下面是小编给大家带来的专八翻译词语的译法,本文共8篇,以供大家参考,我们一起来看看吧!本文原稿由网友“养狗高手张起灵”提供。
篇1:专八翻译词语的译法
专八翻译词语的译法
自201x改革后,专八翻译只保留了汉译英,本文整理了一些词语的翻译方法技巧,希望对大家有帮助。
一、词义选择
(1) 语境词
手机刷新了人与人的关系。
Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.
(2) 表意模糊的词
这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.
(3) 比喻词汇
老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。
The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.
二、词义转换:英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。
(1)动词转名词
吃头两个菜时,也是赞不绝口。
You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.
(2)动词转介词
这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下来。
Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.
(3)动词转形容词
所以人们对于大自然,全都一致并且深深地依赖着。
Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.
(4)形容词副词转名词
只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.
(5)名词转动词
大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。
People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.
三、词的.增补
(1)语法需要:增补的词多为冠词、名词、代词、连词、介词。
面对一池碧水,将忧心烦恼全抛到一边,使自己的身心得到充分休息。
When facing a pool of green water, you forgot all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.
在我所呆的三年半中,共有14位学生被招进了他的实验室,最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。
During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.
(2)意思表达需要
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新概念的博物馆。
The third generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.
(3)文化背景解释的需要
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。
The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen——not with the best of wishes.
四、词的减省
于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。
Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.
用点画成线,用线画成平面,用平面画成立体。
With points you can make a line; with lines, planes; with planes, solids.
五、词的替代
(1)名词成分替代:用代词替代重复出现的名词(this/that/all/both/none/some/any/who/which/whose);用名词性代词替代重复出现的名词(enough/half/the former/the latter/the one);同义词替代。
另一种方法是化学方法。
Another method is the chemical approach.
(2)谓语成分替代
你说他很勤奋,他确实很勤奋。
You say he is diligent, so he is.
成绩有双重性,错误也有双重性。
Achievement has a dual character, so do mistakes.
(3)分句替代
你会来出席会议吗?假如不出席会议,请及早通知我们。
Will you attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.
篇2:专八名言名句翻译练习
专八名言名句翻译练习
1.老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。
英文译文:___________________.
2.礼尚往来。往而不来,非礼也;来而不往,亦非礼也。
英文译文:___________________.
3.两情若是长久时,又岂在朝朝暮暮。路漫漫
英文译文:___________________.
4.其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。
英文译文:___________________.
5. 民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。
英文译文:___________________.
答案:
1.Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s family to that of other families.
2.Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
3.If love between both sides can last for aye, why need they stay together night and day?
4.The way ahead is long; I see no ending, yet high and low I’ll search with my will unbending.
5.The people are the most important element in a state; next are the gods of land and grain; least is the ruler himself.
篇3:常用十大翻译技巧之一:增译法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
1、增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如:
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
篇4:常用十大翻译技巧之二:省译法
2. 省译法:这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如:
(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)
(2)I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词)
(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)
篇5:英语增译法翻译技巧
英语增译法翻译技巧分享
增译法:
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语(论坛)句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。
如:
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料
Clusterluck
集群之幸
Boston’s biotech hub is surviving the challenge from Silicon Valley
波士顿的生物技术中心正从硅谷的挑战中幸存下来
Distance is not dead. In biotechnology, as in other tech-based industries, the clustering of similar firms is more important than ever. Some American biotech startups are based in the San Francisco and Silicon Valley area, huddled with its many digital and IT startups. But the Boston metropolitan area – and in particular Cambridge, across the Charles river from central Boston – seems to be holding its own as the world’s pre-eminent biotech hub.
距离并未消亡。与其他以技术为基础的行业一样,在生物技术领域,同类公司的集群比以往任何时候都更为重要。一些美国生物技术创业公司把总部设在旧金山和硅谷地区,跟当地的众多数字及IT创业公司扎堆。然而,波士顿大都会区——特别是与波士顿市中心隔查尔斯河相望的剑桥市——俨然已能与之抗衡而成为世界上卓越的生物技术中心。
The San Francisco area’s pool of venture capital is beyond compare; and a biotech-industry body there, the California Life Sciences Association, argues that California is the number one state for biomedical employment. But in part that is simply a reflection of the state’s large population, which means its health-care business is necessarily big. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Council claims that its state employs more people in biotech research and development than any other.
