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unit 9 要点综述

时间：2025年01月26日

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下面是小编为大家整理的unit 9 要点综述，本文共10篇，以供大家参考借鉴!本文原稿由网友“g15260”提供。

篇1：被动语态要点综述

作者：呼振璞

语态是动词的一种形式。主动语态表示主语执行动作，被动语态表示主语承受动作。

一、被动语态的结构形式

被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。在接下来的几个单元里，我们将陆续学到以下几种形式的被动语态：

1. 一般现在时被动结构：are / is / am +done (done为及物动词的过去分词)。如：

Football is played all over the world. 足球运动全世界都盛行。

2. 一般过去时被动结构：was / were + done。如：

His leg was broken yesterday. 他的腿昨天骨折了。

3. 一般将来时被动结构：shall / will be +done或be going to be + done。如：

More factories will be built in our hometown. 我们家乡将建更多的工厂。

Japanese is not going to be taught this term. 本学期不准备开设日语课。

4. 现在进行时被动结构：am /is /are + being + done。如：

My shoes are being mended. 我的鞋正在修。

5. 现在完成时被动结构：have /has been + done。如：

The work has been finished. 工作已完成了。

6. 含情态动词的被动语态：“情态动词 + be + done ”，其中be不再有人称和数的变化。如：

The work must be finished today. 这工作今天必须完成。

It can be done in a minute. 这事马上可以做。

二、被动语态适用的情况

被动语态归纳起来大体适用于以下四种情况：

1.当我们不知道动作的执行者时； 2.我们不必提出动作的执行者时；3. 我们要强调动作的承受者时；4. 出于行文的需要。如：

(1) This bridge was built last year.

(2) I was born in 1957.

(3) She is liked by everyone.

(4) Tom was sent to the school by his parents when he was nine.

三、主动语态变为被动语态的方法

1.变换结构图：

2. 变换步骤：

先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，再将主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语，主动句的主语变成被动句中介词by的宾语(没必要说出动作的执行者时可略去“by+宾”)；主动句的谓语动词要变成“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变；变化时还得注意“数”(助动词要与新的主语保持“数”的一致)和“格”(若主语和宾语是人称代词，“宾作主”时宾格要变成主格，“主作宾”时主格要变成宾格)；时间状语、地点状语等其余部分可重现于被动句中。如：

We plant trees every year. →

Trees are planted every year by us.

有些及物动词（其主语大都是物）的主动语态可以表示被动意义。通常有以下几种情况：

1. look， smell， sound， feel， taste等作连系动词用时。如：

棉花摸上去很柔软。

误：Cotton is felt soft.

正：Cotton feels soft.

这话听上去很有道理。

误：That is sounded reasonable.

正：That sounds reasonable.

2. write， read， sell， wash， open， lock等动词被副词加以修饰，表达效果和程度时。如：

This pen writes well. 这支笔很好用。

The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。

3. 动词need， want等接动名词作宾语时。如：

His shoes need mending. 他的鞋需要修补。

4. easy， hard， cheap， important， difficult， nice等形容词作表语，后接不定式，且句子的主语在逻辑上是不定式的宾语时。如：

The question is hard to answer. 这问题很难回答。

篇2：unit 9 要点综述

高一第九单元要点综述

Mobile Phones' Effects on Children

A newspaper in Helsinki, Finland, recently published a cartoon of a baby with a mobile phone, telling his parents that his diaper(尿布) needed changing. But it’s hardly a joke Helsinki is home to Nokia, the mobile-phone maker. It's one of the most “mobile” cities in the world. About 92 percent of its households (家庭.) have at least one mobile phone. And the kids start young.

“A relatively normal age to get a mobile phone is 7 now,” says Jan Virkki, marketing manager for a mobile-phone company. Among the second graders at the Kulosaari Elementary School, the most popular object of desire this year is not a Barbie or a Game boy. It is a Nokia mobile phone with a picture of their own choice on the screen.

“One of the first things we discuss when school starts is the rules for mobile phones,” says Tiia Korppi, a teacher. Among the rules. You have to put it away out of sight. You cannot turn it on. You cannot send text messages to your friends, or play amusing tunes ( 令人发笑的曲调 ) in class, or call your parents or call for a pizza during history.

Speaking

交际用语

1. 同意和不同意(Agreement and disagreement)

Absolutely. I disagree. /Well, yes, but...

That s exactly what I was thinking. I’ m afraid I don t agree.

That s a good point. You can t be serious.

That s just how I see it. Well, it depends.

That s worth thinking about. I would have to disagree with that.

Well, I m not so sure about that.

2.谈论日常生活中使用物品的用语 It looks like...

What does it look like? he’s used for... It's made of...

What is it used for? 3. 给某人提出建议的用语

What is it made of? You’d better do...

How does it work? Why don't you do...?

How do people use it? I suggest that you (should) do...

2. 描述日常生活中物品的用语 I advise that you (should) do...

You’d better inform him of that ahead of time.

Why don't you climb the hill with us tomorrow?

I suggest (advise) that the patient should be operated on immediately.

