，而托福考试所模拟的是北美大学校园的真实学术环境，天文、地质地理、生物、心理、经济、艺术等各类学科文章都有可能出现，除了专业词汇多，涉及的背景知识也很复杂，比如生物钟、DNA、心理学认知实验等，扩大课外阅读量对我们说既可以弥补专业知识不足，又能够增加词汇。有很多牛人阅读获得满分的成功案例，总结起来都有一个特点，就是课外阅读量大。除了英文小说，科学60秒等传统资源，我平时坚持在iTunes U 里同步学习一流美国大学公开课(Open Course)，比如哈佛大学的《博弈论》(Game Theory)，也会看Times、NPR等媒体的官网浏览新闻，并浏览Discovery关于行星形成、生物演化等和托福话题相关的专题纪录片，这样的课外学习不仅是有趣的，也是有用的，而且还免费。需要注意的是，即便是看美剧，遇到不懂的单词也要停下来查一查，并记在专门的本子上，不断积累总结。

好了，这是宏观上如何有效提升阅读能力的方法，那么具体到做题的练习上呢?

我们必须清楚的是，托福阅读的出题是很有特点的，每题都是严格和当题所在的段落相对应的，绝对不会出现做某一题的时候，要到别的段落去找答案的情况。所以做阅读的时候最重要的一件事就是，找到问题中的关键字，然后在原文里找到这个关键字(或者它的同义转述)，然后仔细翻译其所在句，再和选项进行对比。

此外，阅读还有一点很重要，就是要把眼光放在句子和段落上，不要局限于单词和词组的翻译或者理解。从这点也说明，背大量单词其实并不是必须的，更重要的是掌握各种句型结构，掌握连接词在句中的作用，从而提高阅读速度及阅读能力。

当然，做题技巧都是建立在一定的基础上的，空中楼阁绝对盖不高，而这个基础当然还是词汇和语法。记住，托福阅读要求的词汇大概是六级左右的水平，当然能有更大的词汇量的话一定是有百利而无一害的。

还有做题，大家不要忽视，一定要保证做题量。题海战术很痛苦，但是一定需要哦!

托福阅读真题练习：美国农业

托福阅读文本：

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture.

With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.

After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. “Combines” were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production

(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms

(D) The increase in the number of people farming

2. The word “crucial” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) unbelievable

(D) desirable

3. The phrase “avail themselves” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) take care

(B) make use

(D) do more

4.According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?

(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.

(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.

(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each

(A) could perform more than one function

(B) required relatively little power to operate

(D) required two people to operate

7. The word “they” in line 19 refers to

(A) grain stalks

(B) threshing machines

(D) horses

8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because

(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines

(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines

(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

9. The word “ponderous” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) advanced

(B) heavy

(D) rapid

托福阅读答案：

ACBDCABDB

托福阅读真题练习：新艺术风格

托福阅读文本：

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one,bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.

France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces,which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast,stark outline and complex textural surfaces.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style

(B) The popularity of theArt Nouveau style

(D) Color combinations typical of theArt Nouveau style

2. The word “one” in line 4 refers to

(A) century

(B) development

(D) coloration

3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient

buried glass?

(A) The distortion of the glass

(B) The appearance of the glass surface

(D) The size of the glass objects

4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?

(A) to compare differentArt Nouveau styles

(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists

(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world

5. The word “prized” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) valued

(B) universal

(D) preserved

6. The word “overtaken” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) surpassed

(B) inclined

(D) applied

7. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form” (lines 23-24)?

(A)A useful object should not be attractive.

(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.

(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it

(A) clearly distinguished between art and design

(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs

(D) was easily interpreted by the general public

9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?

(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.

(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.

(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.