旧金山地区的风险投资资源是别处无可比拟的。当地的生物技术行业团体“加利福尼亚生命科学协会”(California Life Sciences Association)认为,加利福尼亚是生物医学就业第一州。但这在某种程度上只是该州庞大人口数量的表现,人口众多意味着其医疗保健产业必然庞大。马萨诸塞州生物技术委员会(Massachusetts Biotechnology Council)声称,该州在生物技术研发领域的就业人数超过其他任何一个州。
A study published last December by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that although, per head, the Boston area had fallen well behind San Francisco and Silicon Valley in creating software and internet startups, it was more or less keeping pace in life sciences. The density of research institutions in Massachusetts means that it receives $351 per head in funding from the National Institutes of Health, well ahead of the Golden State’s $88. This density of research was a reason cited by General Electric, which has a big medical-technology division, in its announcement in Janurary that it will move its group headquarters to Boston.
去年12月,麻省理工学院公布的一项研究发现,波士顿地区虽然在人均创建软件和互联网创业公司的数量上远落后于旧金山与硅谷,但在生命科学领域不相上下。麻省密集的研究机构使它从美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)获得人均351美元的资金,远超过“黄金之州”(加利福尼亚)的人均88美元。拥有庞大医疗技术部门的通用电气1月宣布将把集团总部迁往波士顿,它提到该地区研究机构的高密度是一大原因。
The history of the Boston area cluster can be traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Biogen and Genzyme, two biotech drugmakers, were founded by scientists from nearby academic institutions. Other scientists, especially from MIT and Harvard, Cambridge’s two internationally renowned universities, followed suit and created innovative startups of their own.
波士顿地区产业集群的历史可以追溯到上世纪70年代末和80年代初。当时,周边学术机构的科学家建立了生物技术制药企业百健(Biogen)和健赞(Genzyme)。其他科学家纷纷效法,创建了自己的创新型创业公司,尤其是来自麻省理工和哈佛的科学家,这两所国际知名大学都位于剑桥市。
This encouraged global pharmaceutical giants, struggling with poor productivity in their existing research facilities, to set up labs in and around Cambridge. Novartis of Switzerland began work on its outpost in , followed by such names as AstraZeneca of Britain and Baxter of Illinois, which in spun out its Cambridge labs as Baxalta, a specialist in “orphan” diseases. In Janurary Baxalta agreed a $32 billion takeover by Shire, an Irish drugs giant.
这促使那些苦于现有研究设施生产力低下的全球制药巨头在剑桥及其周边建立实验室。瑞士诺华(Novartis)开始在此设点,紧接着是英国的阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和美国伊利诺伊州的百特(Baxter)。,百特把它的剑桥实验室拆分出来,成立了专攻罕见病的Baxalta公司。今年1月,Baxalta同意被爱尔兰制药巨头Shire公司以320亿美元收购。
The cluster lacked a clear focal point until , when MIT, the main landowner around Kendall Square – an area about a mile in all directions from the Kendall/MIT subway station in Cambridge – decided to spruce it up. One report suggests the square currently hosts firms that have absorbed about $14 billion in venture-capital investments. Silicon Valley’s overall pool of capital may be deeper, but much of it flows to areas other than biotech. And the global drug giants with outposts in the Boston area provide an alternative source of finance, and of eventual buyers for startups.
这里的产业集群一直缺少一个明确的中心,直到,肯德尔广场(Kendall Square)的主要所有者麻省理工学院决定把这片以肯德尔/麻省理工地铁站为中心、半径约一英里的区域修葺一新。一份报告表明,目前在肯德尔广场设立的公司总共吸收了大约140亿美元的风险投资。硅谷的整体风投资源可能更为深厚,但大部分资金都流向了生物技术以外的领域。在波士顿地区设点的全球制药巨头提供了另一种资金来源,也为创业公司增加了潜在的最终买家。
Tom Andrew of Alexandria Real Estate, a property agent specialising in science buildings, notes that the Boston area’s universities, teaching hospitals and other institutions are a sink, as well as a source, of talent. Anyone who accepts a risky job at a startup can be sure that if things don’t work out there are lots of big employers nearby to fall back on.
