下面是小编整理的GRE阅读考试三招搞定,本文共8篇,欢迎您阅读,希望对您有所帮助。本文原稿由网友“刘琳琳”提供。
篇1:GRE阅读考试三招搞定
GRE阅读考试三招搞定
一、新GRE阅读3招精华:
对付GRE阅读难度层面上的阅读,永远都是先读文章后解题。记的东西要有侧重,要trenchant,主要有:
新观点的内容及出现处,TS,强对比之处,最高级及惟一性出现处(若有,大都没有,其实只要有个印象,哪个环节有这种内容,没有的话选项中一有这类词统统画X!),人名第一次出现处,大列举处。想,是读完一段的必要工作,想三个问题:该段说了什么内容,回忆TS,作者为什么这样说,作者对这里的看法态度如何。
这三部曲是解题最根本的东西,无论何时,何地,何等危急情况都不可省。
二、新GRE阅读高分方法:
1.题目类型固定或所涉及考点为已做标记范畴
1)问事物之间的关系,定位到同时标记这两个事物的地方。
2)问作者态度,定位到有态度词标记的地方。
3)问事物的缺陷,直接定位到标记缺陷处。
4)问文章大意类的主旨题定位与TS
5)问全文focus的特征,首先到TS处定位。
6)问文章结构、段落作用、行文方法类的主旨题定位于SE。
7)问作者举某个例子的目的,或者作者引用一段文字为了说明什么,这类就写作用意提问的题目一般定位于例子或者引述文字的上文。
8)提干句以IF结尾的改进型或取非题,定位在原文缺陷处或者有unless的句子。
9)如果题目为EXCEPT题,可以先看看原文的标记中有没有列举内容;如果有,很可能是答案所在。
2.题干有特征词的题目
1)最高级、比较级、数字、以大写字母开头的专有名词、年代、特殊历史时期、引号、斜体字。
2)选项标志词与题干核心词双重定位
3)段落定位
GRE阅读材料练习:心理情绪竟然还与家具有关
CLEARLY, a person’s decisions are determined by circumstances.
显然,任何人在做决策的时候都受决策时的周遭环境所影响。
Just how closely they are determined, however, has only recently become apparent.
但具体来说会造成多大的影响直到最近才有了一个较为清晰的解释。
Experiments conducted over the past few years have revealed that giving someone an icy drink at a party leads him to believe he is getting the cold shoulder from fellow guests, that handing over a warm drink gives people a sense of warmth from others,
在过去几年进行的一系列实验中,有一个实验发现在聚会中,给客人提供冷饮会让他有不受旁边人待见的感觉倾向,相反,提供温水等有温度的饮料会让他们感觉到周围人的温暖。
and—most astonishingly—that putting potential voters in chairs which lean slightly to the left causes them to become more agreeable towards policies associated with the left of the political spectrum.
最让人惊奇的是,在另外一个关于潜在选民的实验中,让一个没有立场的潜在选民,坐在椅子上并微微向左边靠,他会更加认同与左派相似的政治立场。
The latest of these studies also looks at the effect of furniture.
这一系列实验最近将他们的目标转向了家具,研究家具对人的影响。
It suggests that something as trivial as the stability of chairs and tables has an effect on perceptions and desires.
他们假设许多不被人注意到的细节例如桌椅的稳定性会影响到人们对于其他事物的看法和愿望。
The study was conducted by David Kille, Amanda Forest and Joanne Wood at the University of Waterloo, in Canada, and will be published soon in Psychological Science.
这份研究是由David Kille,Amanda Forest以及滑铁卢大学的Joanne Wood一同完成的,即将在《心理科学》杂志上发表。
Mr Kille and his collaborators asked half of their volunteers to sit in a slightly wobbly chair next to a slightly wobbly table while engaged in the task assigned.
在实验中,他们选取了47个处于单身的大学本科生,将他们分为两组,一半学生在实验中坐在一张会摇晃的桌子旁一张会摇的椅子上,
The others were asked to sit in chairs next to tables that looked physically identical, but were not wobbly.
另外一半则是坐在外表相似却非常稳的椅子上。
Once in their chairs, participants were asked to judge the stability of the relationships of four celebrity couples:
研究人员给两组学生展示四组夫妇的照片:
Barack and Michelle Obama, David and Victoria Beckham, Jay-Z and Beyoncé, and Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis.
奥巴马和米歇尔,维多利亚和贝克汉姆,Jay-Z和碧昂斯,强尼戴普和vanessa paradis,
They did this by rating how likely they thought it was, on a scale of one to seven, that a couple would break up in the next five years.
然后让学生们给四对夫妇的情感稳定性打分—从一分到七分,他们未来五年离婚/分手的几率,
A score of one meant extremely unlikely to dissolve.
一分代表几乎不可能分开,
A score of seven meant extremely likely to dissolve.
七分代表十分可能分手。
After they had done this, they were asked to rate their preferences for various traits in a potential romantic partner.
接下来,调查者让两组学生分别对一系列理想配偶的特征进行打分—量表上给出一系列特征,
Traits on offer included some which a pilot study indicated people associate with a sense of psychological stability, some that are associated with psychological instability and some with no real relevance to instability or stability.
依旧是一分到七分,一分代表一点也不喜欢这样子的七分代表大爱。量表上设置的特征,有些与追求稳定相关联,有些与追求不稳定相关联,有一些是随机挑选的特质,三类特征交错放置。
Participants rated the various traits on another one-to-seven scale, with one indicating not at all desirable and seven meaning extremely desirable.
其中关于追求稳定的一些特质包括是否值得信赖,是否可靠。而追求不稳定的特质包括是否自发性强,或是具有探险精神。
The results reveal that just as cold drinks lead to perceptions of social conditions being cold, tinkering with feelings of physical stability leads to perceptions of social instability.
调查结果就像之前那个聚会不要请人喝冷饮的调查一样,在身体感受到不稳定状态的时候会使得心理上更加倾向于感受到社交中的不稳定因子。
Participants who sat in wobbly chairs at wobbly tables gave the celebrity couples an average stability score of 3.2 while those whose furniture did not wobble gave them 2.5.
摇椅上的人给那四对夫妇打得分数是3.2,比另外一组高出0.7,越高分数代表越可能分开。
What was particularly intriguing, though, was that those sitting at wonky furniture not only saw instability in the relationships of others but also said that they valued stability in their own relationships more highly.
最有趣的还不是这里,最有趣的是这些坐在摇晃家具上的人不仅更倾向于看见他人关系中不稳定的因素,也倾向于更加重视追求自己与他人关系中的稳定因子。
They gave stability-promoting traits in potential romantic partners an average desirability score of 5.0, whereas those whose tables and chairs were stable gave these same traits a score of 4.5.
他们在后一个实验中对理想配偶的稳定特质重视程度的打分平均是5.0,比另外一组高出0.5,
The difference is not huge, but it is statistically significant.
虽然数字上的差异不是很大,但是就数据分析来说,已经很能说明问题了。
Even a small amount of environmental wobbliness seems to promote a desire for an emotional rock to cling to.
即使只是环境中存在一点点的不稳定因素似乎都会让人们产生赶快抓住一根感情稻草的冲动。
篇2:gre考试满分作文怎么搞定呢
gre考试满分作文怎么搞定?
“Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.”
这个gre考试题目分析起来是说学术目的的。作为一个scholar/researcher应该考虑的是自己的感兴趣的领域所在而不是考虑是不是他们的研究成果是对整个大社会大环境有贡献的。这个题目第一眼看起来好象似乎是有理的,但是想到很多时候很多科学家的成果实际是无意义的。美国不是有一个搞笑诺贝尔奖吗?就是奖励类似的研究的。虽然也是科学成果但是根本就没有实际操作的价值或者对人类或者对社会根本就没有意义的。
但是这个contribution在某些时候也可以引申到名利方面。从这个方面来讲,这个题目是可以成立的。
对这个gre写作考试题目进行进一步的分析,可以看出来题目里面有一个比较,非常明显的比较,more来带出来的,所以我们可以说这个speaker的观点是很明显的表明了自己是支持哪个方面的。
Should academic scholars and researchers be free to pursue whatever avenues of inquiry and research that interest them, no matter how unusual or idiosyncratic, as the speaker asserts? Or should they strive instead to focus on those areas that are most likely to benefit society?