Sample discussion:

JANE: Thank you for taking the time to talk with me. Mum, Dad, you know I have told you before that I want to buy a cell phone. I would like to tell you why I want to buy one, and I would like your advice.

DAD: OK, why don't you start and then we will all tell you what we think.

JANE: Thanks, Dad. I think a cell phone is very useful, because I can use it to let you know where I am and when I will be back home. For example, if I have to stay late at school, you might get worried and wonder where I am. If I have a cell phone, I can call you and tell you that I will be late.

MUM: Well, that's true, but I don't think you should buy a cell phone. In my opinion, a cell phone is too expensive. Besides, if you have a cell phone I think you will spend too much time talking on the phone. You'd better use your time to study instead.

CINDY: I agree with Mrs. Collins. Some of the other students in our class have cell phones and they talk on the phone all the time. I don't see how they ever have time for anything else. And it is expensive. One of my classmates said that she spent 110 Yuan in one month!

DAD: Jane, I think you are right. I often worry about where you are and I never know when I will be home from work. I remember last year, when you were at the supermarket and I had promised to pick you up. I was late and couldn't find you when I got there. If you have a cell phone I can just call you.

JANE: Thank you for telling me what you think. I will take some time to think about what you have said. Now let's have some fun. How about playing some cards!

Reading

课文整体阅读

1. Which is not a reason for the popularity of cell phones among teenagers.'?

A. Cell phones can be used to stay in touch with friends and family.

B. Cell phones can be used to call for help in case of an emergency.

C. Cell phones can be used in class to help one learn better.

D. You look cool talking on a cell phone.

2. Who is controlling the secret school?

A. AXL. B. Machines.

C. Robots. D. Human beings.

3. Which of the following can be used as another title for Passage 1?

A. Cell Phones. B. Teenagers.

C. No Cell Phone in Class. D. Mobile Phones in China.

4. Which of the following is most probable in the future according to Passage 1 ?

A. Cell phones can also pick up TV programmes.

B. Cell phones will be allowed in every classroom.

C. Cell phones will take the place of computers.

D. No one can live without a cell phone.

5. What message can we get from the story in Passage 2?

A. We'd better destroy all the computers now before they control us.

B. Our future will be like what is described in the story unless we change our way of life.

C. We should treat our machines as our friends.

D. We should teach our computers about love and friendship now.

Key:1-5 CDAAB

II. Key points

1.listening and speaking

1. toothpick n. 牙签（short, pointed piece of wood, etc, for removing bits of food from between the teeth）

2.as many...as

[用法]和...一样多;有...那么多

[举例]Take as many books as you want.

As many as ten students were late for class this morning.

[联想]as much...as 指代或修饰不可数名词

[举例]Some students are spend as much as 200 Yuan on their cell phones.

3.If you turn a left-handed glove inside out, it will fit on a right hand.

Fit [用法]vi/vt 适合；适应；装备 n.合身 a. 合适的；恰当的；健康的

[搭配]fit in with 适应；配合 fit on 试穿

inside out:里面翻到外面。彻底地。一般用作状语

他经常翻穿球衫

He often wears his sweater inside out

4.Jane wants to buy a cell phone.

cell phone

[用法]n. 手机

[联想]mobile 手机; cordless phone 无绳电话; vision phone可视电话

5.Absolutely.

[用法]ad. 1.绝对地,完全地 2.【口】(用于对答)一点不错,完全对

[举例]It s absolutely no business of hers. 这件事与她毫不相关。

6.That’ s a good point.

[用法]你说得有道理.

[联想]口语中表示同意的表达还有许多,如:I see what you mean 我明白你的意思

I couldn’ t agree more 我举双手赞成。

7.Well, it depends.

it depends

[用法]看情况而定

[联想]depend on 依赖;取决于

[举例] I knew he wasn’ t to be depended upon. 我知道他不可信赖。

Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep.

健康依靠的是良好的食物,新鲜的空气和充足的睡眠。

8.I m afraid I don’t agree.

agree

[用法]vi/vt 同意. 该词搭配较多,注意以下例句的不同用法.

[举例]1. I don’ t agree with him on many things. 我和他在许多事情上意见不一致。

2. I think we should stop; do you agree? 我觉得我们该停止了,你同意吗?

3. This bill does not agree with your original estimate. 这张帐单与你当初的估计不符。

9.I m not so sure about that.

sure

[用法]a.1. 确信的,有把握的 2. 一定的,必定的 3. 确实的;可靠的

[举例]I m not sure whether our team will win.

我不能肯定我队是否能赢。

We are sure of his innocence.

我们确信他是无辜的。

2.reading

1>She takes out her red cell phone and press the talk key.

press

[用法]vt. 1. 按,压,挤 2. 压碎,压破;榨出 3. 熨平(衣服) 5. 催促;催逼;强迫;(极力)劝说

vi. 1. 挤向前,奋力前进 2. 紧迫

n. 1. 报刊;新闻界;记者们;通讯社 2.(常大写)出版社

[举例]Press this button to start the engine. 按此钮发动引擎。

He was pressing his jacket. 他在烫外套。

He pressed her to come with him. 他强迫她跟他走。

2>I should be home in about ten minutes.

should

[用法] 情态动词，应该,但此处是一种推断、猜测,而非义务,责任等

[举例]She should be here any minute. 她该马上就到。

Dinner should be ready by now. 此刻晚饭应该做好了。

in about ten minutes [用法]大约十分钟以后,主要用于将来时间

3>Wang Mei is one of many Chinese teenagers who live life ”on the go“ and use cell phones.

on the go

[用法]忙碌;活跃四处奔走跑来跑去

[举例]She’ s been on the go all day.