专注于科学楼宇的房地产经纪公司“亚历山大房地产”(Alexandria Real Estate )的汤姆·安得鲁(Tom Andrew)表示,波士顿地区的大学、教学医院及其他机构既是人才之源,又是人才之库。在创业企业中承担有风险工作的所有人都可以放心,如果工作不顺利,附近会有许多大雇主可以转投。
The cluster’s promising young firms include four – Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia and Bluebird Bio – that are working on “gene editing”, currently one of the hottest areas of biotech. WuXi NextCODE, another local startup, specialises in analysing genomes. Alnylam concentrates on drugs that interfere with RNA, the messenger molecule through which genes express themselves. Not satisfied with just editing, deciphering or blocking nature’s blueprints, Synlogic is seeking to create medicines through entirely artificial sequences of genes.
集群中有前途的新兴企业包括Editas医药公司(Editas Medicine)、CRISPR疗法公司(CRISPR Therapeutics)、Intellia和蓝鸟生物(Bluebird Bio)。这四家公司正致力于研究“基因剪辑”,这是当今生物技术中最热门的领域之一。另一家本地创业公司明码生物科技(WuXi NextCODE)专门从事基因组分析。奥尼兰姆公司(Alnylam)专注研究干扰RNA的药物,RNA是基因自我表达的信使分子。Synlogic公司不满足于只是剪辑、解码或者阻断基因组这一自然的蓝图,还试图通过合成完全人工的基因序列来开发药物。
Synlogic’s boss, Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos, formerly of Pfizer, has worked around the world and praises the “density of intellectuals” in Boston and the opportunities that come from being able to make easy connections. With little travel time between appointments, it is easier to arrange meetings. Dan Budwick of Pure Communications, a public-relations firm which represents some of the area’s startups, says that “You can jump on a bike and see 30 companies in a mile. You can’t do that in San Francisco or Manhattan.”
Synlogic的老板、原辉瑞公司的何塞-卡洛斯·古铁雷斯-拉莫斯(Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos)曾在世界各地工作过,他称赞波士顿“知识分子密集”,能够很容易地建立人脉关系并从中找到机会。由于约会之间花费在交通上的时间很短,安排会议比较容易。代表该地区一些创业企业的公关公司 “单纯沟通”(Pure Communications)的丹·布德威克(Dan Budwick)说:“你可以跳上一辆自行车,在一英里内见到30家公司。这在旧金山或曼哈顿就不行。”
Boston’s tech cluster has a different vibe from Silicon Valley’s in other ways too. Edward Farmer of WuXi NextCODE says Boston’s biotech crowd are a more formal bunch, who wear proper shirts – and tuck them in. They know which fork is for the salad because salad is not the only thing they eat. Beer is the recreational drug of choice, rather than cannabis.
在其他方面,波士顿的高科技集群也与硅谷的氛围不同。明码生物科技的爱德华·法默(Edward Farmer)表示,波士顿的生物科技从业者举止更规矩,他们穿合适的衬衫,还把下摆塞进裤子里。他们知道哪一个叉子是吃沙拉的,因为他们不只吃沙拉。首选的休闲毒品是啤酒而不是大麻。
The cranes sprouting across the skyline suggest more growth ahead. But demand is still running ahead of supply. In the Boston area rents for laboratory space rose by 7% last year to around $47 a square foot ($505 a square metre), compared with $37 in San Francisco. Already, some companies are having to seek space in districts like Alewife or Watertown, on the far side of Harvard’s campus.
穿越天际线不断涌现的起重机表明,未来将有更多发展。但目前依然是供不应求。在波士顿地区,实验室的租金去年上涨了7%,达到每平方英尺47美元(每平方米505美元),相比之下,旧金山的租金为37美元。已有一些公司在哈佛校园另一边的埃尔维夫(Alewife)和沃特敦(Watertown)等区域寻找办公地点。
Though it is on a roll, the Boston biotech cluster must keep a nervous eye on its West Coast rival, especially if, in future, biotech ventures come to rely on software, wearable sensors and big-data analysis, areas in which Silicon Valley is strong. At least that is a problem it can try to address. The weather is not. The biggest annual jamboree for investors in biotech, organised by J.P. Morgan, a bank, opened in Janurary in its customary location of San Francisco. The temperature was a balmy 13? Celsius, to Boston’s shivering -1 ?.