10.According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include

(A) a flowered design

(B) bright colors

(D) a textured surface

托福阅读答案：

ACBBAABCBA

篇2：备考经验：托福阅读从27到满分你还需要什么

备考经验：托福阅读从27到满分你还需要什么

托福阅读一直是很多机构的老师宣称的最简单的学科，但是也并非人人都能在阅读上拿到28+的分数。其中原因有很多，例如以下这些内心OS：

A. 看不懂单词……你在说啥……

B. 咦怎么时间过完了??我还没做完两篇呢!

C. 这是什么鬼新题型哦……

可能很多考托福的同学都觉得阅读是最简单最容易提分的……是的!当然了!但是……

也没有人人满分。

据我所知，托福阅读容错率是蛮高的，正常难度的话好像错5-7个就可以27吧(纯属个人不靠谱的印象)但其实对于许多初学者来说，托福阅读还真挺难的。拿我自己举例，我一战的时候阅读只有19分……对……19分。那时候真觉得阅读好难啊看到都是一脸懵逼(就像我后来初学SAT阅读一样)。

今天写这篇文章，第一，是给初学托福的朋友们提供一些学习思路少走些弯路;其二，是给27-29的同学们一些提升的技巧，希望对大家有帮助。

论初学者应该怎么开始

对于刚开始准备托福的小朋友来说，一开始千万别急着先去做题，先读1-3篇托福文章，给自己一个定位，读的时候想想：

1.有大概多少比率的单词不认识?

2.能否读懂这个文章的主旨?

3.每段的主旨是什么?段间关系呢?

如果你单词就已经一堆不认识了(我猜30%以上的话)，很多人会让你现在去刷单词……但是，我从来不觉得刷单词书有半毛钱效果，至少对我而言是这样，背了就忘忘了就背然后接着忘(我觉得应该有和我一样的人吧)。

这个时候，我觉得最好的办法就是阅读国外文献，因为在国外大家需要阅读大量的文献，这样在国内提前适应大规模的原版文章的阅读能力只会让你变得更加适应国外的学习。

1、《英语文摘》，报刊亭和新华书店都有售。它最大的优点就在于所有的文章都是节选自欧美的原版文章，而且配有中国人的翻译，恰当地解决了很多人想看原版文章看不懂的问题。在读此杂志的时候请注意一方面需要认真研读，明白每篇文章的意思，同时也可以在看完之后，用自己的方式把这个文章写一个感想出来，这样既锻炼了自己的归纳总结能力，同时也可以锻炼自己的写作文笔，起到一箭双雕的作用。

2、在精读《英语文摘》的同时，必须要去做大量的泛读练习，同时据自己的专业方向挑选必要的专业类杂志，如《TheEconomist》汉语译为《经济学人》，或者《ScientificAmerican》之类的专业杂志，同时有空可以看看美国各大报纸的网站版本，如《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》等美国比较普遍的报纸。

看这些文献的时候要做的其实是看比自己水平高一丢丢的文章，当然如果你可以找到更喜欢的适合自己的文章最好。

这个时候，我觉得精读以上5篇找找感觉是很有必要的(也不一定是5篇大概找到感觉了就可以开始尝试做题了)不过我当时是找的一些自己比较感兴趣的科技类的文章读的，大家也可以从自己喜欢的入手。

然后，警告一句。对于像我这种读书没有恒心没有毅力而且在临近考试又特别容易急的人，千万不要读尝试为了考托福或者SAT而读整整一本厚书，或者是可以写成一本书的长文章。因为这对提高成绩真没啥帮助，其实说白了对英语水平提高也没多大帮助。因为需要花的时间太多了而且精力太分散了。所以最好的办法就是，找一些比托福略长的文章(在各种杂志和网站上找)or直接读托福。

论关于打好基础后怎么准备

这个时候可以刷题，但要控制住自己啊!每天最多3篇多了没效果啊!

有两种常见的做题方法，一种是先读文章再做题，一种是先看题再读文章再做题(明显第二个会花更多时间)但是对于托福来说，我偏好第二种看起来费时间的。因为托福时间真的够啊，而且面对你完全不了解的人类学/农学的文章，先看题是一种完全可行的选择，因为托福的题目在文章中都会给出你答案区间而且答案原文基本一一对应。(SAT另当别论)

其实我认为，题型这东西，应该是在学习者水平已经差不多合格，中后期备考阶段再用。而且对有些老师来说，只讲题型的名字然后就直接让你做题?知道了这几个字不知道怎么做题有用吗?当然，中后期阶段其实可以去上一些冲刺班之类的还是有用的，一边学题型一边刷题。

关于题型，我总结的一些tips如下：

修辞目的题(约=这个栗子是什么作用?)：

1). 找例子前一句

2). 找例子所在段主旨(一般是段首句)

句子简化题(两个句子变成一个):