Healthy, happy people are usually on the go.

4>New functions are being added to the phones.

add...to

[用法]把..加到..上面去

[联想]add to... 增加 add up 把...加起来

add up to 总计 add that-clause 补充说

5>An electronic calendar will remind you about appointments and important dates.

remind vt. （常与of, to + inf, that连用）使想起；使记起；提醒

1) remind sb. Of / about sb. / sth 使某人想起某人/某事

2) remind sb. To do sth.提醒某人做某事

3)remind sb. That clause提醒某人某事; 使某人想起某事

Remind me to write to Mother. 提醒我给妈妈写信。

This reminds me of last year. 这使我想起去年的事。

Please remind me that I must call her up before nine.请提醒我九点前给她打个电话。

The film reminded him of what he had seen in China.

这部影片使他回想起在中国所看到的一切。

6>I don t dare to use the phone in school.

dare

[用法] 情态动词. 敢;竟敢 (主要用于疑问,否定或条件句),过去式为dared

vt. 敢;胆敢 (除具有一般实义动词之特点外, 在否定,疑问句中dare后的to可省略.

Don't dare do that again! 不要再这样胆大妄为！

He will dare any danger. 他敢冒任何危险。

He dared me to jump over the stream. 他激我跳过小溪

7>Their children will spend too much time and money on phone calls.

too much

[用法]修饰不可数名词

[联想]much too 修饰形容词或副词

8>The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends no matter where we are or what we are doing.

stay in touch with=keep in touch with 和...保持联系

Eg: The salesman keeps/stays in touch with the office by phone

篇3：考研高等数学复习要点综述

考研高等数学复习要点综述

[考研频道 ]高等数学高等数学是考研数学的重中之重，所占分值较大，需要复习的内容也比较多。主要内容有：

1)函数、极限与连续：主要考查分段函数极限或已知极限确定原式中的常数;讨论函数连续性和判断间断点类型;无穷小阶的比较;讨论连续函数在给定区间上零点的个数或确定方程在给定区间上有无实根。

2)一元函数微分学：主要考查导数与微分的求解;隐函数求导;分段函数和绝对值函数可导性;洛比达法则求不定式极限;函数极值;方程的根;证明函数不等式;罗尔定理、拉格朗日中值定理、柯西中值定理以及辅助函数的构造;最大值、最小值在物理、经济等方面实际应用;用导数研究函数性态和描绘函数图形，求曲线渐近线。

3)一元函数积分学：主要考查不定积分、定积分及广义积分的计算;变上限积分的求导、极限等;积分中值定理和积分性质的证明题;定积分的应用，如计算旋转面面积、旋转体体积、变力作功等。

4)多元函数微分学：主要考查偏导数存在、可微、连续的判断;多元函数和隐函数的一阶、二阶偏导数、方向导数;多元函数极值或条件极值在与经济上的应用;二元连续函数在有界平面区域上的.最大值和最小值。

5)多元函数的积分学：包括二重积分在各种坐标下的计算，累次积分交换次序;

6)微分方程及差分方程：主要考查一阶微分方程的通解或特解;二阶线性常系数齐次和非齐次方程的特解或通解;微分方程的建立与求解。差分方程的基本概念与一介常系数线形方程求解方法跨章节、跨科目的综合考查题，近几年出现的有：微积分与微分方程的综合题;求极限的综合题等。

中国大学网

篇4：论文文献综述写作要点及格式

1.在文献综述时，应系统地查阅与自己的毕业设计选题直接相关的国内外文献。搜集文献应尽量全，尽量选自学术期刊或学术会议。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提。

2.文献综述的题目不宜过大、范围不宜过宽。

3.在引用文献时，应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。

4.在文献综述中，应说明毕业设计选题方向的发展历史、他人的主要研究成果、存在的问题及发展趋势等。文献综述在逻辑上要合理，即做到由远而近先引用关系较远的文献，最后才是关联最密切的文献。要围绕主题对文献的各种观点作比较分析，不要教科书式地将有关的理论和学派观点简要地汇总陈述一遍。评述(特别是批评前人不足时)要引用原作者的原文，防止对原作者论点的误解。

5.文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。采用的文献中的观点和内容应注明来源，模型、图表、数据应注明出处。

6.文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励学生多发现问题、多提出问题，并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。

7.毕业设计(论文)的文献综述主要是为自己进行毕业设计(论文)提供文献方面的帮助和指导，所以，只要把自己所作题目的相关文献找准、找全，然后对这些文献中的观点、方法、原理、材料等进行归纳和总结，形成文字就可以了。总之，一篇好的文献综述，应有较完整的文献资料，有评论分析，并能准确地反映主题内容。

