下面是小编为大家准备的如何高效利用托福,本文共6篇,欢迎阅读借鉴。本文原稿由网友“强者组织”提供。
篇1:如何高效利用托福
一.托福范文六步应用法
1.将一篇优秀的托福独立习作翻译成英文。这里需要注意一个细节,我们所做出来的翻译应该和原文放在一个文档以方便我们的后续检查和比较。
2.打开一个新的文档,将翻译好的汉语文本进行复制粘贴。这里需要注意的是最好粘贴在非word文档里。由于word具有自动改正的功能,所以很多明显的拼写语法错误会自动修正,而在真实的考场上,ETS给出的软件完全不具备类似的功能(这本来就是考试所要考查的内容),所以,对word依赖越大,考场之上,失误的可能性就越大。
3.对照自己的汉语文本,将汉语翻译成英语。
4.将自己的英语文本与原先的范文文本进行对比,标注出自己表达与范文表达不同的地方,并进行修改批注。但是,进行到这一步,大家千万不要以为万事大吉了,确切地说这才是做好我们整个工作的准备环节,真正关键的步骤是第五步。
5.也是整个环节中最重要的一步,就是要静心地思考你的英文译文同范文文本的差异,学习范文文本的起承转合的技巧,学习范文文本长句短句的错落交叉,学习范文文本的精确用词--这些都是在你的文章有了思路和结构之后阻碍你得高分的重要因素。
6.选择步骤。如果前五步,特别是第五步你已经做的无可挑剔,那么这一步可以选择不做。但是如果你在前五步做完之后还有一些困惑,那么请一定要严格执行第六步,即背下这篇范文。为什么不是直接背下范文呢?因为只有通过这样一步一步地翻译,一点一点地对比,你才能知道并且是真正你自己的表达弱点在那里。这种做法看似麻烦,其实比直接背范文的有效性要高出很多。
二.托福写作评分标准解读
语言使用(language use)是新托福写作中一项重要的评分维度。根据官方给出的评分标准,考生应该“能够流畅地使用英语(consistent facility in the use of language)”,也就是要求考生能够使用多种英文句型并且恰当用词(There should be a variety of sentence structure,and word choice should be appropriate)。然而,提高语言的难度极高,它既不想发展(development)那样具有训练性,也不像结构(organization)那样具有模版性,如果方法不得当,还很有可能“练而无果”。那么,什么方法能够在短期内有效地提高语言表达呢?很简单,演“译”语言,以译促写。
所谓以译促写,顾名思义就是通过翻译来促进写作。具体说来,就是找一篇英文作文将它翻译成汉语,然后对照汉语,自己把它翻译成英文,最后,将自己的英文稿和最初的范文进行对比,寻找差距。而这样操作的目的也很简单,就是在比较和批注的过程中不断完善提高语言,了解地道的英式表达,从而在考场上从容作文。
托福考试作文独立写作范文:大学应加强设施建设还是招聘好老师
Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.
写作参考一:
Cradles of cultivating talents, universities are supposed to provide most high-caliber education. Responding to the expectation, universities have to think the issue over. Compared with hiring more teachers, from my own perspective, keeping facilities and resources in the universities most advanced and updated is more essential not only for students but also for renowned professors.
First of all, students are able to enjoy a better study environment if their schools utilize advanced equipment. With the assistance of exquisite inventions such as electronic screen and projectors, as well as laboratory equipment, like microscopes and chemical reactors, studying would no longer be a tedious and repetitious information engrafting process, but a way everyone would like to get involved in. Similarly, definitions and formulas of physics and chemistry will graven in students’ minds deeply if they are aided by the equipment when experimenting. However, hardly can professors crystalize abstract concepts into definite ideas without advanced teaching devices.
What is more, as for famous teachers themselves, a university that does not invest in its facilities would be appealing. To be constantly enthusiastic on researching their respective academic fields, teachers have a great demand for exquisite facilities to maintain progressing on their own fields. The most sophisticated technological devices offered in universities enable these teachers to conduct successful researches and remain at the top, which is really attractive to those renowned professors. By contrast, old and obsolete teaching and studying facilities will certainly not inspire teachers to keep further academic researching. Also, practically impossible will teachers have interest in making progress.
Granted, it is conceded that hiring more teachers in universities means guaranteeing education quality in some sense because every student will be concerned and cared about. Even slightest and most subtle academic performance changes of students will be noticed; therefore, teachers can encourage and guide frustrated and upsetting students in time. However, while weighing the benefits brought by investing in facilities and hiring more teachers, we can conclude that facilities are more worthwhile.
In conclusion, I should reiterate that universities should update their facilities, making a top priority. Without advanced facilities, a university will not be helped further improved.
写作参考二:
Advanced facilities, like libraries, research center, university hospital are indispensible parts of a good university while famous teachers are also a big component of a prestigious higher institution. Personally, I think it is better for universities to spend more money in hiring famous professors.
Admittedly, research centers can be a place where advanced technology is incubated, a library that incorporates state-of-the-art technology can also be conducive to students' study, however, I still believe that famous professors play a more significant role in assessing the reputation of a university.