1.有明显逻辑的：

1).选项中出现原文没有的逻辑，一定不选

2).正确选项不能改变原文主谓宾的各个对象(比如原文出现了A,B,C, A导致了B, 但选项里说C导致了B，这种错看起来很简单但是我真的犯过，当A和C长得非常相像的时候)

2. 没逻辑的：

找原句的重心，要根据文章主旨和段意判断(比如文章主题是薛定谔的一生，两个句子中一个讲的是薛定谔提出了这个思想实验，另一个讲的是薛定谔的猫具体内容，那重心一定在前一句)这个其实在SAT语法里用得比较多，托福我没见过几个

句子插入题

1).先读句子，后读要插入的段落(这个一定要记住，可以避免先入为主!)

2).找指示代词This/such等后的第一个完整的实意名词出现，前面一般都缺个句子

3).转折: 除了一堆转折词Infact/indeed/actually/practically之外,也包括时间地点分类上的转折需要注意到

4).因果: 除了明显的因果，也包括存在时间先后或顺序的关系这种较弱的因果!

5).有引导词(如consequently)的结论只能后置

细节题

找定位词：长得比较奇怪/容易被改写/实意名词/逻辑关联词

定位词的选择切记不要选择与标题相关或题干中反复出现的词汇(比如这篇文章题目或者主旨讲的是coral reef，那满篇都是这怎么拿它定位啊对吧)

6选3题目

1.给定黑体字与正确选项之间必然有关系啊!一定要看黑体字!

2. 某个选项中的让步有小缺点(与原文有出入)的话不用太较真，关注点在主句

3. 有的选项是多段合成一段的段落大意(所以一定要注意段间关系!)

论记笔记

笔记这东西……我真从来没记过。但是，在考阅读的时候，还是有一个东西是有必要记的。那就是，你不确定的题目的题号!这个一定要记下来!一定要记下来!一定要记下来!这样在你以神速做完所有阅读题目以后，会很方便的回来检查自己拿不准的题，节省很多时间。亲测有效!

一些general的小技巧

1. 括号内，破折号之间的内容不重要(仅针对托福!)

2. 注意看题干，仔细看题干，对一切题目有效!(像我一样比较迷的同学，这点注意起来满分真的不困难)

这就是我备考托福阅读的一些小经验=w=初学的同学不要慌张，一步一个脚印走得总是最实在的。然后没有满分的同学，希望我的经验对你有帮助噢~

托福阅读分类词汇总结：增加VS减少

增加/发展

increase/develop/enlarge/expand/grow/raise

advance/aggrandize/amplify/augment/boost/

broaden/enhance/enlarge/escalate/extend

further/heighten/inflate/magnify/mount

progress/proliferate/spread/swell/widen

减少

decrease/abate/curb/curtail/drop/ebb

evaporate/fade/lower/reduce/restrain/shrink

slacken/slump/subside/wane/diminish/subtract

托福阅读分类词汇总结：限制/阻挠

限制/阻挠

limit/confine/compress/decrease/lessen

narrow/bar/bind/cap/check/constraint/curb

impede/inhibit/obstruct/restrict/cramp

diminish/block/choke/frustrate/hamper

hinder/retard/stall/throttle/thwart

托福阅读分类词汇总结：核心的重要的

核心的;主要的;基本的;内在的

essential/chief/crucial/core

fundamental/main/key/inborn

principal/elementary/primary

indispensable/central/vital

underlying/inherent/intrinsic/inborn

重要的;显著的

important/valuable/substantial/big/considerable/

critical/crucial/decisive/earnest/exceptional/marked

meaningful/momentous/paramount/salient/significant/weighty

eminent/influential/outstanding/distinctive/esteemed/grand

honored/illustrious/leading/majestic/notable/powerful

prominent/remarkable/solid/superior/conspicuous

篇3：托福阅读从读不完到读完如何练习

托福阅读从读不完到读完如何练习

1. 读标题

首先，一篇文章的结构由标题，开头段，主体段以及结尾段组成。托福文章最人性化的一点就是三篇文章都有标题，很多同学读到这里会觉得：老师你这不是在说废话吗?不，很多人忽略了标题的作用。分析一下TPO所有文章的标题，大家会发现托福文章的标题形式一共三种：单一型，并列型以及限定条件单一型。这样的标题设计最大的作用在于，预告了本文的文章结构特点(因为篇幅关系，这个知识点此处不详细说明)，通过固定的几类文章结构特点，我们可以预判此篇文章主要在讲什么。我们来看一个例子，OG上的第一篇文章：Applied Artsand Fine Arts。