8.文献综述的总字数要求不少于3000字，应重点提出主体部分。

9.合理选择字体和行间距，力求整体布局合理、美观。

篇5：论文文献综述写作要点及格式

一、前言

前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的'，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。前言部分要写清：

(1)首先要说明写作的目的。

(2)有关概念的定义。

(3)规定综述的范围、包括：“专题涉及的学科范围”，综述范围切忌过宽、过杂，“时间范围”，必须声明引用文献起止的年份。

(4)扼要说明有关问题的现况或争论焦点，引出所写综述的核心主题，这是广大读者最关心而又感兴趣的，也是写作综述的主线。

二﹑主体部分

主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

三、总结

总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。

四、参考文献

参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。

篇6：高一第八单元Sports要点综述

Unit 8 Sports

I.Teaching aims and demands

1.Topics

1>talk about sports

2>talk about the Olympic Games

3>talk about sports stars

2.Function:

兴趣和爱好(Interests and hobbies)

Which do you like,...or...? I like watching it.

What s your favourite sport? Shooting,I think.

Which sport do you like best? I like...best.

Which do you prefer,...or...? I prefer...to...

What about...? I d rather watch it than play it.

Are you interested in...? Yes,very much/No,not really/Sure,I love sports

3.Vocabulary

BC;AD;continent;well-known;athlete;gold;medal;torch;badminton;speed skating; track and field;tie;final;dive;shooting;Greece;competitor;motto;further;rank;

gymnastics;prepare;preparations;effect;flame;compete;flag;weight;position;

superstar;point;skill;weigh;title;gesture;facial

stand for;because of;would rather;take part;in preparation for

4.Grammar:被动语态(2)

1>描述事物将受到某种影响或某种处理--使用将来时被动态

2>描述人物将被动的接受某种行为或某种处理--使用将来时被动语态

II.Key points

1.listening and speaking

1>What do the five Olympic rings stand for?

stand for

[用法]代表;象征

[举例]In a kind of alphabet for the blind,different finger positions ~ letters of the alphabet.

2>How many gold medals did China win the Olympic Games?

win

[用法]vi/vt 赢;赢得(奖金,比赛,奖牌,荣誉等)

[注意]中文里A 赢了B,英文中需用beat(打败)而不是win.

[举例]Without your help,you would not have won.

3>In which year was the first Olympic Torch Relay?

Relay

[用法]n. 替班;接力赛跑

[举例]The shop-assistants work in ~s these days.

We won in the 4×100 ~ race.

4>Each question is worth one point.

worth

[用法]a. 有(...的)价值,值...

[举例]This necklace is worth 1,000 US dollars.

That novel is not worth reading.

The exhibition is worth a visit.

5>Congratulations!You really know the Olympics well.

Congratulations

[用法]祝贺;恭喜(常用复数)

[举例]a letter of congratulations

6>I prefer...to...

[用法]prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth 宁愿(做)..而不愿(做)..

[举例]He preferred going to the cinema to watching TV at home.

7>I d rather watch it than play it.

would rather

[用法]宁可,宁愿. 后接动词原型,否定句在rather后加not

[举例]I ll never be dependent on anyone again. I d rather starve.

2.reading

1>Every four years athletes take part in the Olympics.

Every four years

[用法]每四年或每隔三年

[举例]Take the medicine every five hours.

[联想]每隔一天 every second day;every other day;every two days

每隔数百米 every few hundred metres

take part (in)

[用法]参加(...活动)

[举例]When was it that China took part in the Olympic Games for the first time?

2>The ancient Olympics began around the year 776 BC in Greece.

[用法]=before Christ 公元前...年(基督之前...年),亦指bachelor of chemistry 化学学士

或bachelor of commerce 商学士

[联想]A.D. =Anno Domini (=in the year of our Lord) 【拉】公元...年

3>Most of the sports were the same as they are now.

the same as..

[用法]先行词为same或含有same时,后面的定语从句关系词用as,表示和...同样的

[举例]I have the same T-shirt as you.

4>Women were not allowed to take part in in the games.

allow

[用法]allow sb to do/allow doing

[举例]Visitors are not allowed to go inside the temple.

We don t allow smoking in the offices.

5>The Olympic motto means that every athlete should try to run faster,junp higher and throw further.

further

[用法]a./ad. 1. 更远的;较远的 2. 另外的;进一步的;深一层的 3. 而且;另外;再者

[举例]Do you need further help?

It s getting dark.We had better not go any further.

6>Following the history-making success in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games,

China won another competition in which was not for a medal.

Following...

[用法]分词做状语.意为”继2000悉尼奥运会取得历史性的成功后...“

7>The sentence below summarise the article.

summarise

[用法]vt./vi 1. 总结,概述,概括;作总结,作概括

[举例]She summarized the aims of the new party in a couple of sentences.

8>What will be done in preparation for the Olympics in Beijing?

in preparation for

[用法]为...作准备

[举例]He sharpened his knife in preparation for carving the meat.