First off, well-respected professors in a specific field can bring lots of benefits not only to the whole community but also to the university. To more specific, prestigious professors can come up with theories and solutions to the most intriguing problems faced by human beings, like treatment of cancers, diabetes and even heart attack. Economists can use data and economic models in their empirical study to predict the economy, and it can provide lots of information for the authority to make timely adjustment to their policies. Electronic engineers can design some micro-chips that can sustain large-scale computation. The benefits that professors bring to the school can be also enormous. For instance, a Novel Prize laureate can attract countless research foundations and donations from both the private and public sectors, with this large sum of money, the university can in turn renovate labs, research centers and even libraries.
Additionally, well-established professors and researchers can educate and enlighten brilliant young students and cultivate future scientists. Famous professors are usually expert in education, they might have been teaching and researching in their field for more than a few decades, thus have accumulated lots of rich teaching experience and developed the most effective teaching approach. Together with their superb charisma, lots of bright young adults will be motivated and inspired and therefore embark on the road of scientific endeavor and exploration. Such inspirations and motivations cannot be brought by improved facilities. Indeed, it is the expertise and charisma of these famous professors that attract thousands of brilliant young students to enroll in a college.
To conclude, hiring more famous professors are more advisable than renovating facilities since the scientific discoveries brought by professors can bring colossal benefits to both the community and the university, and also the expertise and charisma of well-established professors can attract, enlighten and cultivate future scientists.
托福考试作文独立写作范文:想要高薪但是工作时间长的工作吗
Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time.
写作参考一:
In the current society full of fierce competition, we can readily observe that landing an ideal job has become increasingly difficult, which forces us to a concession in the requirement of the job we want. When it comes to which is more appealing, a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time, people varying in backgrounds and personalities may view the same issue from different angles. From my perspective, towards such a long-running tug-of-war, my choice will depends on what age I am.
On the one hand, during my twenties and thirties, my preference will be a higher pay job with longer work time. For one thing, as for young adults wrestling with various bills in daily life, the high salary will help them to relieve their financial pressure and thus meet their basic need of life. To be specific, the extremely high price of house in China has been beyond the affordable range of most people. In order to pay the rents or afford a house, young people needs desperately a large sum of money which can be earned in a decent job. For another, longer work time is not a big deal for the young, because they are so energetic and vigorous that a sound sleep can help them to restore their vitality. A good case in point is the experience my friend, Andy. As a broker in an Stock Exchange Company in Beijing, he has to deal with large quantities of data and keep close track of any events which may cause the fluctuation of stock price. Although the heavy pressure brought by his job often require him to work overtime and even around the clock, he never makes complaints because the exciting and adventurous experience from selling or buying stocks appeals him a lot.
On the other hand, n the other hand, when I am at the middle age or old age, an average pay job with normal work time will be much better. After accumulating fortunes in the early years of life, old-age people do not suffer from huge financial pressure so that low income will not affect their life greatly. As we know, the old have owned their own houses and are not interested in pursuing the latest electronic devices or fashionable clothes, thus decresing their living cost to a large extent. As a result, they can lead a relatively high-quality life without high wage. Also, older people are usually those who have got married or even have children, so spending more time accompanying their family members is of great significance. Undoubtedly, the job with normal work time can better satisfy the need of staying longer with their kids or spouse. During the stay, the emotional bond between them will become closer and more intimate.
写作参考二:
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that my preference for a job varies according to what age group I am at.
7月9日托福独立写作范文
People tend to have to different expectations out of a job, like personal satisfaction, higher pay, respect, and social recognition. Some people prefer to work long hours to pursue a higher salary while others tend to hold on a average paying job with normal work hours. If I have to face these two choices, I tend to choose to take a job with normal pay but more free time based on the following reasons.
Admittedly, monetary reward is indeed one of primary motivation to pursue a career, one needs money to cover daily expenses like room and board, utility bills, buy medical insurance, without money it is impossible for someone to live a decent life. However, it is not monetary benefit that gives an individual great personal satisfactions. Research that is done by lots of well-established professor in psychiatry has shown that the freedom to allocate your time and your intimacy with friends and families guarantee great personal happiness and satisfactions.
First off, spending too much time and working overtime can add more pressure and stress to one personal life and jeopardize their health. Lots of jobs are sedentary, like secretaries, lawyers, clerks, which pose great threat to their physical healthy. They might get dizzy, backache, and lack of energy. Other professions are even more competitive and intense, like stock broker, financial analyst who have to stare at a computer screen for more than 10 hours a day. It is not surprising to hear someone who has worked for 14 hours a day and several days in a row and eventually suffer from cardiac sudden death. It is clear that working overtime pose great threat to employees' healthy, which leads to sloppy working habits and negative attitude. The most unwanted scenario is the lack of morale in a professional environment. On the other hand, working normal hours makes the individual employee happier in their personal life and more productive in the working place.
Additionally, working overtime means that the individual will have to sacrifice much of their spare time devoted to boring and repetitive work. There are more meaningful stuff to do than working day and night, for instance, by choosing working normal hours one can develop a new skill or hobby, like learning how to play piano, play golf with a friend. Besides, working normal hours makes it possible for individuals to spend some quality with their families and maintaining a harmonious bond with families can be very important. Not only does good to the individual's mental health, but also it will make one more productive in a professional setting.