先来看一下这个标题，是并列型，即有两个讨论对象，这种标题类型的文章特点是全文有两个论述对象，且排名不分前后，也就是文章会用相同的篇幅去讨论这两个对象。其次，还会有两者相同点，不同点的比较。那么我们可以预判一下本文的主旨：比较Applied Arts and Fine Arts的特点。

可是大家想要进一步知道：比较的特点是哪一些呢?标题能够传递的信息毕竟有限，所以我们需要其他的方法来深挖一下文章主旨。

2. 开头段和结尾段

托福文章的行文结构分为三种：总分总，总分和分总。总即代表主旨所在，所以主要会在开头段和结尾段阐述。我们只需要精读这两个段落就可以了。还是以Applied Arts and Fine Arts这篇文章为例，现在我们来看一下开头段：

Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, andmetal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led totheir being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, orclimate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it couldhardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form ofapplied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynastyvase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic formbut the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.

如果大家迅速浏览一下整个段乱，会发现本段只出现了applied arts这个概念，而没有关于fine arts的描述，那么这时候大家应该反应出来本文的结构是分总，即主旨在结尾段：

Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treatmaterials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation totheir materials in the fine arts andthe applied arts remains relatively constant. It wouldtherefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations oftheir materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

迅速浏览完本段会发现，fine arts和applied arts这两个概念在最后一段的都有论述。并且这句话：Itwould therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners ofthe fine arts work to overcome the limitations oftheir materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (因此，毫不夸张地说，纯艺术工艺品的生产者需要克服原材料的限制进行生产，而从事实用性工艺品的生产者则依据材料的性质来进行生产。)大家看到主要的对比对象是材料的使用情况。

3. 文章小结题的introductory sentence

还有一个抓住文章主旨的小窍门是大家可以参考文章小结题所给的那一句话，即introdectory sentence，这句话的作用主要就是来概括全文的中心大意，我们还是来看Applied Arts and Fine Arts这篇文章的文章小结题：

Q：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete thesummary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.

新托福阅读背景知识：地球的旋转时间变短

地球的旋转时间变短

We have been talking about some of the effects that the human beings had on the earth. One you may not be aware of is that we actually begin to change the length of the day. In the other way to say, one day is the amount of time the earth needs to spin completely around an axis, the imaginary line around the center of the earth, from the north to the south. And of course there are a lot of physical causes that can affect the speed of the earth’s rotation, but there was only one that is direct result of the human activity. Since 1950, human beings have built about ten thousand artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water. When they are used to be in the area near the equator, the imaginary line surround the middle of the earth, it’s now the reservoirs in the areas of different latitudes. The latitude matters because, well, thinking the earth and axis, the equator contains the areas on the earth that are the farthest away from axis. So water has been redistributed from the equator regions, then wherever the water is, to it’s close to the earth axis. It’s like when ice skaters perform spins when those skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth is spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water close to its axis. And because the earth was spinning faster, since 1950 the length of day has decreased by about 8 millionths of second. I know that doesn’t sound like much but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had measurable affect on the earth’s motion.

新托福阅读背景知识：潮汐发电

潮汐发电

凡在海边上生活过的人都知道，海水时进时退，海面时涨时落。海水的这种自然涨落现象就是人们常说的的潮汐。潮汐是由月球的引潮力可使海面升高0.246米，在两者的共同作用下，潮汐的最大潮差为8.9米;北美芬迪湾蒙克顿港最大潮差竟达19米.据计算,世界海洋潮汐能蕴藏量约为27亿千瓦,若全部转换成电能,每年发电量大约为1.2万亿度。潮汐发电严格地讲应称为“潮汐能发电”，潮汐能发电仅是海洋能发电的一种，但是它是海洋能利用中发展最早、规模最大、技术较成熟的一种。

现代海洋能源开发主要就是指利用海洋能发电。利用海洋能发电的方式很多，其中包括波力发电、潮汐发电、潮流发电、海水温差发电和海水含盐浓度差发电等，而国内外已开发利用海洋能发电主要是潮汐发电。由于潮汐发电的开发成本较高和技术上的原因，所以发展不快。