拿问句来起头,来质疑。脱离出了一般的解释题目的开头。虽然不是特别特别,但是还是让人感觉比较的attractive。l strongly agree with the speaker, for three reasons.非常直白的陈述自己的观点,同意speaker的观点。
First of all,典型的连接词,开始陈述观点了。Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worth while?又是一个问句,但是这个问句的作用和开篇的问句不同了,是引出来自己论证的第一个方面。Scholars cannot be left to decide.自问自答。
Given a choice they will pursue their own idiosyncratic areas of interest, and it is highly unlikely that all scholars could reach a fully informed consensus as to what research areas would be most worthwhile. Nor can these decisions be left to regulators and legislators, who would bring to bear their own quirky notions about what would be worthwhile, and whose susceptibility to influence renders them untrustworthy in any event.
gre满分作文两个否定句非常干净利索的说出作者的看法,没人有能力来决定什么是应该worth researching的。
Secondly, by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. To compel scholars to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents. For example, imagine relegating today's preeminent astrophysicist Stephen Hawking——霍金我想就不用介绍了吧—— to research the effectiveness of affirmative-action legislation in reducing workplace discrimination. Admittedly, this example borders on hyperbole(夸张法).Yet the aggregate effect of realistic cases would be to waste the intellectual talents of our world's scholars and researchers. Moreover, lacking genuine interest or motivation, a scholar would be unlikely to contribute meaningfully to his or her “assigned” field of study.
这个部分举例说明了,如果把学者或者科学家局限于某个特定的领域内的话会也会局限其施展自己的talents,是资源的浪费。而缺少动力或者兴趣,人也无法完全发挥自己的talents用辨证的方法说出interest和contribution二者的关系。
Thirdly, it is “idiosyncratic” and “unusual” avenues of inquiry that lead to the greatest contributions to society. Avenues of intellectual and scientific inquiry that break no new ground amount to wasted time, talent, and other resources. History is laden with unusual claims by scholars and researchers that turned out stunningly significant——that the sun lies at the center of our universe, that time and space are relative concepts, that matter consists of discrete particles, that humans evolved from other life forms, to name a few. One current area of unusual research is terraforming——creating biol.ical life and habitable atmospheres where none existed before. This unusual research area does not immediately address society's pressing social problems. Yet in the longer term it might be necessary to colonize other plan in order to ensure the survival of the human race; and after all, what could be a more significant contribution to society than preventing its extinction?
要想获得新GRE满分作文,考生在平时多加练习写作之外,还可以借鉴优秀的范文以及背诵模板与核心句型。此外,多加练习逻辑性也是非常重要的,中国考生写作文往往会出现一些逻辑性错误,而GRE写作最看重的也是逻辑思维能力。
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
23“Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.”
.同意
1、获得更多信息后可以避免 being limited in thoughts
SARS 时期,全方位了解该事件的信息,virus; contagion; prevention; causes; risks
2、看到琐碎信息后会引起兴趣了解整体
Christmas; read the news about the prosperous holiday business; want to know more includig customs, origin, legends of Christmas;
3、为了避免被琐碎信息 preoccupied,要学会区分和查找关键信息
学习新知识
23T “Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.”
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。
①access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.
②in order to discrimitate between important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves in the ability to understand, analyse, compare and rationalize, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)
③to prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimulate all, but to percollate relevant ones from those needing only a glance.
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
24“People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.”
.意
1、小心谨慎使用可以帮助更好理解权利,更有效使用权利
political leader 了解权利使用会带来什么影响,制定有效计划
increase taxation
2、没有限制地使用权利容易 abuse power
Stalin Nixon
3、过于谨慎小心会难以发挥权利的作用,对管理和统治不利,降低效率
manager of a company; exercise power to fire incompetent or un disciplined employee
24T “People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.”
.者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效力。
①绝对的权力会导致绝对的腐败。如:Stalin.
②当当权者谨慎的考虑如何使用权力时,他们会更有效率。因为就如经济学所说的,他们会在各种方案之中 trade off, 在有限的资源下选择最优方案。如:现在各种政府方案,甚至会引发商业等各界的参与,进行广泛的竞争,对整个社会都是有益的
③但领袖们不可因为考虑审慎而被束缚了手脚。真正的政治家会因目标而选取自己的手段。如:Czar Peter, the blood-and- iron minister in Russia.反面例子:Sun yat-sen
2.1 people without caution and restraint tent to abuse the power they are granted
2.2 caution and restraint assist people to have better understand and make better use of the power
2.3 caution and restraint do not mean tying oneself up
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
25“Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
.意,但简化之前也需要把事情先变复杂 deep understanding
1、当人们把事情弄得越来越复杂时,其实是没有花工夫总结归纳
大家都可以把事情弄复杂,因为不需要归纳总结,许多事实、数据、资料堆在一起就显得复杂了;这并不会对工作带来好处,没有效率、不清晰;需要 effort and courage把复杂的事情简化,abstract the essence; make an outline; inform
市场调查,许多背景信息,调查结果关系复杂,重要的是把对公司有用的信息总结出来,如市场发展趋势,消费者购买倾向
2、越是简单明了的东西包含的智慧、努力、勇气越多 简单的东西背后包含了许多努力,把复杂的思想用简单的方式呈现出来
excellent leader is one who can remain calm, seize the strategic point of the problem and give clear instructions when faced wi th complex alternatives. 计算机软件的发展把复杂的事情变的简单易处理,DOS需要许多命令调用程序,windows click the buttons
3、在简化复杂事情之前需要花精力把事情弄得 bigger and complex
full-blown ;对复杂事物简化后得到的事物可以包含主要内容,没有经过充分深入分析某事物,直接用简单的形式表现出来,其实是没有经过思考
teaching; before present the knowledge in a clear way; easy to understand
analyze the relationship among all the knowledge objects, students' previous knowledge structure, ability in understanding; synthesize into a teaching plan which is somewhat complex but can be presented in an intelligible way
Otherwise...
ISSUE25
把事情变得复杂谁都会,难的是如何把事情变得简单
1 我们的个人生活正在变得复杂;比如现在的 Audio player 功能越来越复杂,因为 manufacture不用费太多的cost就可以给它们加上 functions of radio ,displaying lyrics and electronic books reader; 人们健康的生活也被赋予了极多的限制,比如很多 specialists甚至邻居大妈都叮嘱我们吃这个可以提高什么含量,进行什么手术可以排除什么的 potential danger。
2 我们的社会的关系太复杂,我们每天生活的太累。比如我们现在的圣诞节,甚至已经变成了一种负担,而不是简单的节日;比如现在盛大而复杂的婚礼,变成了一场闹剧,新郎新娘是小丑一样。我们多么向往过去那些简简单单的生活阿。
3 简单的世界需要勇气和能力,比如苹果的 shuffle,比如reform of official system。
ISSUE196
相比科技带给我们的好处,它带来了更多问题,这些问题可能威胁或者毁掉我们的生活质量
1 科技的迅速发展和极度膨胀,给我们带来了很多烦恼。个个领域都出现了各种各样的问题,这使得我们的生活变得不好。比如,先进的科技使得先进的武器成为可能,同样是一个炸弹,现在的能比原来的多炸死几万人,我们的生活随时都会随着一声巨响而消失;比如,互联网的 virus,每年都有 billion dollars 的损失,并且极大的威胁到了我们的隐私,这使的我们在生活中不得不安装大量的杀毒软件并提心吊胆害怕自己的数据被 stolen。从这两个例子来看,我们的生活正在被科技毁掉。
2 然而科技带给我们更多的是好处。尽管很多人都在说科技的不是,但是没有几个人愿意回到过去落后的时代去生活。人们现在的生活因为科技变得方便和丰富多彩。我们想听到我们亲爱的声音看得到她的容貌,永远不再需要骑马狂奔几公里,因为我们有电话,有网络视频;甚至我们可以一踩油门就到了爱人的家门口;因为有了发达的医学,我们不在因为骨折 fracture of bone 而终生残疾,我们也不会因为家人或者朋友感冒而过分担心;因为发达的电视,我们可以坐在沙发上跟随国家地理频道的镜头去旅游……从这个意义上来说,科技大大提高了我们的生活质量,这些提高远大于它们带来的问题。
3 我们也不要因为科技带来的问题过分 pessimistic, 因为各种政府正在致力于解决这些问题。我们很高兴的看到越来越多的国家签署了禁止使用核武器条约,我们也很高兴的看到越来越多的立法来限制企业对环境污染;甚至,越来越多的人参与到保护野生动物的行列中来。科技不是魔鬼,而是我们创造的工具,好好运用,我们的未来是美好的,
25T “Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.”