In conclusion, it is more advisable to work average hours with normal pay than otherwise since more flexibility in working schedule means more quality time with families and friends, great personal satisfaction and productivity in working place and lower risk of physical and mental problems.
英语作文
篇2:托福写作如何高效利用
托福写作范文应用步骤一翻译范文
将一篇优秀的托福独立作文翻译成英文。优秀习作的来源可是OG给出的4、5分的范文,也可以是市面上各种辅导书所给出的参考范文,甚至可以是老托福TWE185题的李笑来范文。这里需要注意一个细节,我们所做出来的翻译应该和原文放在一个文档以方便我们的后续检查和比较。
托福写作范文应用步骤二检查错误
打开一个新的文档,将翻译好的汉语文本进行复制粘贴。这里需要注意的是最好粘贴在非word文档里。由于word具有自动改正的功能,所以很多明显的拼写语法错误会自动修正,而在真实的考场上,ETS给出的软件完全不具备类似的功能(这本来就是考试所要考查的内容),所以,对word依赖越大,考场之上,失误的可能性就越大。
托福写作范文应用步骤三汉译英并比对
对照自己的汉语文本,将汉语翻译成英语。然后将自己的英语文本与原先的范文文本进行对比,标注出自己表达与范文表达不同的地方,并进行修改批注。但是,进行到这一步,大家千万不要以为万事大吉了,确切地说这才是做好我们整个工作的准备环节,真正关键的步骤是下一步。
托福写作范文应用步骤四对比差异
也是整个环节中最重要的一步,就是要静心地思考你的英文译文同范文文本的差异,学习范文文本的起承转合的技巧,学习范文文本长句短句的错落交叉,学习范文文本的精确用词--这些都是在你的文章有了思路和结构之后阻碍你得高分的重要因素。
托福写作范文应用步骤五背诵(非必选项)
如果前五步,特别是第五步你已经做的无可挑剔,那么这一步可以选择不做。但是如果你在前五步做完之后还有一些困惑,那么请一定要严格执行第六步,即背下这篇范文。为什么不是直接背下范文呢?因为只有通过这样一步一步地翻译,一点点地对比,你才能知道并且是真正你自己的表达弱点在那里。这种做法看似麻烦,其实比直接背范文的有效性要高出很多。
托福考试作文独立写作范文:应该接受家人还是政府的帮助
A/D: People can solve important problems in their daily life on their own or with the help from families; The help from the government is not necessary.
题目解析
题目大意:人们可以自己或通过家人的帮助来解决生活中的重大问题,所以政府的帮助是没有必要的。波波建议此题目选择不同意,即认为政府的帮助还是很有必要的,思考分论点的方向使用拆分,对题目中的抽象名词 important problems 拆分具体化为环境问题和教育问题,然后分别展开。
Some teachers are just lecturing(speaking) on the class and students only take notes; some other teachers make their class time on discussion and projection and students sharing their ideas with their classmates. Which one do you prefer?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can solve important problems in daily life on their own or with the help from families, so the help from government is not necessary.
托福写作范文参考一:
In a society that changes as amazingly as ours, the role played by government in our daily life has been brought under the spotlight of mass media. Consequently, the general public and sociologists are wondering whether people can solve important problems individually or with the governmental support. Towards such a long running tug-of-war, I am inclined to claim that the help from government is necessary in the process of resolving important problems, especially in the aspects of protecting environment and addressing the disparity of educational resources.
In the first instance, consider the environmental issues. As is common sense, the deteriorating natural environment is so severe and complicated that the solution of such a problem is far beyond the reach of any individuals or families. The serious air pollution in China is a good case in point. Despite the fact that people can take some actions such as wearing masks or taking the public transportation to relieve the haze occurring frequently in the major cities of China in some degree, the problem cannot be radically solved. To illustrate, the major cause responsible for the smoggy weather is nothing but the emission of waste gas such as dust and smog from an appalling number of heavy-pollution factories. In this case, it is the government that can get rid of the fundamental cause by shutting down these plants and enacting laws or regulations to restrict their production, which can’t be achieved by any individuals.
In the second instance, the same logic goes to the educational problems. As is known to all, many school-age children in rural and remote areas are not able to receive education in school due to the lack of educational resources. According to a survey conducted by the Education Ministry in China in , approximately 3 million kids in the Southwest of China didn’t have the chance to get educated on account of lacking in tables, textbooks and even spacious classrooms. When confronted with the issue mentioned above, what individuals or families can do is quite limited. Undoubtedly, only the government has the adequate financial resources and power to allocate educational resources to those places. For example, the government of China builds nearly 10,000 primary schools called Hope School in the distant places, which alleviates the disparity in educational resources between different regions to a large extent.
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that although the ability of individual or families is becoming stronger and greater than before, the help from government is of great necessity in the course of solving significant problems, especially those in the areas of education and environment.
托福考试作文独立写作范文:独立学习还是小组学习好
Some people like to study alone while other prefer to study in a group. Which one do you think is more effective?