潮汐发电与水力发电的原理相似，它是利用潮水涨、落产生的水位差所具有势能来发电的，也就是把海水涨、落潮的能量变为机械能，再把机械能转变为电能(发电)的过程。具体地说，潮汐发电就是在海湾或有潮汐的河口建一拦水堤坝，将海湾或河口与海洋隔开构成水库，再在坝内或坝房安装水轮发电机组，然后利用潮汐涨落时海水位的升降，使海水通过轮机转动水轮发电机组发电。

由于潮水的流动与河水的流动不同，它是不断变换方向的，因此就使得潮汐发电出现了不同的型式，例如：①单库单向型，只能在落潮时发电。②单库双向型：在涨、落潮时都能发电。③双库双向型：可以连续发电，但经济上不合算，未见实际应用。 4潮汐发电的实际应用应首推19在德国的胡苏姆兴建的一座小型潮汐电站，由此开始把潮汐发电的理想变为现实。世界上第一座具有经济价值，而且也是目前世界上最大的潮汐发电站，是1966年在法国西部沿海建造的朗斯洛潮汐电站，它使潮汐电站进入了实用阶段，其装机容量为24千瓦，年均发电量为5.44亿度。1968年原苏联巴伦支海建成的基斯洛潮汐电站，其总装机容量为800千瓦，年发电量为230万度。中国沿海已建成9座小型潮汐电站，1980年建成的江厦潮汐电站是我国第一座双向潮汐电站，也是目前世界上较大的一座双向潮汐电站，其总机容量为3200千瓦，年发电量为1070万度。

新托福阅读背景知识：海水发电

海水发电

硕大无比的天然热库

辽阔的海洋既是一个硕大无比的“储热库”，它大量地吸收着太阳能;同时它又是一台极其巨大的“调温机”，随时都在调节着海洋的表面和深层的水温。

海水的温度，随着深度的增加而降低。这是因为太阳光无法透射到400米以下的深海。表层海水与500米深处海水的温度，相差可达20℃以上。人们通常把深度每增加100米海水温度之差称为海水的“温度递减率”。通常是在100～200米的深度范围内海水的温度递减率最大;深度超过200米以上，其温度递减率显著减小;深度达到1000米以上时，其温度递减率已经变得相当的微小了。

海洋中上下层水温的差异蕴藏着一定的能量，专家们称之为“海水温差能”，也叫做“海洋热能”。而这种海水温差能可以用来进行发电，人们把这种发电方式叫做“海水温差发电”。

早在本世纪代，科学家们就开始着手研究试验海水温差发电的方法。1926年，法国物理学家G·克劳德进行了海水温差发电的小型试验。他在烧瓶A里加入28℃的温水(这相当于海水表层的水温);连接在另一端烧瓶B里放入冰块，并保持0℃水温(以代表海洋深层的水温)。用真空泵将A烧瓶内的空气抽出(抽到压力低到每平方厘米0.038)。由于液体的沸点是随着加在液面上压力的减小而降低的，所以在此低压下，足以使得烧瓶中28℃的水沸腾起来。要是能够使烧瓶内的真空度进一步提高，也就是使烧瓶内的压力变得更低，那么烧瓶内的温水就会提前沸腾而迅速蒸发。这样，相对于烧瓶B内0℃的冰块，就产生了以水蒸汽压差为主的压力差。于是，A烧瓶内蒸发的水蒸汽通过一个喷嘴喷出，推动涡轮发电机组进行发电。

克劳德试验成功以后，于1929年在古巴建造了一套专门进行海水温差发电的实验装置。他用一根直径2米的铜管，在距离海岸米处，从650米的深海中汲取冷海水。当温海水的温度为27.5℃而冷海水的温度为13℃时，其发电功率为22千瓦。然而，他用水泵抽取冷海水时所消耗的功率却达80千瓦。这岂不是“得不偿失”吗?实际上不然，克劳德的这套实验装置的发电潜力并没有得到充分发挥，按计算其发电功率可达220千瓦。但不管怎样，克劳德的实验表明：利用海水的温差来进行发电，在技术上是可行的。