[联想]相应的动词短语为make preparations for

[举例]We made preparations for the trip.

10>Hosting the Olympic Games is a great honour and a great responsibility.

honour

[用法]n.1. 荣誉;名誉,面子[U]; 2. 光荣的事或人[C];3.敬意[U]

[举例]We fight for the honor of our country.

He is an honor to our school.

Children should be taught to show honor to their elders.

11>Being the host will have good and bad effect on the host city.

have effect on

[用法]对..起作用;对...产生影响

[举例]This had a great effect upon the future of both mother and son.

12>They will make the flags by hand.

by hand

[用法]用手

[联想]She went to prepare him a meal with her own hands.

她去亲手为他做一顿饭。

He was an old hand at the job.

他做这工作是老手了。

3.integrating skills

1>Yao Ming scored 32.4 points per game.

score

[用法]vt.1. (体育比赛中)得(分),记(分);使得分; 2. (考试等中)得(分); 3. 给...打分,给...评分

[举例]He only scored nine hundred marks.

Mary scored the highest marks on the exam.

Professor Hunter is busy scoring the examinations.

亨特教授正忙于给考试评分。

2>Yao Ming has more than just size.

more than

[用法]不仅仅是

[举例]Hibernation is more than sleep.

冬眠不仅仅是睡觉.

3>Yao Ming is working hard to live his dream.

live

[用法]实践;经历;实现

[举例]None of the others have lived my experiences.

其他人没有一个经历过我的这些遭遇。

4>When did Yao Ming turn professional?

turn

[用法]vi. 此处意为”变成“”成为“

[举例]On hearing the news,her face turned pale.

4>workbook

1>You have been asked to discuss the cause and effect of some serious problems.

causes and effect

[用法]起因与结果

2>Athletes set a good example for young sports fans.

set a good example for

[用法]给...树立好的榜样

[联想]还可以这么说: set sb a good example

3>Every day the big man weighs himselff to see whether he has put on weight.

put on weight

[用法]长胖;体重增加

[联想]lose weight 减肥

weigh

[用法]vt/vi 称...的重量; 称重多少...

[举例]He weighed the parcel by hand.

他用手估量那个包裹的重量。

How much do you weigh?

你体重多少?

4>What about those who don t make lots of money?

What about

[用法]同how about,意为...怎么样? 用来征求意见或询问看法.后接名词,代词或动名词

[举例]You like the style.What about the colour?

How about the two of us going to dance on Sunday?

5>Even if they do become the best,they may never be as famous as the bog stars.

do become

[用法]do用来对become进行强调

[举例]Do remember to bring your exercise book tomorrow.

I did see him the street this morning.Why didn t you believe me?

6>I sometimes wish I could make as much money as Jordan.

wish

[用法]后面的句子要用虚拟语气形式,具体要看所指的时间

[举例]I wish (that) I had never met her.

我要是没遇见过她就好了。(对过去而言)

I wish (that) I were/was younger.

我真希望能年轻一些。(对现在而言)

7>I only care about getting better and about competing for my country.

care about

[用法]在意;在乎;感兴趣;关心

[举例]I don t care about the expenses.So long as I have time I will go.

They don t care about this kind of books.

compete

[用法]vi 竞争;比赛;媲美

[联想]competition n.比赛

competitive a.有竞争力的

competitor n. 比赛者;对手

8>I am proud to be part of the Games.

proud

[用法]a.1. 骄傲的,有自尊心的; 2. 傲慢的,自负的; 3. 自豪的,得意的

[举例]He s too proud to speak to poor people like us.

他太骄傲了,从不与我们这样的穷人说话。

篇7：高一第九单元Technology要点综述

Unit 9 Technology

I.Teaching aims and demands

1.Topics

1>Talk about science and technology

2>Describe things and how they work

3>Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology

4>Talk about new inventions

2.Function:

同意和不同意(Agreement and disagreement)

Absolutely. I disagree./Well,yes,but...

That s exactly what I was thinking. I m afraid I don t agree.

That s a good point. You can t be serious.

That s just how I see it. Well,it depends.

That s worth thinking about. I would have to disagree with that.

Well,I m not so sure about that.

3.Vocabulary

toothpick;agreement;disagreement;disagree;absolutely;depend;press;teenager;

throughout;add;latest;calendar;remind;appointment;behaviour;obey;dare;case;

emergency;whatever;

dial;according;unexpected;particular;negative;clone;interview;department;

electricity; planet;wonder;defeat;force;peaceful;succeed;skip

stay in touch with;call for;in case (of);according to;take over;break down

4.Grammar:

被动语态 The Present Continuous Passive Voice (3)

1.用英语描述事物正在受到某种影响或处理---使用现在进行时被动态

2.用英语描述人物正在受到某种影响或处理---使用现在进行时被动态

II.Key points

1.listening and speaking

1>as many...as

[用法]和...一样多;有...那么多

[举例]Take as many books as you want.

As many as ten students were late for class this morning.

[联想]as much...as 指代或修饰不可数名词

[举例]Some students are spend as much as 200 yuan on their cellphones.