写作参考:
Educators and researchers have never stopped the examination of the importance and relevance of collaborative learning that are encouraged by middle schools. When compared with studying alone, I personally believe that it is far more beneficial to students when working in groups for the following reasons.
First off, working in a group finishing group projects can be very conducive for students since they can help students to study more effectively and get exposure in real-world issues. If teachers categorize students and organize them in small study groups, chances are that they would solve complex issues together, like research the history of the city, examine the water quality of the local town, so on and so forth. Students can develop critical thinking skills as well as learn to collect and analyze information from multiple sources. A recent study conducted by the University of Minnesota backed up the claim that study teams, collaborative learning and group projects are far more effective in helping students to develop useful skills than traditional teacher-led teaching approach. In fact, when learning in groups, students have to do some research about the topic they are expected to discuss beforehand, which helps them to clear up some misunderstandings and boast their enthusiasm of academic exploration.
Additionally, as the saying goes: “many hands make light work”, actually it remains as relevant today as it did a century ago. Working in groups has much deeper implications beyond students’ academic experience, to be more specific, it helps to develop skills like cooperation, organization and leadership. When learning in a group, every single student gets a chance to contribute their knowledge to the group, they can learn to appreciate the work of other simultaneously. What’s more, they have to work closely with others for the same goal otherwise they might not be able to compete with other study groups. More importantly, students will get exposure to distinctive perspectives and at the same time learn how to accept different points of view and find common ground in this process. Such an educational experience will not only be helpful for their future study but also beneficial to them when they have to deal with coworkers, clients, and teammates in a professional setting in the future. Numerous studies have shown that students who have prior experience working with others enjoy a better chance to be successful in their future career.
In conclusion, working together in a group has far more meaningful implications than working alone since collaborative learning helps students to learn much more effectively and develop important skills that are vital for their future study and career.
篇3:托福写作如何利用更高效
托福写作范文如何利用更高效?
托福写作范文使用技巧一 得分高的范文更有使用价值
托福写作范文的重要性可以按照其分数来分辨,一般来说,范文中4分和5分的文章是最有价值的,因为能够达到这个分数水平的文章已经是达到了很高水平的文章。对于这些文章大家就不能只是简单的熟读和背诵了,而是需要逐字逐句分析体会作者的写作思路及修辞用法。另外小编还需要提醒大家一点,ETS对范文的评论也往往都是非常精彩的,一些意见看法都很有学习价值,建议大家参考,这会非常有利于理解托福写作的考试重点。
托福写作范文使用技巧二 范文要多读才能领悟思路
俗话说读书破万卷下笔如有神,等我们真正写作练习到一定的程度,那么写作的顺手也就是自然而然的事了。所以考生在阅读范文时也需要提升量。大家可以通过大量阅读范文来形成一些思维习惯,比如看到某个题就能想到要怎么展开,一些优质的句式用词能够信手拈来。之所以要这么做,是因为托福写作的考试时间很紧张,如果能提前养成一些写作方面的思维习惯就能有效减少构思的时间,更顺利的写出文章。
托福写作范文使用技巧三 看范文要知道如何找差距
同一个题目,考生自己写出的文章在质量上大多是很难和范文媲美的。因此,考生也需要学会结合范文来修改自己的文章。特别是在同一题目自己练过一遍同时也有范文可以参考的时候,考生如果能通过对比来发现自身的不足并进行修改,就等于得到了一篇吸收了范文精华的好文章。而如果大家不勤修改自己的文章,就不知道自己原来的漏洞和不足在哪,只是闷头写自然也难有提升。
托福写作范文虽然是写作备考的重要资料,但是大家要选用哪些得分高的范文使用才有价值,另外范文不用背记只需要多读领悟思路即可,最后要知道自己写的作文与范文的差距在哪里,并想办法弥补差距。
托福写作重要的3个步骤
第一步:审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。
要避免两个极端:((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由,防止遗忘))
用时太少,理由没有想清楚就开始写作,不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清,还会引起行文中频繁的修正,
欲速则不达;
用时太多,不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔
,各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑,只要你的思维还是正常的,一定能做
到。
第二步:正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。
a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。
主题句给予最大重视,注意炼句,别说你不想写主题句,主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落
写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考:1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相
对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想
出来,就用哪一种。
b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟,要象做完
型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好,怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套
话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时,一般你已经该写到最后一条理由,或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有
结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)
第三步:检查。需要1-3分钟,有侧重点地检查。
1、句法:确保每句话是完整的,有谓语,且简单句只有一个谓语。
2、时态:文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事
例时用的是过去时;
3、主谓一致
按此三步,持续练习5篇以上,可以确保时间问题。
整洁
1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文,你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性,太硬会擦破纸,有错误
要擦干净再改;
2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小,通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好,
可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。
托福写作重要模板
提醒:下列模版仅供参考, 不可直接享用.
Integrated task:
表示陈述了某种观点的:
Indicate, state, claim, believe, argue, say, hold, discuss, mention, contend, demonstrate, raise the issue, according to the professor/writer…..