.每个人都能把事情搞大搞复杂。而真正需要努力的却是相反的—-------即要把事情越简单化越好
① 事情确实是越变越复杂了。原因:全球化、通信工具都使得人们之间的距离拉近,要解决一个问题要牵扯到很多人。现状:政府机构越来越庞杂 Lending even more credence to th e statement is the so-called “big government” phenomenon. 、学科分类越来越多。
② 人们的解决方法是:简化复杂的事情。A 一部分工作由电脑取代,如复杂的计算、存储和数据分析。B 对工作进行分类,每个人只做一部分,专攻。
③ 把事情简单化从表面来说容易,实际很难,需要对整个事情有通盘的考虑,并能分清主次。to make things simple means to have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals, and ulti mately to refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles
gre考试满分作文怎么搞定
篇3:gre考试满分作文怎么搞定
gre考试满分作文怎么搞定
“Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.”
这个gre考试题目分析起来是说学术目的的。作为一个scholar/researcher应该考虑的是自己的感兴趣的领域所在而不是考虑是不是他们的研究成果是对整个大社会大环境有贡献的。这个题目第一眼看起来好象似乎是有理的,但是想到很多时候很多科学家的成果实际是无意义的。美国不是有一个搞笑诺贝尔奖吗?就是奖励类似的研究的。虽然也是科学成果但是根本就没有实际操作的价值或者对人类或者对社会根本就没有意义的。
但是这个contribution在某些时候也可以引申到名利方面。从这个方面来讲,这个题目是可以成立的。
对这个gre写作考试题目进行进一步的分析,可以看出来题目里面有一个比较,非常明显的比较,more来带出来的,所以我们可以说这个speaker的观点是很明显的表明了自己是支持哪个方面的。
Should academic scholars and researchers be free to pursue whatever avenues of inquiry and research that interest them, no matter how unusual or idiosyncratic, as the speaker asserts? Or should they strive instead to focus on those areas that are most likely to benefit society?
拿问句来起头,来质疑。脱离出了一般的解释题目的开头。虽然不是特别特别,但是还是让人感觉比较的attractive。l strongly agree with the speaker, for three reasons.非常直白的陈述自己的观点,同意speaker的观点。
First of all,典型的连接词,开始陈述观点了。Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worth while?又是一个问句,但是这个问句的作用和开篇的问句不同了,是引出来自己论证的第一个方面。Scholars cannot be left to decide.自问自答。
Given a choice they will pursue their own idiosyncratic areas of interest, and it is highly unlikely that all scholars could reach a fully informed consensus as to what research areas would be most worthwhile. Nor can these decisions be left to regulators and legislators, who would bring to bear their own quirky notions about what would be worthwhile, and whose susceptibility to influence renders them untrustworthy in any event.
gre满分作文两个否定句非常干净利索的说出作者的看法,没人有能力来决定什么是应该worth researching的。
Secondly, by human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. To compel scholars to focus only on certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents. For example, imagine relegating today's preeminent astrophysicist Stephen Hawking——霍金我想就不用介绍了吧—— to research the effectiveness of affirmative-action legislation in reducing workplace discrimination. Admittedly, this example borders on hyperbole(夸张法).Yet the aggregate effect of realistic cases would be to waste the intellectual talents of our world's scholars and researchers. Moreover, lacking genuine interest or motivation, a scholar would be unlikely to contribute meaningfully to his or her “assigned” field of study.
这个部分举例说明了,如果把学者或者科学家局限于某个特定的领域内的话会也会局限其施展自己的talents,是资源的浪费。而缺少动力或者兴趣,人也无法完全发挥自己的talents用辨证的方法说出interest和contribution二者的关系。
Thirdly, it is “idiosyncratic” and “unusual” avenues of inquiry that lead to the greatest contributions to society. Avenues of intellectual and scientific inquiry that break no new ground amount to wasted time, talent, and other resources. History is laden with unusual claims by scholars and researchers that turned out stunningly significant——that the sun lies at the center of our universe, that time and space are relative concepts, that matter consists of discrete particles, that humans evolved from other life forms, to name a few. One current area of unusual research is terraforming——creating biol.ical life and habitable atmospheres where none existed before. This unusual research area does not immediately address society's pressing social problems. Yet in the longer term it might be necessary to colonize other plan in order to ensure the survival of the human race; and after all, what could be a more significant contribution to society than preventing its extinction?
要想获得新GRE满分作文,考生在平时多加练习写作之外,还可以借鉴优秀的范文以及背诵模板与核心句型。此外,多加练习逻辑性也是非常重要的,中国考生写作文往往会出现一些逻辑性错误,而GRE写作最看重的也是逻辑思维能力。
GRE作文范文:Success
GRE作文练习题目:Success
Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.
成功,无论是学术上的还是职业上的,都涉及了适应新环境并最终改变新环境的能力。
GRE作文范文:
Many wonder the intrinsic impact of industrial revolution over the last century. Is it a blessing or a curse? Ever since the invention of steam engine, mass production enabled factories to make out products in a madly efficient manner, while machines also supplanted innumerous traditionally skilled artisan, forcing them out of work. Gone are the days when they boasted of their craftsmanship that they assumed to be able support their family all their life. Consumers became more aspiring to novel design instead of durability as goods were made to be discarded.
Hundreds years later, with the first installation of integrated circuit on the chip, another profound turnover took place. Now the computer pervades our life so much that one may find himself half illiterate in absence of input skill. This time, thousands of jobs were created in Silicon Valley, transforming some of the few into billionaire over one night. Nevertheless, the original inventor might not expect that the ensuing slow down and thus recession in IT sector would approach so soon in less than 10 years, which is obviously less than a presumable 15 years time normal for a periodical change.Positive or negative, one mark that characterizes the technological bombardment indicates a constant fact: changes exist ubiquitously and operating at an ever-increasing tempo; those who fail to catch up with the torrent of change would ineluctably engulfed by billows, floating no where and eventually dissolve as negligible bubbles.
Favors as well as opportunities goes to who adapt to the contemporary trend. Fully recognizing this axiom, long before the scientists announced accomplishment of sketches of human genes or earlier successful cloning of Doris, candidates preparing for university admission have smelt the sense. Today, in the U.S., biology and its branch disciplines become the first choice for top students of senior high, determining that this subject, foretold as the third wave in technology, could bring them brilliant future as “Bill Gates” dreamt the same in the previous wave.
In addition to academic realm, respect would be paid to people who though deprived of their past secure professions, choose not to be a loser in the whimsical society. Like the artisans who lost jobs, a vast number of skilled laborer in China’s city of Wengzhou have undergone darkness and depression in those old days. However, after years of endeavor and refinement, they prove their value again. By accurately posit the economic trend and market demand, they play an active role in almost all economic sectors, garments, catering and lodging, hi-tech industry, you name it.
While ability honed in surviving the fickleness of the world makes the path through success shorter, it is essential for the more ambitious to acquire the pith of reformist and lead the trend. In this way, it could help him distinguish from the mediocracy and platitude. This is absolutely not an easy task. Inborn insight and foresight are needed to tell uncommon out of the commonplace; extraordinary perseverance and encouragement is a must to face the coming challenges against his iconoclasm. Very few people crowned with triumph possess this quality, whether the Nobel Prize winner or those who makes coverage on the Times.
In sum, as shown in the course of history, success, whether academic or professional,involves an ability to surviving in a new environment and---, eventually, ---to change it.Now some elite persons have again forecast that another social change is impending.Are you ready for that?
GRE作文范文:laws
GRE写作练习题目:laws
It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds.
通过法律可以控制或者限制人们的行为,但是立法是无法改变人类本性的。法律无法改变人们的感情和思想。
GRE写作范文:
Ever since the Code of Hammurapi comes into being, laws have begun to put restrictions on people's behaviors and have played an important role in the maintenance of social order. But aside from its impact on shaping public deportment, legislation is of no avail to reform human nature as well as mankind thoughts.
Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day--under a legal system. No one is ever granted the rights to surpass the boundary of laws; otherwise there may be lack of protection for private property and personal right from being violated. Common sense tells us that the laws will punish the wrongdoers severely sometimes so harshly even to sentence the felons to death. It is the awe to controlling authority as well as the fear of castigation that made most of the people away from the illicit behaviors. Laws, for better or worse, have put up a paradigm on which people abide by, for the sake of personal interests and the social stability as well.