2>If you turn a left-handed glove inside out,it will fit on a right hand.

fit

[用法]vi/vt 适合；适应；装备 n.合身 a. 合适的；恰当的；健康的

[搭配]fit in with 适应；配合

fit on 试穿

3>Jane wants to buy a cellphone.

cellphone

[用法]n. 手机

[联想]mobile 手机; cordless phone 无绳电话; vision phone可视电话

4>Absolutely.

[用法]ad. 1.绝对地,完全地 2.【口】(用于对答)一点不错,完全对

[举例]It s absolutely no business of hers.

这件事与她毫不相关。

5>That s a good point.

[用法]你说得有道理.

[联想]口语中表示同意的表达还有许多,如:I see what you mean 我明白你的意思

I couldn t agree more 我举双手赞成。

6>Well,it depends.

it depends

[用法]看情况而定

[联想]depend on 依赖;取决于

[举例]I knew he wasn t to be depended upon.

我知道他不可信赖。

Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep.

健康依靠的是良好的食物,新鲜的空气和充足的睡眠。

7>I m afraid I don t agree.

agree

[用法]vi/vt 同意. 该词搭配较多,注意以下例句的不同用法.

[举例]1. I don t agree with him on many things.

我和他在许多事情上意见不一致。

2. I think we should stop; do you agree?

我觉得我们该停止了,你同意吗?

3. This bill does not agree with your original estimate.

这张帐单与你当初的估计不符。

8>I m not so sure about that.

sure

[用法]a.1. 确信的,有把握的 2. 一定的,必定的 3. 确实的;可靠的

[举例]I m not sure whether our team will win.

我不能肯定我队是否能赢。

We are sure of his innocence.

我们确信他是无辜的。

2.reading

1>She takes out her red cellphone and press the talk key.

press

[用法]vt. 1. 按,压,挤 2. 压碎,压破;榨出 3. 熨平(衣服) 5. 催促;催逼;强迫;(极力)劝说

vi. 1. 挤向前,奋力前进 2. 紧迫

n. 1. 报刊;新闻界;记者们;通讯社 2.(常大写)出版社

[举例]Press this button to start the engine.

按此钮发动引擎。

He was pressing his jacket.

他在烫外套。

He pressed her to come with him.

他强迫她跟他走。

2>I should be home in about ten minutes.

should

[用法]应该,但此处是一种推断、猜测,而非义务,责任等

[举例]She should be here any minute.

她该马上就到。

Dinner should be ready by now.

此刻晚饭应该做好了。

in about ten minutes

[用法]大约十分钟以后,主要用于将来时间

3>Wang Mei is one of many Chinese teenagers who live life ”on the go\" and use cellphones.

on the go

[用法]忙碌;活跃

[举例]She s been on the go all day.

Healthy,happy people are usually on the go.

4>New functions are being added to the phones.

add...to

[用法]把..加到..上面去

[联想]add to... 增加

add up 把...加起来

add up to 总计

add that-clause 补充说

5>An electronic calendar will remind you about appointments and important dates.

remind

[用法]提醒;使想起

[搭配]remind sb of/about sth/sb

remind sb to do

remind sb that-clause

6>I don t dare to use the phone in school.

dare

[用法]v.aux. 敢;竟敢 (主要用于疑问,否定或条件句),过去式为dared

vt. 敢;胆敢 (除具有一般实义动词之特点外,在否定,疑问句中dare后的to可省略.

7>Their children will spend too much time and money on phone calls.

too much

[用法]修饰不可数名词

[联想]much too 修饰形容词或副词

8>The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends no matter where we

are or what we are doing.

stay in touch with

[用法]和...保持联系

no matter where

[用法]无论哪儿;不管哪儿,用以引导让步状语从句

[举例]No matter where he goes,his dog follows him.

10>We can call for help in case of an emergency

in case of

[用法]万一...;如果...发生;假使...

[举例]In case of fire,ring the alarm bell.

11>She says that her cellphone helps her do whatever she wants to do.

whatever

[用法]无论什么,此处引导名词性从句

[注意]whatever还可引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter what

[举例]No matter what you do(Whatever you do),you must do it well.

Goats eat whatever food they can fond.

山羊找到什么吃什么.3.integrating skills

1>It is the year 2374 and the machines have taken over.

take over

[用法]接管;接受

[举例]When he retired,his eldest son took over the farm.

他退休后,他的长子接管了农场.

[注意]take的用法和搭配相当多,本站有专门介绍,搜索可得.

2>The few surviving human beings are being used in the way that we use machines today.

The few

[用法]为数不多的

in the way

[用法]1.用这种方法 2.挡路;妨碍某人

the way that we use machines today

[用法]当way做先行词,并在定语从句中做状语时,关系词用that或in which或省略

3>They have to repair machines when they break down.

break down

[用法]抛锚;垮了;坏了

[举例]The car broke down on the way to the forest.

He didn t take care of his health and at last his health broke down.

他不注意自己的身体,最终身体垮了.

4>Q12 cannot be defeated by force.

defeat

[用法]vt./n. 击败;战胜;受挫折

[举例]Our team has defeated theirs.(亦可用beat,但不能用win)

It was lack of money that defeated their plan.