表示观点相反的:
Cast doubt on, refute, rebuke, refuse, question, disagree with, oppose, contradict, on the contrary, differ from
表示支持的:
Support, strengthen, agree with, reinforce, present the same idea
常用表示总结听力和阅读材料观点不同的句子:
1. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
2. this entirely opposes the writer’s expectation.
3. this is where the speaker disagrees with the writer.
4. this is another part where experience contradict theory.
模版:
In the lecture, the professor states that..., which differs from the point of the reading, the passsage contends that......
As for the writer, the writer indicates that.......R1.....On the contrary, the instructor argues that L1.....+detail.
In the lecture, the speaker raises the issue that L2+detail ......., yet the reading passage belives that.......R2...
In the lecture, the professor says L3.....+detail...., and what the professor says opposes the idea of reading which holds that R3.........
In a word, what is discussed in the lecture entirely opposes the writer’s expectation.
篇4:托福阅读讲义如何利用更高效
托福阅读讲义如何利用更高效
一.利用托福阅读讲义积累单词
我们需要的托福阅读的词汇量是8000左右,而托福讲义里面的单词其实会涉及到更多。如果考生在背完要求的8000单词之后,想继续扩展的话,不妨了解一下托福讲义哪些生词。在阅读初期,建议大家先系统过一遍自己已经掌握的8000词汇,查缺补漏。之后再过渡到寻找生词上,一般情况下,生词大概背3遍左右才能基本掌握。当生词看得懂之后,托福的核心词汇基本掌握了,这时候,考生不需要记8000之外的这些生词。因为这些词汇只要看懂就行,不影响其他部分。通常,托福词汇8000和生词意思的全面掌握,也需要将巩固背3遍左右。
在背诵单词的过程中,建议同学们按照上面的步骤,先把已经掌握的8000词汇温习,再对托福阅读讲义中的生词进行背诵,这样一个循序渐进的过程更有利于单词的全面掌握,而如果直接上手背诵讲义生词,则很难在短期内适应托福的难度,反而影响背词的最终效果,甚至因为太难而产生对单词的抵触情绪。
二.利用托福讲义巩固语法
很多同学在备考托福的时候会有一个误区,以为单词多,看阅读讲义就很容易,其实不然,正式进入到托福阅读讲义的做题中会发现,里面中涉及到的句子不是主、谓、宾的简单组合,往往会穿插多种复杂修饰的成分,例如定语后置,不定式等。让句子结构变得错综复杂,从而使句意变得扑朔迷离,究其原因,主要是没有系统掌握语法知识,就堂而皇之去看托福阅读讲义。在托福阅读讲义中,涉及到的语法点最关键的是复杂修饰,这些包括插入语、介宾结构、分词短语、不定式、从句,定语,等等。一句话一般都用上很多这种,让考生不知道主语在哪儿,错抓句子意思。如果在看阅读讲义之前,掌握了这些不同类型的修饰成分,并且能够在一句话中准确的识别出来,清楚地知道各成分间的逻辑关系,也就意味着掌握了托福阅读讲义中大部分的语法点了。像省略,疑问,倒装这种句型反而在阅读讲义中出现的频率较低。
三.托福阅读讲义中的习题有很高的利用价值
长久以来,考生受应试思维比较大,面对厚厚一本阅读讲义,就直接硬做,做完就OK了。至于托福考试考什么,平时重点练什么,都已经抛诸脑后。这种思维在阅读讲义做题中表现为,轻视段落及篇章整体的中心思想的理解,只是阅读和题目相关的若干句子。这种做题方法看起来很快,实则不好。在做阅读讲义中,我们需要学会通过题干线索词回到文章中找到相应句子,但有些情况也会查不到相对应的句子,这时候我们更应该去了解相关技巧,而不是继续硬做。比如题目中出现了对原文的改写、考查多个段落相关的题以及最后一道篇章总结题等等,像这些无法直接找到相应答案句的题,需要大家在通读段落或文章的过程中才能全面把握住,所以,做题的正确打开方式应该是根据托福阅读讲义的出题原则,在逐段浏览文章的过程中逐段做题,换句话说,就是读一段再做与该段相关的题,以此类推,直到完成最后一题,而不是简单的定位做题,只有这样,才能全面把握住阅读中考查的每一道题,尽可能少丢分。
托福阅读:1/4以上的题目在于词汇
新托福考试阅读题中,常常能看懂文章但是却又做错题,这种新托福阅读的错题现象貌似成为一种常态。老托福的时期,这样的事却没有见过。新托福考试中题目是取消了语法的单项考察,但在考试之中又将对于语法的考察融合在了新托福考试之中,这里面就是新托福阅读考试体现得最为明显。下面我们就来看看教师支招的托福阅读考试建议。
一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小,高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个,这离8千的量就少很多了,所以我们建议两步走。 第一步找一本词汇书背一些,同时因为你词汇量比较小,而且背单词比较枯燥,同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时,大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的,一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中,每篇阅读文章中,如果是英语单词比较差的同学,甚至会发现100个单词不认识。但是我们也发现,在阅读中背单词是特别快,而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合,第一个是背一本单词书,我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章,包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章,同时把里面的单词全部都背下来,这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。
我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学,一般来说,SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量,而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量,从这个比例我们就可以看出来,SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的,托福的文章主要以科普类的为多,而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的,历史类的,所以这一方面需要更多准备。