Laws can exert their influences on people's “hands and legs”, but when it comes to man's hearts and minds, it cannot. In the long history of its development, laws change over time and vary from region to region not to alter human nature but to be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times and places. The end of a legal system impels laws to evolve to keep pace with changing mores, customers, and our collective sense of equity but with little concern for the reconstruction of human thoughts. Bigamy, to be commonly regarded as illegal in most countries, is yet legitimate in some Arabian countries. For Islamic, outlawing bigamy seems an impinge upon their religious freedom of choosing mates. Instead of bringing about a revolution in the conception of marriage among Islamic disciples, laws give way to the entrenched customers. Still more, from the psychotic analysis angle, that laws will change nature is further doubted. Sigmund Freud has divided the individual personality into threefold: the id, the ego and the super ego. The ego, as the surface of the nature and the part you show the world, is governed by the “reality principle,” otherwise known as laws.
However, so powerless are laws to extend its impacts on the id and the superego remains below, each has its own significant effects on the personality. A rapist, for example, despite years of imprisonment may still relapse into outrages in that laws fail to civilize the id desires composing of instinctual drives. By no means can laws alone alter our nature. Were laws by itself be able to cause a change in the human nature and exercise a fundamental influence on people's hearts and minds, then it would probably be no need for its existence. People at no time can ever have imagined this.
In fact, to truly change the human nature, it is through the synergic efforts associating the education, moral and ethic social interactions altogether that brought about a reconstruction of human nature.
In conclusion, in spite the fact that we may live in a harmonious society with the implementation of the laws, it seems unthinkable for laws to undertake the role as a reformer in rebuilding man's nature as well as hearts and minds.
GRE考试资料:写作必备常用单词
象征:symbolize; emblematize; indicate; represent; signify; stand for
进步,提高:improve ameliorate better develop remedy revise enhance enrich upgrade refine
重要,关键:important significant consequential momentous considerable essential valuable distinctive great weighty major serious grave vital capital substantial material
正确的,无误的:correct rectify accurate precise proper undistorted right impeccable
增长和减少:increase rise extend magnify decrease reduce fall amplify aggrandize elongate intensify enhance prolong strengthen curtail shrink terminate lessen abate raise boost intense(intensify) expand augment enlarge diminish dwindle slump
证明:justify warrant assert claim contend argue validate substantiate verify accuse assign indict allege affirm
论题:statement claim declaration assertion opinion belief view conviction persuasion
要求:request demand needs requisition
撤销:to cancel; to revoke; to countermand; [Law] to rescind; to quash
建立:to build up; to establish; to set up; to found; to take root; to strike root
消除:to eliminate; to clear; to remove; to clear up; to take away; to smooth away
推理: inference; reasoning; deduction; ratiocination
相应:
1. corresponding; relevant; relative; fitting; appropriate
2. accordingly; correspondingly; by the same token; in a corresponding way
3. to correspond to; to act in responses; to work in concert with; to support each other
导致:to lead to; to bring about (or on); to result in; to cause; to spark off; to conduce to; to procure; to induce; to generate
后果:a consequence; an aftermath; an outcome
检查:to inspect; to check; to examine; to look over; to put to the test; to keep a check on
程度:strikingly greatly highly exceedingly dreadfully remarkably drastically dramatically
足够:sufficient adequate enough
越来越: be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, a growing number of
人们认为: it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that
许多问题: a host of/a number of problems
引起人们注意:claim /call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.
意识到:there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger
适应新的形势/变化:adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change
接触各种思想/经历:be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems
接触社会: come into frequent/close contact with the world/society
获得成功:achieve/accomplish success
提出观点/建议:advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions
作出努力:make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)
影响学习/工作:interfere with studies/work
产生影响:exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on
随着生活节奏的加快:with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society
开阔眼界/兴趣: broaden one’s interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) one’s mental horizons
有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决:contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of
有助于解决问题:go a long way to(towards) solving the problem
迷恋名利/分数:be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune
把时间花/浪费在:spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.
利用机会/技术:make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time,
tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent
把知识/经验运用到:apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use
取得进步: make much progress/strides/gains in
充分发挥潜力/能力:develop one’s ability/potential to the full, give full play to one’ s ability
充满激情/渴望:have a burning desire/a great passion for
篇4:gre考试阅读训练方法
gre考试阅读训练方法
强化长难句
建议gre考试考生一定要在正式模考之前把长难句拿下。现掌握了长难句阅读能节省很多的复习时间,之前需要一个词一个词来读的文章,通过训练可以做到以段来理解。认真学完的话阅读分数能有很大的提升。
量的积累
熟悉gre阅读考试套路的最简单粗暴方法就是大量接触gre的阅读。结束长难句的专项训练之后,大家就可以开始进行强度较大的阅读训练了,把各类能找到的gre阅读真题和练习题都拿来作为积累阅读量的材料,有时间的话还可以看一些英文课外读物补充知识面,通过大量阅读的方式积累对于gre阅读的熟悉程度。
题目分类解析
主旨题:一定要做对主旨题,gre阅读方法,gre考试有什么用也就是一定要读懂文章的中心,抓住中心就抓住了一切。
细节题:看到有“According to”这样的字眼就一定能在文章中找到对应的出处,找到了出处就能解出来。
推理题:看到有“infer”“conclude”“imply”以及类似的字眼,这道题需要从原文中找对应句子再经过推理才能解出来,文章中不一定有原话,把它当做逻辑题对待就行了。
结构题:这类题一般都比较简单,问某个词,某句话,某段在文章中的作用。在理解全文的基础上解答基本错不了。
其他题:具体问题具体分析,疑难杂题出现的概率很小,gre阅读训练方法在此不做特别说明。
考场时间分配
Verbal每个部分30分钟内需要解决掉20道题,其中阅读题往往占了一半,考虑到阅读文章需要花费的时间,建议考生按照一题一分钟的节奏来完成做题。多出来的时间就留给阅读读文章,gre阅读方法,gre考试有什么用这样阅读可以仔细一点,思考再多一点。
迅速理解题意
这也是gre考试中无论是数学、语文还是作文都要求的一项基本技能。如果前面4点的准备工作做的扎实,这项技能会有相当大的提高,考试就能得心应手,游刃有余。
GRE长难句练习及解析:放弃写小说
Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
译文:Fallois提出,Proust曾试图于19开始写一部小说,后又因为某一原因——即Saint-Beuve长期以来所展现出的对伟大文学作品真正本质的盲目无知——而放弃了它,发现该文章引发了某些个人的回忆和小说虚构情节的发展,最终让这些内容以一部稳定发展的小说这一形式取而代之。
解释:本句主要考察的是句子的复杂修饰。从that引导的宾语从句开始,以列举的方式描述其动机的变化。但是因为abandoned之后的状语 for…的结构复杂、用词抽象,并且for后面是what 引导的宾语从句中套的另外一个宾语从句,如此以来这个复杂的结构就隔断了句子前后的整体逻辑,干扰到考生对整句话的理解,所以这个结构不太容易被看出来。
解法:看到句子比较长又比较难理解,就先找句子的主谓结构,然后就不难发现该句子的大致结构为Proust had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed.。。之后再逐一解决各个小分句后面的部分,各个击破,最后整个句子的意思就迎刃而解了。
GRE长难句练习及解析:植物基因插入
【GRE长难句】One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonlegumious plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.
【意群阅读版】One such novel idea/ is that of/ inserting into/ the chromosomes of plants/ discrete genes/ that are not/ a part of the/ plants' natural constitution:/ specifically,/ the idea of/ inserting into/ nonlegumious plants/ the genes,/ if they can be/ identified and isolated,/ that fit the/ leguminous plants/ to be hosts/ for nitrogen-fixing bacteria./ Hence,/ the intensified research/ on legumes.
【译文】一个这样的全新的想法,是把非此植物的自然组成部分的不相关的基因插入到植物的染色体中;具体来说就是这么一个想法,把一些使得豆科植物能够成为固氮菌寄主的基因(如果它们能够被找到并分离出来的话)插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。因此才出现了对豆科植物的深入研究。
倒装:inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution.
正常语序:inserting discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution into the chromosomes of plants.
倒装:the idea of inserting into nonlegumious plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
正常语序:the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria into nonlegumious plants.