由于缺少经费,他们的计划受到挫折.

5>Instead,the students have decided to come up with a peaceful solution.

come up with

[用法]提出;提供;想出;赶上

[举例]Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world s food supply.

科学家们必须为增加世界粮食供应提供新方法.

He walked so fast that I couldn t come up with him.

6>Imagine that you are one of those chosen to solve the problem.

Imagine

[用法]vt. 想像;猜想,料想(后接名词,代词,动名词或宾语从句) vi. 想像,猜想

[举例]I can t imagine what has happened.

我想像不出发生了什么事。

I imagine you are tired from the journey.

我想你旅途劳累了。

7>If you practise reading and thinking in this way,you ll become a smarter reader.

practise reading and thinking

[用法]后接名词,代词或动名词

[举例]You should keep practising speaking English,if you want to learn it well.

想学好英语,你应该坚持练习说英语.

8>If they succeed,they believe humans and machines can live together like friends.

succeed

[用法]vi. 成功 vt.接续;继承

[举例]He succeeded in getting the job.

他谋得了那份工作。

Our plan has succeeded.

The millionaire s eldest son will succeed to his estate.

这百万富翁的长子将继承他的产业。

The storm was succeeded by calm.

暴风雨后一片宁静。

4>workbook

1>What are the advantaged and disadvantages of modern technology?

advantaged and disadvantages

[用法]优点和缺点

[补充]advantage n. 1. 有利条件,优点,优势 2. 利益,好处

disadvantage n. 1. 不利条件 2. 不利;损失,损害

[举例]His lack of education was a disadvantage when he looked for a job.

他缺少教育,这在找工作时是一个不利条件。

Not studying will be to your disadvantage.

不学习将对你不利。

[联想]take advantage of 利用

2>The money will be spent on equipment.

equipment

[用法]n.[U] 1. 配备,装备 2. 设备;器械;用具

[举例]The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year.

把这个新医院的设备配齐要化一年时间。

The store sells tents and other camping equipment.

这家商店出售帐篷和其他野营用具。

[联想]equip vt. 1. 装备,配备 2. 使有能力;使有资格;赋予

[举例]Our laboratory is well equipped.

我们的实验室装备良好。

3>New trees are being planted which will give shade in summer.

shade

[用法]n. 1. 荫;阴凉处;阴暗 2. 遮光物,遮太阳的东西

[举例]I saw him sitting in the shade of a tree.

我看见他坐在树荫下。

[联想]shadow n. 1. 荫;阴暗处 2. 影子

[举例]Sometimes she sits alone in the shadow.

有时候她独自一人坐在幽暗处。

Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth s shadow falls on the moon.

地球的影子落在月球上时,就发生月蚀。

4>They are based on the ideas that transportation means moving sth from one place to another.

be based on

[用法]以什么为根据;建立在什么基础之上(前面的课文中已有呈现)

...ideas that...

[用法]that引导的是同位语从句,指idea的内容.注意和定语从句的区分.

5>With teleportation,a person or thing is taken apart at point A and put together again at point B.

taken...apart

[用法]使分开;拆散

[举例]John took the engine apart.

约翰把引擎拆开。

[联想]tell...apart 把...区分开

6>The more we know,the more we can imagine.

The more...the more...

[用法]越...越...

[举例]The harder you work,the more progress you will make.

7>Can you think of some examples to prove this idea?

prove

[用法]vt. 证明,证实 vi. 证明是;原来是

[举例]I ll prove to the world that he was right.

我将向世人证明他是对的。

My advice proved to be wrong.

我的意见证明是错的。

8>Computers and the Internet are among the latest great inventions to change the world.

among

[用法]在...中间,此处指其中之一

[举例]He s among the students who are good at English.

latest

[用法]a.1. 最新的;最近的 2. 最迟的 ad. 最迟地;最近地

[举例]She is dressed in the latest Paris fashion

她身穿巴黎最新款式的时装

He was the latest person to come.

他是最晚来的人。

篇8：纠错输出编码相关论文综述和要点

纠错输出编码（ECOC）综述和基本原理目录

<机器学习导论>....................................................................................................................... 1

《Solving Multiclass Learning Problems via Error-Correcting Output Codes》 ....................... 2

A Subspace to ECOC .................................................................................................................. 3

中文参考文献 ........................................................................................................................... 5

<机器学习导论>

在纠错输出编码中，主要的分类任务通过由基学习器实现的一组子任务来定义。其思想是：将一个类从其他类区分开来的原始任务可能是一个困难的问题。作为替代，我们定义一组简单的分类问题，每个专注于原始任务的一个方面，并通过组合这些简单的分类器来得到最终的分类器。

这时，基分类器是输出为-1/+1的二元分类器，并且有一个K*L的编码矩阵W，其K行是关于L个基学习器dj类的二元编码。例如，M(2, ) [ 1 1 1 1]表示若一个样本属于第2类(C2)，则该样本应在h1和h4上取负值，在h2和h3上取正值；M(, 3) [ 1 1 1]T可理解为第三个基分类器h3的任务是将属于C1类的样本与属于C2和C3类的样本区分开。同时M(, 3)也决定了如何构造基分类器h3的训练样本集T3：所有标记为C2类及C3类的样本形成正样本 3 ，而标记为C1类的实例构成负样本 3 ，对h3的训练应使得 xi T3，当xi 3 时，h3(xi) 1；当xi 3 时，h3(xi) 1。