所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的,但是需要你做一个转变的过程,做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的,所以我建议考完SAT以后,最好再买两本新托福备考的书,大量做一下练习题,尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉。《新托福综合教材》是一本非常不错的书,这本书尽管前面的板块有一点简单,但是这本书有一个特别大的好处,它把新托福的题型介绍的特别细,是备考托福非常好的一本书。而且告诉你一个好消息,目前为止我培训的很多学生都是SAT打高分以后再回来考托福的,他们很多人的托福都是在110分以上。
托福阅读文章中的十大“路标”
一、列举和并列句
列举指的是: FirstFirst, Second, Third, 等逐条列出。;等逐条列出。并列句是指: A , B and C ,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:
1. Which 题型
该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项 。
2 . EXCEPT 题型
该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如: All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT
这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句
否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT , NEVER 等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER , BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明: A is not B , as C , but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句
句中由 as 或 such as , for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。
四、数字与年代
文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点,如 年 10 月第 48 题。
五、最高级及绝对性词汇
文章中若出现 must , all , only , anyone , always , never 等绝对性词汇或 first , most beautiful 等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是 概念绝对 , 答案唯一 ,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题: What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ,给评卷带来困难。
六、比较级及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as as , like ( a fly )等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。
七、同位语及插入语
文章中带有由 that is , i.e. , or 等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。 这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。
八、因果句
句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:
(1) 因果连词: because , since , for , as , therefore , so , consequently 等
(2] 表示因果的动词: cause , result in , originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名词: base, basis, result,consequence 等,这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的,尤为出题者所青陈.因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
九、段落句
文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段员后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方,往往是文章作者表达中思想,进行总结综述的地方,因此常出 (1) 主题性问题, (2) 细节性问题.和 (3) 结构性问题。
十、特殊标点
有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围,它们是:
(1) 破折号,表示解释.考细节性问题;
(2) 括号,表示解释.考细节性问题;
(3) 冒号,一股同上,有时冒号也表示列举,则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;
(4) 引号.表示引用,考细节性问题:
(5) 惊叹号,表示作者感情,考态度性问题。
综上所述,我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点,作为“路标”,迅速地指引我们找到正确答案;问时作为出题规律,检验自己所选答案的正确性。
篇5:托福阅读考试时间高效利用方法
托福阅读考试时间高效利用方法
一.托福阅读做题技巧之利用关键词定位
考生在做题过程中,要熟练掌握根据关键词进行定位的技巧。这一技巧可以帮助大家加快解题速度,提高正确率。因为大部分托福阅读题目考查的是考生对文章细节的理解,答案基本上都能在文章中找到。拿到一个题目,我们先找题干中可以用来定位的关键词,比如专有名词、数字、符号等,然后根据关键词回到原文进行定位。有时候文章中不一定会出现和关键词一模一样的词,但很可能是关键词的同义替换词。
二.托福阅读做题技巧之排除法
托福阅读中有些题目枝干信息太多,但都是干扰项,如果逐字阅读的话会很浪费时间。正确的做法应该是从选项中挖掘一下方向,如果有几项答案自相矛盾或者意思明显相反,就可以直接排除,然后再对模糊选项进行确认,这时候再回到正文中细读相关信息就会很省力。一般情况下,排除法是比较容易培养的套路,考生要善于使用这一技巧提高答题速度。
三.托福阅读做题技巧之掌握句子变化
问句中所含信息与文章中相应句子中的信息在顺序上有时可能出现不同,甚至前后完全倒置。这种情况可能会导致迷失答题的方向。还应注意到文章中有关问句的信息并非全都能在每个句子中找到,甚至在关键词及短语之间存在一些不相关的信息,这些都会是寻找答案过程中的困难。
四.托福阅读做题技巧之找同义词