现在的新型海水温差发电装置，是首先把海水引入太阳能加温池，将海水加温到45～60℃(有的可高达90℃)，然后再将温海水引进保持真空的某一空间，让它蒸发，借助于水蒸汽来推动汽轮发电机组进行发电。

不过通常的做法是，采用氨作为工作物质，用氨来吸收海水表层的热量而蒸发成氨蒸气，以推动汽轮发电机组进行发电。做完功以后的氨被送进冷凝器(由深层的冷海水进行冷凝)，再通过泵将液态氨重新泵入蒸发器，同时利用表层海水使氨再次蒸发，继续发电。

利用海水的温差来进行发电，还可以得到一种副产品——淡水，所以说海水温差发电还兼有海水淡化的功能。一座发电能力为10万千瓦的海水温差发电站，每天可分馏出378立方米的淡水，以解决工业用水及饮用之需，另一方面，由于电站抽取的深层冷海水中富含营养盐类，所以在海水温差发电站的周围，正是浮游生物及鱼类栖息的理想场所，这将有利于提高鱼类的近海捕捞量。

利用海水温差进行发电，通常要选择海水温差在20℃以上的海域。古巴、巴西、安哥拉、印度尼西亚以及我国南部沿海等低纬度海域，是进行海水温差发电的理想场所。据专家们估计，仅北纬20°至南纬20°之间的海域，海水温差的发电能量就足以达到26亿千瓦。全世界海洋蕴藏的海水温差能量大约能发电600亿千瓦。在我国的海域内，可供利用的海水温差能量大约能发电1.2亿千瓦。

篇4：托福阅读到底怎么冲击满分

托福阅读到底怎么冲击满分

分段阅读做题，省去“扫读”的时间

在四六级考试中，阅读时间也很少，虽然单词相对简单，但是篇幅较长，逐字阅读肯定是没有时间的，所以做题技巧中扫读是很重要的环节，目的是找到与题目相关的段落或者语句才能找到做题依据。而在托福考试中，是每阅读完一段就做只涉及该段的题目，信息集中，重要的是节省了大量的时间，缓解了托福阅读文章通篇的眩晕感。而这部分题目就是四六级中常说的细节题。

文章说明性强，生词不必怕

托福阅读考试中对单词量的要求还是很大的，即使单词量很大了，也难免会遇上生僻词的情况，而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强，往往是自定义 — 自解释的模式，遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。

近义词选择有技巧

几乎每段中都会有生词意思辨析题，有些词考生一看就认识，这样的题目就很容易了，但是也不能粗心大意，如果时间富裕或者把握不大，可以把选项带入文章中检查一遍。对于那些不认识的词汇，也是有许多技巧的。首先是分析词性，采用排除法排除词性不一致的选项。其次是用代入法。选项中给出的词意一般就是考生认识的，将选项带入，分析一下是否能够保证原文合情合理，通顺。

分段阅读打基础，全篇文章心里明

在分段阅读的同时，可以记下关键词或者中心句，在文章结束时就可以有根据回想起整篇文章的脉络结构，逻辑关系，对14题的选择有很大帮助。同时题目中也明确给了做题方法，即没有提到的信息或者不重要的观点就可以排除了。

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目1

Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50 C, while o°thers can grow at -5 C, so ev°en food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.

1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) differences between simple and complex fungi

(B) functions of chlorophyll in plants

(D) differences between fungi and plants

2. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi?

(A) Fungi are no longer classified as plants

(B) Some single-cell organisms are no longer classified as fungi.

(D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.

3. The word principal in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) true

(B) main

(D) obvious

4. According to the passage , how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?

(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls.

(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates.

(D) They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.

5. The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 9 because their skeletons

(A) can be destroyed by fungi

(B) have unusual chemical compositions

(D) secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do

6. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) chlorophyll (line 5)

(B) polymer (line 8)

(D) enzymes (line 14)

7. The word those in line 13 refers to

(A) tips

(B) hyphae

(D) walls

8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

(A) They grow hyphae.

(B) They secrete enzymes.

(D) They destroy crops.

9. The word Entire in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) certain

(B) whole

(D) diseased

10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT

(A) buildings

(B) animals

(D) soil

11. The phrase bring about in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) join

(D) include

12. The passage mentions penicillin in line 25 as an example of

(A) a medicine derived from plants

(B) a beneficial use of fungi

(D) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目2

PASSAGE 16

The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.

Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings

(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx

(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds

2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?

(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.

(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.

(D) They required fingers of equal length.

3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) creating

(B) meaning

(D) simplified

4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies

(A) in the early Triassic period

(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs

(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.

5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to

(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs

(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines

(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils

6. The word They in line 10 refers to

(A) powerful muscles

(B) bodies

(D) flying reptiles

7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because

(A) of their limited wingspan

(B) of their disproportionately large bodies

(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power

8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from

(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs

(B) an evolution from pterosaurs

(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs

9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) perfected

(B) replaced

(D) protected

10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?

(A) Its tail

(B) Its teeth

(D) Details of its bone structure

11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?

(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.

(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.

篇5：托福阅读从读文章到解题各环节省时技巧

托福阅读从读文章到解题各环节省时技巧盘点一览

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：长句短读

指将一个长句子(有时不止一个句子，还包括从句)读成一个相对短的句子，以对长句子内容作一总结式归纳，找出其所陈述的要点。这种能力的培养对托福阅读考试的帮助极大，考生应在平时勤加练习。

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：抓关键词，准确定位

考生在做题过程中，要熟练掌握根据关键词进行定位的技巧。这一技巧可以帮助大家加快解题速度，提高正确率。因为大部分托福阅读题目考查的是考生对文章细节的理解，答案基本上都能在文章中找到。拿到一个题目，我们先找题干中可以用来定位的关键词，比如专有名词、数字、符号等，然后根据关键词回到原文进行定位。有时候文章中不一定会出现和关键词一模一样的词，但很可能是关键词的同义替换词。

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：善于使用排除法

托福阅读中有些题目枝干信息太多，但都是干扰项，如果逐字阅读的话会很浪费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向，如果有几项答案自相矛盾或者意思明显相反，就可以直接排除，然后再对模糊选项进行确认，这时候再回到正文中细读相关信息就会很省力。一般情况下，排除法是比较容易培养的套路，考生要善于使用这一技巧提高答题速度。

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：掌握句子顺序上的变化

问句中所含信息与文章中相应句子中的信息在顺序上有时可能出现不同，甚至前后完全倒置。这种情况可能会导致迷失答题的方向。还应注意到文章中有关问句的信息并非全都能在每个句子中找到，甚至在关键词及短语之间存在一些不相关的信息，这些都会是寻找答案过程中的困难。

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：查找同义词、近义词、相关词

在托福阅读考试中，能否准确找出正确答案很大程度上取决于能否辩认出同义词、近义词、相关词及不同形式的短语。 1.词形完全相同; 2.词义相同，即同义词 ;3.词义相近，但并非同义 ;4.词义相关。上述四种词汇/短语表达方式中，第一种当然容易辩认，第二种同义词也相对不难，但第三种与第四种形式则不易辩认，所以要在阅读过程中多加比较练习。如能攻破这一关，则一定能够取得好的考试成绩。

托福阅读各环节省时技巧：猜读词义

托福阅读考试没有必要去读懂每一个词。如所遇到的词对理解全文及答题不构成任何困难，则不必理会它的词义，但所碰到的词使你在理解全文，甚至回答问题时出现困难，则要设法去猜测其词义。猜测词义要从两方面着手：

1、根据其所在句子的上下文，及前后的词语，探其究竟。

2、如果根据上下文及前后词语还是无法确切了解其真正含义，你可以再看一下这个词对整个句子所构成的影响是肯定的还是否定的，实际上这对你理解作者的意图已足够了。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:驯化的动机

Passage4

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:Cause of domestication

为什么会从hunting fishing等等变成domestication和自己种植。一个原因是climate change，四季更分明温差更大后提供给了一种grain更好的生长条件。另外一个可能的原因因学点评是人口增长。

点评:

本次考试老话题占比还是比较高的，而且一些上半年考过的话题也都有一定的几率重复出现。部分考过的词汇题大家多积累一下，遇到的话可以游刃有余地解决词汇题。而且阅读又出现加试，再次告诫大家平时在做题的时候一定要锻炼持续力!