这样，编码矩阵使得我们可以用二分类问题定义多分类问题，并且这是一种适用于任意可以实现二分基学习器的学习算法的方法，例如，线性或多层感知器，决策树或初始定义的两类问题的SVM。

典型的每类一个判别式的情况对应于对角矩阵，其中L=K，例如，对于K=4，我们有

这里的问题是：如果某一个基学习器存在错误，就会有误分类，因为类的码

篇9：纠错输出编码相关论文综述和要点

字之间非常相似，因而纠错码采用的方法是使L>K来增加码字之间的汉明距离。一种可能的方法是类逐对分开，其中对i

其中的0表示无关，这就是说，训练d1来将C1与C2分开并且在训练中不使用属于其他类的实例。类似地，一个实例属于C2如果有d1=-1,并且d4=d5=+1,并且我们不考虑d2,d3,d6的值。这种方法的问题是对于比较大的K，逐对分开是不可行的。

方法是预先设定L值，然后寻找w使得以汉明距离衡量的行间距以及列间距离都尽可能的大。对K类问题而言，存在2k-1-1中可能列，即两类问题。这是因为K位可以写成2K种不同的形式和补（比如，“0101”和“1010”，从我们的角度来看，二者定义相同的判别式），将所有可能组合除以2减1，因为全为0（或1）的列是无用的。例如K=4时，我们有

1 1M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

当K很大时，对于一个给定的L值，我们从2k-1-1列中选取L列，我们希望W的这些列尽可能的不相同，以便每个基学习器所学习的子任务尽可能互不相同。同时，我们希望W的行业尽可能的不相同，使得在一个活多个基学习器失效时，可以获得最大的'纠错。 ECOC可以用投票方式来表述，其中W的元素wij可以看作投票权值：

yi wijdj

j 1L

然后我们选取具有最高yi的类。通过求加权和并选择最大值（判别类别）取代寻求一个精确的匹配使得dj也不必是二元的，二是可取-1到+1之间的任意值，以软确定性取代硬判决。注意位于0到1之间的pj值（例如后验概率）可以很简单地被转换为-1到+1之间的dj值： Dj=2pj-1

。

ECOC的一个问题是：由于编码矩阵W被设置为先验，因此不能保证由W的列所定义的子任务一定是简单。Dietterich的研究表明二分树可能要比多分树大，而且当使用多层感知器时，后向传播可能收敛较慢。

《Solving Multiclass Learning Problems via Error-Correcting Output Codes》

最早的ECOC文献：

纠错编码设计。

定义一个K*L维二值矩阵为纠错输出编码矩阵。矩阵的列数即为编码的长度，矩阵的行数即为多分类问题的分类类数。矩阵中的每行M(r,·)表示一个类别的码文。

对于K类问题，一个好的纠错输出编码矩阵应该满足两个要求：

篇10：纠错输出编码相关论文综述和要点

一是行尽量分开。即每个类别的码文与其它类别的码文间的汉明距离要尽可能大。

二是列尽量分开。每个基学习器决策函数hi应该与其余的基学习器决策函数hj，j不等于i，是相互独立的。这可以通过强调列i和其余列之间的汉明距离要大以及列i与其它列的补之间的距离要大来获得。

编码的纠错输能力与行间汉明距离直接相关。而列间汉民距离需要大的目的还不明确。如果两列列i和列j十分相似或完全一样，那么基学习器的判决函数hi和hj的决策结果会含有相同的错误。仅当错误出现在不同的编码位置时，纠错输出编码才是有效的，所以不同位置同时出现的错误的机会必须少。当同时出现错误较多时，纠错码将不能纠正。

互补列之间的错误也是相互关联的。….当两列互补时，他们之间的汉明距离也最大。因此列尽量分开的条件就是试图使列既不相同又不互补。

除非分类类别数大于等于5，否则同时满足上述两个条件是很困难的。例如，当分类类别为3时，仅有8

这8列中，4列与另外4列中还有一列是全0或是全1列，这对于分类时毫无作用的。结果是仅剩下三列可以作为纠错输出编码矩阵的列，这与一对多的编码数是一样的。

通常地，如果是K类问题，除去互补和全0或全1的列，最多还有2k-1-1列可用，对于4类问题，我们能获得一个7列输出编码矩阵，使得行间的最小汉明距离为4. 对于5类问题，我们能获得一个15列输出编码矩阵，使得行间的最小汉明距离为

文中介绍了四种设计纠错输出编码的方法：Exhaustive Codes(EC); Column Selection from Exhaustive Code(CSEC); Randomized Hill Climbing; BCH编码[1,2]选择哪种设计方法由分类类数K。

Unit 8 First aid 语言要点

新目标七上Unit?10知识要点及同步检测题

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