篇5:gre考试阅读如何提速
gre考试阅读如何提速?
gre阅读提速三大技巧介绍
GRE快速阅读最关键的是在扫描全文的时候把握每段的主旨,并做出标记,在看完全文后对文章的结构主题有大致的了解。gre阅读技巧,gre考试培训做题时,必须去找准确的信息。因此读者在开始阅读之前就得知道问题是什么。其实并不需要去详读一篇文章,需要做的只是surveying、scan-ning和skimming,也就是三大阅读提速技巧。
概读
Surveying——概读。概读一篇文章指的是检查文章的组织结构以了解文章的大意。概读重点往往集中在每段开头结尾等会提出观点或进行总结的关键内容上,而对于详细内容则一般会跳过。
寻读
Scanning——寻读。寻读是指在文章当中找寻诸如一个特定的词、缩写词、日期、数字或首字母缩略词等细节。当Scan(扫描)一篇文章的时候,gre阅读技巧,gre考试培训也是很快地看,但它和浏览不同。扫描是为了寻找某些特定的词句而不是文章的整体;关注的是细节而非主旨。阅读一篇文章时,可能仅仅只为了找一个百分数或者某个特定事件的发生时间,而不是这篇gre阅读考试文章的主旨。寻读可以帮助读者更有效地找到这些信息。
扫读
Skimming——扫读。扫读指迅速浏览一遍gre考试文章,而无需逐字阅读,以了解文章大意。对于需要把握文章大致整体内容的考生来说,扫读是很有用的技巧。
GRE阅读:飞鼠寻找食物
The objective of this study was to evaluate how northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) locate truffles (Gautieria monticola), a subterranean and ephemeral but primary food source. Thus, we evaluated the importance of three factors to the foraging behavior of northern flying squirrels: (i) olfactory chemicals that emanate from truffles; (ii) the presence of coarse woody debris (decaying l.s), which are often associated with fungi; and (iii) we explored the potential role animal memory could play in truffle detection as well. In a foraging arena, squirrels successfully retrieved buried truffles that lacked aboveground cues in 19 of 30 trials and failed to search near treatments that lacked truffles alt.ether, confirming the importance of olfaction to squirrel foraging. However, squirrels also retrieved truffles that were associated most frequently with surface l.s (27 of 30). In addition, the initial detection rate of the truffle + l. treatment was significantly greater than the truffle-only treatment. Thus, although squirrels search for truffles primarily using olfaction, they may also benefit by searching near coarse woody debris on the forest floor as an aboveground cue to truffle locations. In addition, because 82% of Sierra Nevada truffle-fruiting locations that were marked in yielded truffles again the following 2 years, mycophagous animals like northern flying squirrels may benefit by memorizing fruiting locations and foraging at these same locations from year to year.
GRE考试阅读备考内容介绍
第一,有一定的gre词汇量。
GRE阅读考试所需掌握的单词要少的多,这些词往往都是些GRE阅读专属词汇,且重复率很高,只需集中背记一下就可以解决基本问题。
第二,对GRE阅读句子有基本的理解能力。
GRE阅读有很多阅读技巧,但它只是一种锦上添花的东西,要在你对文章的大意甚至对一些具体的内容有一定的理解的基础上才能发挥作用,而这个基础就体现在对句子的理解上。
第三,熟悉GRE阅读考点和题型
GRE阅读考了很多年,已经呈现出了明确、固定的出题点和试题类型,考生应该对它们有充分的了解。
第四,智慧读GRE阅读原文。
要靠读懂全文来做对题,对中国考生来说是一件很难的事情,即使把文章全部翻译成中文,也很难在如此短的时间内逐字逐句理解全文,更何况是生词连篇、复杂难懂的英文,所以我们要靠快速读文法,学会抓重点。
第五,GRE阅读考点详细读,非出题点略读。
这句话非常简单,然而,很多考生往往很难做到这一点,有的考生是不知道什么有用,不知道哪儿是出题点,也就不知道哪里详读哪里略读,只好全文都一样重点的读,其实也就等于全文都没读好。
第六,选GRE阅读答案有方法、有技巧。
GRE阅读考试的答案的确是有一些特点的。有一些答案一看就是正确答案,说得客观严谨、小心翼翼,有的一看就是错的,这里面包含一些特定的规律。选择答案其实也有一定的方法,到哪儿找答案(定位),怎么看选项(竖读、先读主干等),按照什么依据排除干扰选项,怎么确定自己选择的是不是对的(文字对应法),时间不够了怎么选等等。这些都需要考生在备考GRE阅读中逐步了解,融会贯通。
GRE阅读如何快速阅读
一) 减少每行的注视次数,缩短注视时间以提高阅读速度。
这种GRE阅读练习并非沿直线进行,而是一连串的扫视加跳跃。每次扫视要么以注视结束,要么就是对注视范围内文字短暂快照(大约25美分硬币那么大,距离阅读表面8cm )。 未经训练的人每次注视持续1/4到1/2秒。要弄明白这一点,闭上一只眼,手指轻轻的放在眼皮上。用另一只眼睛慢慢的扫描一条水平直线——这样你会感觉到明显、分离的眼球运动和注视持续的时间。
二) 去除回头读和跳回读以提高速度。
未经训练的人总是回头读(有意识回读)和跳回读(通过不正确的注视实现的下意识回读),这些占用全部阅读时间的30%。
三) 必须反复做适应GRE阅读练习来扩大水平边缘视线范围,提高每次注视的字数。
未经训练的人阅读的时候会注视中央区域,而不会利用水平边缘视线,浪费了50%每次注视可以辨识的字。
篇6:三招搞定托福听力考试中的细节题
三招搞定托福听力考试中的细节题
对于大多数托福考生而言,听力备考无疑是最重要的环节,而在诸多听力题型中最让考生头疼的无疑是细节题。尤其是在听力考试中,紧张的氛围中难免也会出现细节遗漏的状况。今天小站君就为大家好好分析一下如何搞定细节题。所谓知己知彼,才能百战百胜。因此我们需要知道托福听力细节题的标准答案的共同特点。通常可以分为四个共通处:同义词替换、句子改写、和主旨内容保持一致、科学客观。而相对应的干扰项特点一般是:exactly the same 有若干词和原文一样,但整体句意不同、inconsistent 和主旨内容差别太大、incongruous 信息不同步、subjective主观极端。把握住正确选项和干扰项的大致特征对我们正确解题会大有裨益。接下来我们需要了解一下托福听力官方对细节的限定:
-important-directly or indirectly related to the main ideas-providing elaboration, examples and support-sometimes related to a long digression.
大家可以清楚的从上述定义发现,托福听力材料中的细节的作用是扩展和支撑,它的作用是通过上下文语境存在的,或是对概念的阐明和分析,或是具体事例的添加。通常,对托福听力细节题的应对方法有三招:第一抓住主旨; 第二确定细节出现的位置; 第三理解细节前后的信息。考生在进行听力训练中,我们应该进行思考和写下来的不是具体数字是多少,地点在哪里,或者人名的拼写,而是思考在lecture中想表达什么,以及支撑观点的细节。
下面我们来看几道例题:
例1
官方真题Official28 Lecture4 Archaeology
30/34 What points does the professor make about mound sites?
A.They are easier to excavate than other types of archaeological sites
B.They often provide information about several generations of people.
C. They often contain evidence of trade.
D. Most have been found in what are now desert areas.
上述的细节题,我们可以从选项中找到答案的线索。因为:
- 这篇lecture我们知道是分析一个遗址中的一个古老文明的存在。-
- 可以从听力内容中发现c选项是后面的内容,可以排除。
- 然后去掉一些细节的描述的选项。因此可以看得出来是b。
例2
官方真题Official21 Lecture3 Biology
27/34. Why does the professor mention the brown tree snake?
A. To support a hypothesis about the evolution of constrictor snakes
B. To support a hypothesis that venomous snakes evolved from constrictor snakes
C. To give an example of a snake species that was never venomous
D. To give an example of a type of snake that can change its color
解题思路:
- 这个lecture的主要观点是通过解析毒液的DNA来进一步说明蛇的进化过程。
- 首先去掉过于极端的观点
- 然后排除没有提到的观点,所以答案是b。
例3
官方真题Official29 Lecture1 Ecology
7/34 According to the professor, in what way is the soil in forested areas generally different from soil in other areas?
A. In forested areas, the soil tends to be warmer and moister.
B. In forested areas, the chemistry of the soil changes more rapidly.
C. In forested areas, there is usually more variability in soil types
D. In forested areas, there is generally more acid in the soil.
解题思路:
- 这篇lecture的主要内容是讲古老森林中土壤多样性的原因及其应用。
- 首先要去掉信息不同步的选项。
- 然后在去掉没有出现的观点。所以答案是d。
托福语法技巧:形容词类别
形容词主要有以下几类:
(a)指示形容词:
this这个 that那个
these这些those那些
(b)个体形容词:
each各个every每个
either(两者之中)任一neither(两者)都不
(c)数量形容词:
some一些any任何no没有
little很少(不可数)few很少(可数)
many许多(可数)much许多(不可数)
one一个 twenty 二十
(d)疑问形容词:
which哪一个what什么whose谁的
(e)所有格形容词:
my我的your你的
his他的her她的its它的
our我们的your你们的their他(她,它)们的
(f)性质形容词:
clever聪明的dry干的
fat胖的 golden金色的
good好的heavy重的
square方的来源:考试大
分词当形容词用
现在分词(ing形式)和过去分词(ed形式)都可以当形容词用。
用这类词时要小心,切勿互相搞混。现在分词作形容词时(如amusing有趣的,boring无聊的,tiring使人疲倦的等)是主动语态,指产生某种效果或感触。过去分词作形容词时(如amused感到有趣,horrified感到恐怖,tired感到疲倦等)是被动语态,指所受影响是怎样的。
The play was boring.(The audience was bored.)