尽管顺风顺水,波士顿的生物技术产业集群还是必须紧张地关注它在西海岸的竞争对手,尤其是假如生物技术企业今后要开始依赖软件、可穿戴传感器和大数据分析等硅谷强项的话。至少,这个问题是它可以试图解决的。但天气就不是了。生物科技投资者最大的年度盛会已于1月按惯例在旧金山举行,活动由摩根大通银行(J.P. Morgan)组织。当地气温13摄氏度,温暖宜人,而波士顿为零下1度,冷得让人直打寒颤。
英语翻译
篇6:小学语文词语教学八法
小学语文词语教学八法
(一)内容显示法。
(二)听课思考法。
人的大脑机能定位决定了大脑在同一时间的多功能牲,据此,可以把朗读朗单项训练改为综合训练:于听读前出示一二道听、读思考题,要求学生边听边想、听后解答,使学生在体会语感的同时自然感知课文主要内容,从而减少了教学环节,节省了教学时间。
(三)掌握达标法。
即对学生进行能力训练。如阅读课文,在研究某一项任务前先要求学生将所掌握的那一项知识迅速“过电影”(重现),教师可作适当的提示或点拨;在此基础上引导学生作为析比较,再量力设计一些发展题,由于学生带着明确的标准去完成新的练习任务,没有畏难心理,因而注意力高度集中、积极性高涨。
(四)重点铺垫法。
小学高年级教材每单元的重点读写项目对学生来说都是陌生的,为使学生正确地领会重点项目的概念(定义)并能运用概念较准确地分析讲读课文,教学前应根据“读写例话”把重点项目的概念解释清楚。由于概念新鲜,容易引起学生的有意注意,因而学生很容易领会,再运用概念分析课文就能得心应手。
(五)启迪激励法。
在要学生完成某项难度较大的练习或识记某项不易记住的知识前加些启迪、激励性话语,如:“互相比一比,谁用的时间最少、背得最熟、记得最牢?”要学生记住一些重要内容(指教师的讲解),可提醒:“请同学们注意听,下节课老师要考一考你们的听记力。”还有,可利用学生最敏感的分数来进行刺激,如要学生解答课后复述性答题,先分题打分,然后让学生仔细默读课文、做出答案,教师出示答案后让学生自行计分,从而使学生竭其力尽其智地答题。
(六)判断选择法。
由于小学生注意力差、分析问题的能力弱,致使育的'训练效果很差甚至是无效劳动。为此,对一些难度较大或超出学生生活经历的课文,可间或设计一些判断选择题,要求学生在答题前细读课文,然后反复揣蘑筛选答案。反馈信息后,师生立即分析正误原因,以便总结经验、吸取教训、调整思路。用此法训练,学生精力最为集中,准确思维的品质能得到最佳培养。
(七)发谬纠错法。
心理学研究表明,小学生的注意保持时间在25分钟左右,超过这个界限,将会出现注意分散的现象。为此,教师可适时设计一二题错误较明显的答案,以便唤起学生新的注意,促使学生应即进入新的思维状志。友谬纠错法能抓装知错就改”和“刨根究底”的心理特点来发挥人的内驱力,因而能减少知识和思维的误差。
(八)逆向思维法。
由于思维定势的影响,小学生认识事物、解答问题总是唯课本是从,他们只要知道课文“是怎样写的”就感到心满意足,至于“为什么要这样写而不那样去写”他们就不加过问了。为保证重点问题学深学透,教师可设置若干反向(逆向)思考题。如五年制第九册第四单元重点项目是“按事情发展顺序写”,“读写例话”结合的例文是《飞夺泸定桥》。“例话”旨在指导学生写文章时除了按照事情发展顺序外还要突出重点,学生只要把“例话”读一两遍,就能正确回答以下三题:①《飞夺泸定桥》是怎样按事情发展顺序写的?②课文重点是什么?③为什么要写好这两个重点?然而要他们运用这种方法去作文,能突出重点的很少,原因就在于学生是仅仅从课本这一面去获得知识的。苦教师从反面设计如下提问:“与红四团飞夺泸定桥这件事有关的敌我双方都有大量的人和事,可按事情发展顺序一一写下来,想一想作者为什么不把这些写进文中?”