托福考试阅读材料：监视器赶走瞌睡虫

疲劳驾驶每年会给数万家庭带来不幸，如果能采取措施防止这样的情况发生无疑能造福世人。

German scientists have invented a device designed to prevent motorists from falling asleep at the wheel which could save 300,000 lives a year around the world. The system devised at the Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology involves tiny cameras that monitor eye movements which trigger an alarm when drivers seem about to nod off.

德国科学家近日发明一种能够“防止司机开车时瞌睡”的监视器，据悉，这一新发明一旦问世，每年可以“拯救”30万民众的生命。监视器囊括了一个“微型摄像头”用来观察司机眼部活动情况，司机一旦打盹，眼皮的活动会通过传感器告诉设备，并发出尖锐的警报声。

Professor Peter Husar of the institute said: 'What we have developed is a small modular system with its own hardware and programmes on board, so that the line of vision is computed directly within the camera itself.

发明此设备的教授Peter 说，该设备属于自带存储命令的模块化系统，司机“视线”运动情况将会受到系统中的微型摄像头监视。

'Since the Eyetracker is fitted with at least two cameras that record images stereoscopically – meaning in three dimensions– the system can easily identify the spatial position of the pupil and the line of vision. 'It will immediately recognise when a driver‘s eyes are are tired or close their eyes for a moment.'

据悉，设备中包括至少2个微型摄像头直接“观察”司机瞳孔的运动情况。也就是说，如果司机有困意，眼皮“不听使唤”的时候，设备会立即识别并提醒司机。

The system is called 'Eye Tracker' and could be on the market as early as the end of next year. The size of a matchbook, testing is due to start in January 2011 and scientists hope it will be ready for sale by December at around ?100 a unit.

这款名叫“眼动仪”的设备准备在明年投入市场，据悉，这款测量眼睛的移动以及位置的设备价格不菲，每个售价大概在100英镑左右。

Notes:

at the wheel: 开车

stereoscopically adv. 实立体镜地

dimensions n. 规模，大小

托福考试阅读材料：快乐的人更有魅力

什么样的人更有魅力?是博学的?有钱的?风趣的?每个人都想获得更大的魅力，赢得更多人喜欢，可是，你知道怎样去增加自己的魅力吗?

快乐的生活是令人人都向往的，快乐的伴侣也是如此。下面的新托福考试阅读练习材料会告诉我们，快乐的人为何更能吸引异性。

Singles who have trouble finding a date may be suffering from unresolved grief, which can block love, a US author suggests.

美国一名作家称求偶受挫的单身人士可能苦闷忧虑、难以释怀，而这些情愫会让爱情避而远之。

Aurora Winter, author of From Heartbreak to Happiness, says loneliness, disappointment and anger are all symptoms of grief and studies show most people suffer from unresolved grief.

《从心碎到幸福》的作者欧若拉文特称孤独、失望和愤懑都是苦闷心情的典型症状，而研究表明大部分人都有难以释怀的经历。

“Divorce, death and disappointments can all hurt your chances of finding love -- without you knowing it. Unresolved grief blocks love. I can tell you from personal experience that no one wants to compete with a ghost,” Winter, who founded the Grief Coach Academy after the sudden death of her husband at age 33, says in a statement. “People who have lost a spouse to death frequently yearn for their late husband or wife.”

文特33岁时丈夫去世，随后建立了悲痛援助学院，她在一份声明中说：“离婚、死亡和失望等会不知不觉影响你找到新爱的几率。无法释怀的苦闷会将爱情关在门外。依我个人经验来看，没有谁愿意和你过去的某人争夺爱情。痛失伴侣的人往往对去世的一半念念不忘。”

It's a very small step between resenting one's former partner and being bitter at the opposite sex in general -- including your date -- but to find love, it is absolutely essential that people heal unresolved grief from prior relationships, Winter advises.

人们总是易于因对前任心怀怨恨而在异性面前惆怅或刻薄，甚至约会时也这样。然而文特建议，要找到爱情，就得对过去的感情完全释怀。

“The most attractive people are genuinely happy,”Aurora says in a statement. “People want to be around happy people. Happy people get the best dates, the best jobs and the best opportunities.”

“Happiness is feeling good about the present and optimistic about the future,”Aurora says.

她在声明中称：“异性最青睐的就是真正快乐的人，喜欢和他们相处。开心的人总能找到最好的伴侣、工作和最佳的机会。快乐就是真正享受现在，乐观对待未来。”

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