这场演出没意思。(观众感到没意思。)
The work was tiring.(The workers were soon tired.)
这是一项繁重的工作。(工人们很快就累了。)
The scene was horrifying.(The spectators were horrified.)
这场面太恐怖了。(旁观者都感到毛骨悚然。)
an infuriating woman(She made us furious.)
一位使人发怒的女人(她使我们发怒。)
an infuriated woman(Something had made her furious.)
一位被激怒了的女人(某事使她发怒。)
一致关系
英语中形容词只有一种形式。名词不分单复数或阴阳性,都与这种形容词连用:
a good boy一个好男孩
good boys几个好男孩
a good girl一个好女孩
good girls几个好女孩
唯一的例外是指示形容词this和that。它们和复数名词连用时变为these和those:
this cat这只猫
these cats这些猫
that man那个男人
those men那些男人
D在许多形容词和分词后可跟介词:
good at等于
tired of对……感到疲倦
托福语法技巧:形容词作定语和表语时的位置
上面(a)-(e)节里形容词出现在名词之前:
this book这本书
which boy哪个男孩
my dog我的狗
这种形容词叫定语形容词。
表示质量的形容词既可以位于名词之前:
a rich man富翁
a happy girl快乐的女孩
也可以位于动词之后,如(a)中be(是),become(成为),seem(好像)之后:
Tom became rich.
汤姆变阔了。
Ann seems happy.
安看上去很高兴。
或(b)中appear(似乎是),feel(感觉/摸上去),get/grow(=be-come变成),keep(保持),look(=appear看),make(使),smell(闻起来),sound(听来),taste(尝起来),turn(变为)等之后:Tom felt cold.
汤姆感觉很冷。
He got/grew impatient.
他不耐烦了。
He made her happy.
他使她幸福。
The idea sounds interesting.
这个想法听起来很有趣。
可有这种用法的形容词叫表语形容词,而可有这种用法的动词叫连系动词或系动词。
连系动词的注意事项
在上面的B(b)项中存在一个问题,那就是:不把这些动词当做连系动词用时,它们可按通常方法被副词所修饰。常用副词代替形容词修饰连系动词的同学就是因为被这个问题搞混了。下面列举一些形容词和副词的说法,以便帮助区别它们的用法:
He looked calm(形容词).相当于:
He had a calm expression.
他看上去很冷静。
He looked calmly(副词)at the angry crowd.
他冷静地望着激怒的人群。(looked在这里是有意识的行动。)
She turned pale(形容词).相当于:
She became pale.
她脸色变白了。考试大(www.Examda。com)
He turned angrily(副词)to the man behind him.
他生气地转向站在他后面的那个男人。(turned在这里是有意识的行动。)
The soup tasted horrible(形容词).
汤的味道尝起来很糟。(汤的味道很糟。)
He tasted the soup suspiciously(副词)
他怀疑地尝着汤。(tasted是有意识的行动。) 来源
托福语法技巧:形容词作定语和表语时的位置
有些形容词或只能当修饰语用,或只能当表语用。有些则因句中位置不同而有不同的意思:
bad sailor晕船的人
good swimmer游泳好的人
big eater食量大的人
small farmer 小农场主
heavy drinker饮酒多的人,酒鬼
light sleeper睡眠易惊醒的人
old boy/friend/soldier校友(老同学)/老朋友/老兵(老资格)等当中的bad(坏的)/good(好的),big(大的)/small(小的),heavy(重的)/light(轻的)和old(旧的)当表语用时,其意思必有改变:a small farmer是指拥有一个很小的农场的农场主,但是
The farmer is small是指这个农场主身材矮小。
在其他用法中,上面的形容词可放在名词之前,也可放在名词之后。(有关little小的、old老的及young年轻的,参见第19节B。)
chief(主要的),main(主要的),principal(首要的),sheer(真正的,全然的)及utter(绝对的,完全的)这些词要放在名词之前。frightened(惊恐的)可放在名词之前,也可放在名词之后,但afraid(害怕)和upset(心绪烦乱的)必须跟在动词后面。
adrift(飘浮着),afloat(飘着),alike(相同)(参见第21节G),alive(活着的),alone(单独),ashamed(感到羞耻),asleep(睡着了)等也必须放在动词后面。
early(早)和late(晚)的意思常要取决于它们所在的位置:anearly/a late train早班/晚班车,意思是火车的发车早晚是按时刻表安排所定的。The train is early/late(火车提前到了/来晚了)意思是火车比规定的时间到得早或晚。poor(穷)意为“没有足够的钱”时可位于名词之前,也可置于动词之后。poor意
为“不幸的,可怜的”时必须居名词之前。poor意为“柔弱的/不足的”时,位于名词student(学生),worker(工人)等之前,但是与无生命的名词连用时既可居于名词之前也可置于动词之后:
He has poor sight.
他的视力不好。
His sight is poor.
他的视力不好。
and的用法
当名词前有两个或两上以上的形容词时,and主要用于表示颜色的场合中。这时and应放在最后一个形容词的前面:
a green and brown carpet一块绿棕色相间的地毯
a red,white and blue flag一面红、白、蓝三色旗
与表语形容词一起使用时and放在最后两个形容词之间:
The day was cold,wet and windy.
天气寒冷、潮湿而且有风。
篇7:gre考试阅读满分攻略
gre考试阅读满分攻略
第一:词汇和语法基础要扎实。
一般来说考生只要把六级词汇完全掌握,参加gre阅读考试就没有问题,但考生也不要掉以轻心,因为gre阅读中虽然没有生僻词汇,但却经常有长难句出现,考生如果连基本的词汇都没有掌握,那么应对长难句就会力不从心。
gre阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容,所以从词汇开始,一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的练习题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义,光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚,有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。例如指代题,要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个,有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。
第二:逻辑关系词要牢记在心。
英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的,常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well),比较(than, as….as),因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from),递进(also, furthermore),转折(but, however, yet)等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系,句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系,这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络,去完成例如句子简化,插入句子这类题型。
第三:快速阅读能力要加强。
gre阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟,除了看长篇的文章外,还有11或13道题目的内容,所以时间是非常紧张的,因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯,例如逐字阅读,出声阅读,或者指着阅读等,这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的,读的时候要以意群来看。
第四:注重归纳的能力培养。
gre阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的,尤其是summary,考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳,能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来,然后进行总结,最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养,那么考试的时候就不用害怕summary这种归纳概括性的题型了。
想在新gre阅读中获得高分甚至是满分吗?在准备gre阅读时,你需要在词汇和语法方面打下坚实的基础,记住有逻辑的单词,提高你的快速阅读能力,培养归纳能力。至于具体的做法,小编在上面的gre考试资讯中,已经为申请人一一介绍过了,请大家注意!
GRE阅读文章:主体结构
1. 结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型)
首先是“结论-解释型”文章。这类文章在开始有一个判断句,一般是文章的结论,也是文章的主题。这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等),而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。例如,
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…
文章首句指出:“由于‘地震反射法’(sr)在勾划地球的地下层面这方面的准确性,该方法一直是探寻石油储备的最重要的工具。”这是一个判断句,为结论。其中remains为系动词,而most important为态度词,表示作者对“地震反射法”持非常正面的评价。后文应解释“地震反射法”的具体过程。 第二句话对解释进行总的说明:“在实地作业中,通过将一系列波列源,诸如小规模炸药爆炸,排列成一个网格模式,从而将地下层面标绘出来。”接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。
2. 新老观点对比型
GRE阅读文章的第二种常见结构是“新老观点对比型”。 这类文章在开始提出老观点,然后提出新观点并进行论述。通常新观点是文章的主题。老观点出现的标志词有:
1. 传统观点: has been, traditionally, until recently等
2. 大众观点:frequently, widely, many等
新观点出现的标志词有:however, recently, now等。
例如,
Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…
文章首句指出:“传统上,风媒授粉过程一直被视为是一个以随机事件为标志的繁殖过程,其中风的不确定性通过产生大量花粉而得以补偿,因此,新种子的最终繁殖得以保证,而此举的代价是所需产生的花粉要远远超过实际的使用量。”由第一个词traditionally可知文章首句为老观点(由于风的不确定性,风媒植物要产生大量花粉补偿),那么本文的结构是“新老观点对比型”。
第二段首句出现了GRE阅读中的标志性转折词however,说明这句话就是新观点:“但是,风媒植物所独有的一系列特征可减少花粉浪费。”这说明风媒植物除了可以产生大量花粉加以补偿的消极策略之外,还可以通过一些积极机制减少花粉损失,不一定需要产生大量花粉。
3. 现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型)
GRE阅读文章的第三种常见结构是“现象解释型”。文章开始提出一个现象,然后解释现象。解释是主题。有多个解释时,作者一般对前面的解释持负面评价,对最后的解释持正面评价。提出现象时的标志词有:phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如,
What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral (“right-handed,”or clockwise) twist or a sinistral (“left-handed,” or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?