在托福阅读考试中,能否准确找出正确答案很大程度上取决于能否辩认出同义词、近义词、相关词及不同形式的短语。1.词形完全相同; 2.词义相同,即同义词;3.词义相近,但并非同义;4.词义相关。上述四种词汇/短语表达方式中,第一种当然容易辩认,第二种同义词也相 对不难,但第三种与第四种形式则不易辩认,所以要在阅读过程中多加比较练习。如能攻破这一关,则一定能够取得好的考试成绩。
以上是小站君为大家整理的托福阅读考试高效利用时间技巧。想要在有限的时间内完成托福阅读,大家一定要掌握一些做题技巧,希望上文中的技巧能够帮助大家更加快速地做完阅读题目。
托福阅读长难句:造纸术的传播
It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chineseand the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulosepulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward.(TPO34, 62)
cellulose /'seljʊləʊz/ n. 纤维素
pulp /pʌlp/ n. 果肉;纸浆
extract /ɪk'strækt/ vt. 取出,拔出;压出, 榨出(汁液等);选录,摘录
suspend /sə'spend/ vt. 悬挂或吊起某物;使(某物)悬浮;使(某事物)暂停
screen n. (筛煤﹑ 砾石等的)筛子
flexible /'flɛksəbl/ adj. 易弯曲的,柔韧的, 有弹性的
分析:
这个句子的主干是:
It has been said that + 从句
从句的主干是:
Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners and the technique of papermaking slowly spread westward
修饰一:(captured in a battle),非谓语动词,相当于形容词,修饰the prisoners
中文:在战争中被俘
修饰二:(fought near Samarqand),非谓语动词,相当于形容词,修饰battle
中文:在撒马尔罕附近
修饰三:(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751),介词短语
中文:在751年,在中国和穆斯林之间
修饰四:(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of severalplants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets),从句,修饰the technique of papermaking
注意:从句里面还有一个非谓语动词修饰cellulosepulp
cellulose pulp (extracted from any ofseveral plants) is first suspended in water
中文:首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中,在精致的筛子上过滤,然后烘干成有韧性的纸张
参考翻译:
据说在751年,在中国和穆斯林之间,在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中,中国的造纸匠被虏成为囚犯,这样造纸术(首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中,在精致的筛子上过滤,然后烘干成有韧性的纸张)才缓慢向西方传播。
托福阅读长难句:钢梁建筑的墙体结构
For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways. (TPO37, 50)
beam /biːm/ n. 梁
skeleton /'skɛlɪtn/ n. 骨骼,骨架
分析:
这个句子的主干:
stone or brick walls served a structural role, but the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams
修饰一:(For example) ,介词短语
中文:例如
修饰二:(in traditional architecture) ,介词短语
中文:在传统建筑设计中
修饰三:(in a steel-beam building) ,介词短语
中文:在钢梁的建筑中
修饰四:(which meant) ,从句
中文:意味着
修饰五:(that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.) ,从句
中文:墙和角落不再需要是实心的而是以一种意外的方式能够打开
参考翻译:
例如,在传统的建筑设计中,石头墙或砖墙起到了结构性作用,但在钢梁的建筑中,墙本质上是悬挂在钢梁的内在骨架上,这意味着墙和角落不再需要是实心的而是以一种意外的方式能够打开。
篇6:如何高效自学托福
自学托福首考108
背景:英专,没考过四六级,自诩英语还不错吧。平常会看CNN以及混迹欧美圈挺多年的,基础还算扎实。
准备两个月,边上课边准备,非脱产,每天的感觉就是迷醉,怎么这又有paper,又要做pre?学习时间缺少大块的,都是通过早起还有没课的时间,能脱产尽量脱产吧,感觉这样成绩会更好。口语和写作没有准备很多,大块时间给了阅读和听力,成绩也能反映出来吧。
准备资料:TPO,词以类记,新东方高分范文大全, 口语看这本就够了,十天突破托福essay
【阅读】
刚开始刷的时候也是各种单词不认识,时间也完全不够。采取了一些办法,感觉挺有用
·前10套TPO不认识的单词全部查出来,背!每天同时背着红宝书和扇贝的单词,但到后来看多了基本都认得或是能够猜的出来,就没看了。大概到TPO25(我从11开始做的)已经可以很顺畅的读下来了,但是速度慢。每天还会刷小站的词汇题,刷到考试。
·拿到文章看第一段和每段第一句,心里会安心一些,而且对文章整个脉络都会掌握的比较好。
·题目问哪段就把那一段全部看完再做,不搞什么定位,慢且不利于最后一题的判断。锻炼不重读的能力,这样我的做题效率唰唰提升。
·整理错题,大概也是整理了10套TPO的错题,阅读稳定在28分。我也很无奈,有些解释我就是觉得他很奇怪,就是不能理解,就觉得他四个选项都是错的。考试的时候也有两三道题这个样子,可能就是这些地方错吧。我也心很大没管了。
·阅读到最后的效果是,每篇文章大概剩下3min的时间检查,还是很充足的了。(我就算返回去看不确定的题还是选不出来,我就默认ETS脑回路有问题了,人要开心一点对吧~)
阅读从3月份开始每天刷一套,期中考什么的就停了两周,五一冲刺的时候两套吧。37套TPO都做完了。上考场的时候觉得题目比TPO容易一些,大概是TPO25-30的水平,字也大。但是我刚进去的时候超级紧张的,第一篇文章根本看不下去,最后也不想检查,可能还有几题错在那里了。
【听力】
平常喜欢看美剧,所以文章没有什么奇怪的学科词汇还可以听懂,但是托福全是学科词汇啊,没办法背呗。
·没有做听写,自己感觉太浪费时间,辩音没有问题,做题不会做的时候就是没听到或者太绕没听懂。
·听力遇到不会的词会把那一个类别都背下来。(比如说第一次做那个botany class, 她一直在说pollination,我的内心os就是你在说什么,你不要再说pollination和pollen了我不知道啊!)
·错题,把错题都整理好,这个方法我坐到后面才知道,要不然刚开始应该不会那么痛苦。开始整理错题后,我的听力从21直奔27啊。要把为什么错都记下来,错的多的还有文章没怎么听懂的都重听!