经思考、讨论,学生就能从根本上把握装文章的重点是由文章的中心决定的”这一重要的写作知识。由于从正反两方面引导学生探讨,学生对重点项目就理解得较为全面、深刻,后来习作时“流水帐”式的作文就会大大减少。逆向思维能打破思维定势,激发学生的探究心理。同时,逆向思维加大了问题的力度和难度,从而保证了知识的全面性和深刻性,使学生知真所以然。
篇7:翻译漫谈(八)英译汉:巧译定语
我在审订译稿的时候发现,许多句子的译文不顺,究其原因,往往是定语没有处理好。在英语里,可以用作定语的成分很多。单词、从句、分词短语、介词短语、动词不定式,都可用作定语。单词作定语一般放在被修饰语前面,其他定语一般放在后面。汉语里,定语一般放在被修饰语前面。因此翻译时若把定语仍译成定语,而且仍放在前面,译文当然就不顺了。
定语如果不译成定语,又能译成什么呢?
关于定语从句的译法,已经看到不少文章。各种教程和专著中也有专门的章节加以论述。这里只举两个例子。
例1 The police are concerned for the safety of the 12-year-old boy who has been missing for three days.
那个12岁的男孩失踪三天了,警方对他的安全感到担忧。
例2 Each of London’s districts had a distinct character that marked it off from its neighbours.
伦敦的每个区都有鲜明的特征,与邻近地区不同。
例1的译文用了两个主谓结构,也可以说是两个并列短句。若译作“警方对那个已失踪三天的12岁男孩的安全感到担忧”,异文就因定语太长而不顺了。例2的译文用了一个主语带两个并列的谓语。总之,这两个例子,原文都是主从结构,而译文都是并列结构。这也正是英汉两种语言在句子结构方面最大的区别。
例3 Police investigating the train derailment have not ruled out sabotage.
警方调查火车出轨事件,没有排除人为破坏的可能。
例4 Any event attended by the actor received widespread media coverage.
这位演员参加任何一项活动,媒体都作了广泛报道。
例3和例4,原文各有一个分词短语*作定语:investigating...和attended by ...。例3的译文用了一个主语带两个并列谓语,例4的译文用了两个主谓结构,这和上回所说的定语从句的译法是完全一样的。译文中没有出现“调查火车出轨事件的警方”之类的话。
例5 He was the only one to speak out against the decision.
只有他站出来反对那项决定。
例6 He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.
他长期渴望有机会与著名音乐家一起工作。
例5和例6,原文各有一个动词不定式短语作定语:to speak out … 和 to work with …。例5的译文直接把定语变成了谓语。例6的译文用了一个“连动式”(参看胡裕树《现代汉语》第363页),把原文动词不定式短语化作“连动谓语”的一部分。这样处理,译文比较简洁。我们设想一下,假如例5保持原文的结构,译为:“他是唯一一个站出来反对那项决定的人”,一个17个字的句子里,定语竟占了14个字,是不是显得长了一点?
例7 The cut in interest rates is good news for homeowners.
降低利率对于私房买主来说是个福音。
例8 I admire her coolness under pressure.
我佩服她在压力下能保持冷静。
篇8:翻译资格考试中各种“副”职的译法
“副”字在英语中可以用vice、deputy、assistant、associate、under、sub等词表示。
副总裁 Vice President考试用书
国防部副部长(美国) Deputy Secretary of Defence
副总经理 Assistant General Manager
副国务卿 Under Secretary of State
副州长(副总督) Lieutenant Governor
(学院)副院长 Sub-dean of School
根据我国的翻译实践,表达“副”的含义用的最广泛的是Vice 和Deputy。Vice 和Deputy 并无本质区别,在实际使用时究竟选用哪个,纯属搭配习惯。一般来说,vice与president、premier、chairman、minister、governor 搭配;deputy与director、chief、head 、secretary、dean、mayor 搭配。似乎可以认为,Vice比Deputy的搭配级别要高。如:
国家副主席(或大学副校长) Vice President
副主席(或系副主任等) Vice Chairman
副总理 Vice Premier
副部长 Vice Minister
副省长 Vice Governor
副领事 Vice Consul
副校长(中小学) Vice Principal
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