It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…
But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant…
Here, the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness…Thus, the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself。
是什么样的原因致使自然界中的螺旋体呈现出右旋(“右向旋转的”,或顺时针的)或左旋(“左向旋转的,”或反时针的)?这是形态科学中一个最引人入胜的不解之谜....。。究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向,并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??
假如左旋和右旋蜗牛呈完全一致的镜像对称的话,那么进化对左旋蜗牛不利,这近乎不太可能。几乎无法想象左旋本身会给左旋者带来任何不利之处。然而,左旋与右旋蜗牛彼此间实际上并不呈真正的镜像对称....
但是,这种结合不对称、解剖学和偶然性的进化论机制并未提供一种充分的解释,以说明蜗牛的右旋何以会成为主要的旋向....
于是,进化论必须让位于支持右旋或左旋的明确的发育机制为基础的理论....。。因此,解决所有蜗牛身上旋向之谜的道路似乎与这一螺旋体本身一样曲折复杂。
上文在第一段最后提出一个问题:“究竟是一些什么样的机制控制着旋转方向,并使左旋的比例为数稀少呢??”这个问题就是一个现象:螺旋体中左旋的比例少。有问题就有解答,有现象就有解释。第二段从进化论的角度解释这一现象。但是,GRE阅读文章中一般对进化论的解释持负面评价,所以需要寻找新的解释。第三段否定了进化论的解释。在末段,作者以发育机制(developmental mechanism)解释“为何左旋少、右旋多”。
把握了文章的三种主体结构以后,做文章后的许多题时易如反掌。以上述的“结论——解释型”文章为例,如果熟悉文章的主体结构,下面两道题就很容易找到正确答案。
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing an important technique
(B) discussing a new method
(C) investigating a controversial procedure
(D) announcing a significant discovery
(E) promoting a novel application
正确答案对应文章首句的主题句。因此(A)为正确答案。
2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A method is criticized, and an alternative is suggested
(B) An illustration is examined, and some errors are exposed
(C) An assertion is made, and a procedure is outlined
(D) A series of examples is presented, and a conclusion is drawn
(E) A hypothesis is advanced, and supporting evidence is supplied
本文的结构是“结论—解释型”,因此(C)为正确答案。
GRE阅读:能源消费(逻辑)
Between 1970 and 1980, energy consumption by United States industry peaked and then declined, so that by 1980 total industrial use of energy was below the 1970 level even though total industrial output had grown substantially in the same period. Industry must have instituted highly effective energy conservation measures in those years to have achieved such impressive results.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion of the argument?
(A) Many industries switched to the greatest extent possible from high-priced oil to lower-priced alternatives throughout the 1970's.
(B) Total residential energy consumption was higher in the United States in 1980 than it had been in 1970
(C) Many industrial users of energy had paid little attention to energy conservation prior to 1970.
(D) Industrial output grew less rapidly from 1970 to 1980 than it had from 1960 to 1970.
(E) The industries whose production dropped sharply during the 1970's included a disproportionately large number of energy-intensive industries.
篇8:gre考试阅读部分怎么练习呢
gre考试阅读部分怎么练习呢?
gre考试要点:
在阅读和训练的过程中,唯一的目的是在大脑中反映英语(而不是汉语口译)的意义。当读者发现他们在阅读过程中完全消除了大脑中的汉语解释和语法分析过程时,这一要求就得到了满足
gre阅读练习模式:
a、心理团体训练;B.不回头训练;C.合理原则推力训练;D.速度与理解平衡点训练
GRE阅读训练模式的意义群训练:
取几个与阅读对象意思相同的相邻单词,而不是一个单词。gre阅读技巧,gre考试培训同时,避免大声朗读,克服内心的声音和喉咙、嘴唇的震动。
第二点:
眼睛在阅读材料上比在心脏或喉咙上移动得快
gre阅读考试训练模式的非回顾性训练:
为了确保第一次阅读时注意力集中,避免回头看,关键是:
第三点:
读这篇文章时,要注意整句话回头看的现象,坚持一直往下看
GRE阅读训练模式的合理化训练:
根据文中上下文的逻辑推理,我们不知道在哪里进行理性推理。
第四点:
如果你不知道地点,用理性推理来推理
GRE阅读训练模式中速度与理解的平衡点训练:
提出了速度与理解的平衡点,并根据阅读的难度和重要性调整了现场阅读的速度。
第五点:
坚持下去,不要半途而废,这很重要。
GRE阅读备考背景知识之迷惘的一代
GRE考试成绩是出国读研究生尤其是去美国读研究生必备的成绩之一,GRE阅读是GRE考试中的最重点的部分也是最难准备的部分,而GRE阅读中的文学又是考生们初步接触后挠头捶胸,瑟瑟发抖的部分,这也就能解释很多教GRE阅读的老师会建议考生阅读一些英文的文学名著作为备考的营养餐。
笔者认为这种赛前加练的方式效果未免来得太慢,宽泛的阅读也很难坚持。此外笔者在网上搜索GRE考试和英文文学,居然没有什么实质性的备考资料,所以作者通过系列文章一边介绍英文文学的几个重点时期,一边讲解与之相关的GRE阅读文章,希望能够给各位同学备考GRE阅读带来更有针对性的辅导。
“迷惘的一代”(The Lost Generation),又称迷失的一代,是美国文学的一个极具特点的文学时期,其中的一个代表文学人物是佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿(Zora Neale Hurston, 1891-1960),代表作品《他们的眼睛望着上帝》(Their Eyes Were Watching God,1937);这个作品也是GRE阅读中被引用的最多的文学作品之一。佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿(Zora Neale Hurston,1891-1960),是20世纪美国文学的重要人物之一。她是小说家、黑人民间传说收集研究家、人类学家。她也生在美国南方,是 Harlem 文艺复兴时期的活跃分子。她毕生为保持黑人文化传统而奋斗,收集出版了黑人民间故事集《骡与人》及《告诉我的马》。赫斯顿还写了四部小说:《他们眼望上苍》《约拿的葫芦藤》《摩西,山之人》《苏旺尼的六翼
天使》。其中《他们眼望上苍》是她最受欢迎的作品,是黑人文学中第一部充分展示黑人女子内心女性意识觉醒的作品,在黑人女性形象的创造上具有里程碑式的意义,被公认是黑人文学的经典作品之一。
集女作家、民俗学家、人类学家于一身的佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿一生致力于本民族的传统文化遗产的收集、整理和保护。她对自己的非洲裔美国人的身份非常骄傲和自豪,否认自己有既是美国人又是黑人的“双重意识”的困惑。她拒绝把黑人当成美国社会的“问题”,拒绝把黑人描写成种族歧视制度下产生的畸形儿。她在作品中深刻地揭示了当时黑人社区内存在的鄙视自己黑皮肤的黑人种族主义思想对黑人灵魂的腐蚀,力图唤醒黑人对自己身份的肯定和热爱。然而,哈莱姆文艺复兴的高潮过去以后,以理查德·赖特为代表的黑人“抗议文学”成为当时黑人文学的主流,赫斯顿及其作品被湮没在美国文学的尘埃里无人问津.直到20世纪60年代的黑人权利运动兴起,以及黑人民族主义意识的唤醒,赫斯顿才在一片荒冢中被重新发现。实际上,赖特式的“抗议”与赫斯顿式的“赞美”只是非裔美国人在美国社会求得生存的既矛盾又统一的两种策略。
GRE阅读备考背景知识之美国文学及历史事件
GRE考试成绩是出国读研究生尤其是去美国读研究生必备的成绩之一,GRE阅读是GRE考试中的最重点的部分也是最难准备的部分,而GRE阅读中的文学又是考生们初步接触后挠头捶胸,瑟瑟发抖的部分,这也就能解释很多教GRE阅读的老师会建议考生阅读一些英文的文学名著作为备考的营养餐。
笔者认为这种赛前加练的方式效果未免来得太慢,宽泛的阅读也很难坚持。此外笔者在网上搜索GRE考试和英文文学,居然没有什么实质性的备考资料,所以作者通过系列文章一边介绍英文文学的几个重点时期,一边讲解与之相关的GRE阅读文章,希望能够给各位同学备考GRE阅读带来更有针对性的辅导。
早期美国文学
1620-1820年,这段时期的主要历史事件(包括历史学家普遍达成共识)
1)早期定居:1607年第一个殖民地詹姆斯敦(Jamestown)建立;1607年,英国人来到北美大西洋沿岸,开始建立第一个殖民地弗吉尼亚经过不断的发展,到18世纪30年代,英国人已在北美大西洋沿岸建立了13个殖民地。在此期间大批移民移居北美,其中大多数是英国人,所以直到今天,英国和美国都有着千丝万缕的各种联系,美国和英国的地名也有着惊人的重复率,当然也有不少来自欧洲其他国家,此外还有不少从非洲贩运过来的黑奴。他们为北美的开发做出了重要贡献。
2)1620年 “五月花号”(”May Flower”),该事件不光出现在GRE阅读中,托福里也出现过。
3)1775-1781年,北美爆发独立战争,1776年7月4日大陆会议通过了由托马斯·杰斐逊执笔起草的《独立宣言》,宣告了美国的诞生。1783年9月3日,英王代表与殖民地代表于凡尔赛宫签订巴黎条约,英国正式承认美利坚合众国成立。在这一时期,美国的主要文学代表人物有:安妮·布雷兹特里特(Anne Bradstreet, 1612-1672),美国文学中第一位重要的女诗人,《沉思》(“Contemplations”, 1678),本杰明· 富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790),代表作《自传》(The Auto biography, 1771-1790),菲利斯· 惠特利(Phillis Wheatley 1754-1784),黑人女诗人,代表作《不同题材的诗歌,宗教的与道德的》(Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773)。
浪漫主义时期
1820-1865年,美国文艺复兴时期又称新英格兰文艺复兴(New England Renaissance)。指1830年代左右到南北战争结束的一段时期,这一时期美国文学日趋成熟,成为一种反映民族精神的文学。美国文艺复兴被认为是浪漫主义的继续,尤其在爱默生的超验主义(Transcendentalism)哲学中得到展现。
这时美国文坛由一批新英格兰作家所主宰,其中著名的有华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783-1859),代表作品,《见闻札记》(The Sketch Book, 1819-20),詹姆斯·费尼莫·库柏(James Fenimore Cooper, 1789-1851),代表作品《皮袜子五部曲》(Leatherstocking Tales): 纳蒂·班波(Natty Bumppo)《开拓者》(Pioneers, 1823)、《最后的莫希干人》(The Last of the Mohicans, 1826)等5部。拉尔夫·沃尔多· 爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882),代表作品《论自然》(Nature, 1836),亨利·大卫·梭罗(Henry David Thoreau, 1803-1862)代表作品《沃尔登湖》(Walden, 1854),埃德加· 爱伦· 坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809-1849) 诗人、短篇小说家、文学评论家。侦探小说之父。代表作品《乌鸦》(“The Raven”, 1844)《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(“The Fall of the House of Usher”, 1839);纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864)《红字》(The Scarlet Letter, 1850);赫尔曼·麦尔维尔(Herman Melville, 1819-1891),代表作品《白鲸》(Moby-Dick, 1851);沃尔特· 惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819-1892)代表作品《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass, 1855,1856, 1860-1861)
现实主义和自然主义时期
1865-1914年,这一时期美国文学的时代背景是收到南北战争(1861-65年)的影响及战后重建时期(Reconstruction)和西进运动 (West Movement)的影响,内战结束后,美国赶上了工业化发展的最后一班车,随着工业化进程加快和垄断资本主义形成,人们的传统生活方式收到全面的冲击。
这一时期美国的代表作家有爱米莉·迪金森(Emily Dickinson,1830-1886),这是一位独特的女诗人,孤独的一生,奇特的风格,写过1775首诗。威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(William Dean Howells, 1837-1920),美国现实主义文学的倡导者和奠基人之一。伟大的马克·吐温(Mark Twain, 1835-1910),代表作《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1886)一生旅居欧洲的亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James, 1843-1916)小说家、文学批评家。代表作品《黛西· 米勒》(Daisy Miller, 1897)使节》(The Ambassadors, 1903)自然主义小说家西奥多·德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser, 1871-1945), 代表作品《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie, 1900)
两次大战期间
这一时期是美国文学的第二次繁荣,其背景包括垄断资本主义和现代资本主义文明的冲击第一次世界大战的影响,1920年代美国经济的繁荣1929-1930年代的大萧条,现代主义思潮,马克思主义和“红色的三十年代”,以及弗洛伊德心理学对美国的影响。这一时期美国文坛的代表人物包括:威拉·卡瑟 (Willa Cather, 1873-1947)代表作品:《我的安冬尼娅》(My Antonia,1918);T.S. 艾略特(T.S. Eliot, 1888-1965),代表作品《荒原》(The Waste Land, 1922)。
“迷惘的一代”(The Lost Generation),又称迷失的一代,是美国文学评论家格特鲁德·斯坦因提出的第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战期间出现的美国一类作家的总称。他们共同表现出的是对美国社会发展的一种失望和不满。他们之所以迷惘,是因为这一代人的传统价值观念完全不再适合战后的世界,可是他们又找不到新的生活准则。他们认为,只有现实才是真理,可现实是残酷的。于是他们只能按照自己的本能和感官行事,竭力反叛以前的理想和价值观,用叛逆思想和行为来表达他们对现实的不满。关于“迷惘的一代”的来源,海明威在他的散文中提到过。当时格特鲁德·斯坦因小姐使用的T型福特车的发火装置出了故障,车行里那位当过兵的小伙子在修理斯坦小姐的旧车时技术不熟练,而且工作态度也不够认真,斯坦小姐提出抗议后,车行老板狠狠地批评了他。这位老板对他说:“你们都是迷惘的一代。” 于是斯坦因小姐回去之后就对海明威说 “你们就是这样的人。你们全是这样的人,你们所有在战争中当过兵的人。你们都是迷惘的一代......你们不尊重一切,你们醉生梦死......别和我争辩,你们就是迷惘的一代,与车行老板说得一模一样。“ 后来,海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》的题词,“迷惘的一代” 从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。这一时期的代表作家可谓人才济济,斯各特·菲茨杰拉德,代表作品《了不起的盖茨比》(The Great Gatsby, 1925)欧内斯特·海明威,代表作品《永别了,武器》(A Farewell to Arms,1929);威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner,1897-1962 ),代表作品《喧哗与骚动》(The Sound and the Fury,1929);尤金·奥尼尔(Eugene O’Neill, 1888-1953),戏剧家,1936年获诺贝尔文学奖代表作品《榆树下的欲望》(Desireunder the Elms, 1924);佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿(Zora Neale Hurston, 1891-1960),代表作品《他们的眼睛望着上帝》(Their Eyes Were Watching God,1937);理查德·赖特(Richard Wright, 1908-1960),代表作《土生子》(Native Son, 1940)。
战后美国文学
1945-今,这一段时期的时代背景包括:第二次世界大战的影响,冷战时期:麦卡锡主义,同时期进行的民权运动、妇女解放运动、学生运动、反战运动、反文化思潮、环保运动,科学技术发展中美国的突破,如人类登月、计算机的发明等,美国当时社会兴起的存在主义,后现代主,多元文化与复数的美国文学共存。
这一时期的代表作家包括J. D. 塞林杰(J.D. Salinger, 1919-),代表作品:《麦田里的守望者》(The Catcher in the Rye, 1951);拉尔夫·埃利森(Ralph Ellison, 1914-1994),代表作品《看不见的人》(Invisible Man, 1952);爱伦·金斯伯格(Allen Ginsburg, 1926-1997),代表作品《嚎叫》(Howl, 1956);杰克·凯鲁亚克(Jack Kerouac,1922-1969),代表作品《在路上》(On the Road, 1957);索尔·贝娄(Saul Bellow, 1915-2005),代表作品奥吉·玛奇历险记》(The Adventures of Augie March, 1953);托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison, 1931-)《娇女》(Beloved,1987)。
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