·做笔记,采用了将纸分成了1/3的方法,www.zhihu.com/question/35247536/answer/106433996 ,参照了这个来的(大家是怎么把别人的答案引进来的啊,不会弄就粘个链接了,侵删)感觉这样做笔记十分好啊,主旨什么的也很容易找
·我听听力都是疯狂做笔记,就算听不懂根据笔记上面的单词还能懵答案(能听懂最好听懂啦)
【口语】
分不高就不多说了吧。考试的时候特别紧张,不知道脑子里在想什么,1和6说的惨不忍睹,我的独立口语竟然还有good,大概是选课掉的rp都在托福上补回来了吧。
我花了一个上午把3-6练了一遍,总结了模板。但是是两个fair,考试的时候也的确没说好。
有用的方法
·上wiki之类的总结地道的表达
·自己积累素材
·练练练练练练!!!!!!
雷区
·综合别说太多细节了,说不完的,说不完就漏点了。。。。我就总想把听到的东西都记下来,永远掐不好时间。
【写作】
托我你福作文满分辅导 推荐这个淘宝的小姐姐,在她这里改了一篇作文,有如神助。综合和独立都是good。而且我考试的时候竟是狂飙了600+,简直奇迹!
考前一个月开始练习的,刚开始只能写300字左右,让小姐姐改完之后,能写上450,最后一周冲刺练习大概能写520。 每天都看范文,背了一些词组和表达,还背了十天突破托福essay里面的表达,十分的好用。
我没有背很多东西,但是当天看的词我会想办法用到写作里面去。每篇东西自己改一遍,然后思考有什么表达是可以塞进去的。后来每篇文章就会本能的写几个比较地道的东西进去了。
例子也没有积累,考试都用的自己的经历。练习的时候有时候会编数据,什么according to a study of school of social sciences, Peking University 之类的。凑字数神器
综合写作套模板嘛,大家都懂得。我把范文里面左摘摘右拼拼就好了。听力细节多写一点。
写作一定要检查,我每次写都超级多忘记s啊,没有过去式啊,拼写错误的。综合一般有5min检查,独立一般有3min检查。(考试的时候爆发也留了5min检查)
基本上就是这样啦,希望对大家有帮助,有问题私信呗~~希望大家给知乎小白一个赞!么么哒!
就是背单词!背单词!背单词!
重复背单词!快速背单词!背好几遍!
然后顺便做题。
拿一本托福单词书。
第一遍 形辩。方法就是看到这个英文单词知道它中文是什么意思就可以了,不要记拼写。
但是因为一本单词书里其实有些单词都是熟悉的,所以要讲究效率地背快!我的方法是计时背,比如30-40分钟逼着自己背80个,看到会的就过,不会的就打个勾看单词的样子记中文,过一会儿默写。因为背的快,所以默写的时候很有可能发现有些单词记得不清楚,其实没关系默完再去翻那些没记清楚的单词,就会记得很牢。这样一个下午背400-500个单词,其实相当于是过两遍。
把一本托福单词书这样背完了以后再回过头来背。
这个时候是音辩。就是不仅要知道它的意思,还要记拼写。默写的时候是听到单词的读音。这个时候不要讲求速度,要确保自己默写的时候是真的默的出来,虽然是之前背过的单词但是可能会背的慢一点。我当时加大强度一天这样背1000个单词左右。为什么要这样背单词呢?因为用形辩的方法其实你是在过单词,音辩是加深印象。你能默出来的单词基本上算是掌握的差不多了。要用这种方法至少把托福单词书过两到三遍。之后就不用再背托福单词了。因为这些单词你基本上都熟了。
还有非常重要的是辅助做题。做TPO。
你会发现你背过的单词一旦做题时候遇到了,这个单词你就记住了。这是非常好的重复记忆的方法。
千万不要放过阅读和听力里遇到的不认识的单词。记下来查出来。
因为背单词书背5遍,都比不上做题遇到的查出来这样记一遍印象深刻。
还有就是不要看机经啥的。托福是考英语能力的。个人觉得能力上去了分自然就上去了机经没用。
加油啦~~
2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析
Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性
(重复2016.07.10)
热带雨林物种多,那里的植被超过1000种,欧洲有40种。由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点,热带雨林的动物不能,他们被限制在有限的空间内,所以热带雨林物种很多。热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散,描述了如何阻碍。树冠(canopy)是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的,动物们很难突破这层canopy,只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动,所以无法扩散到外界。所以限制在内的植物们就多样化(diversify)。50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。因此有种s鸟就生活在这里,他们可以去任何地方,所以列举了三个州有这种鸟,而且种类较少,他们俯瞰着森林。紧接着讲k这种树,因为突破canopy长得高,可以将种子散播更远,于是south American都有这种树。
Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论
(重复2018.08.26,2017.01.07)
讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因:先说可能是由于气候变化,但是文章后面进行了否定,因为之前也有气候变化,但是也没有灭绝。然后猜测和人类捕杀有关,但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年,而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。
Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟
(重复2019.01.26,2018.03.10)
岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。因为有些鸟住在比较温暖的地方,不用迁徙、食物充足也没什么捕食者(predator),所以翅膀逐渐退化,最早的flightless birds大概出现在恐龙灭绝之后,其特征有三:
一是有这些鸟吃素,为了能够消化植物,它们的某一个器官需要分泌(secrete)某种细菌(bacteria)来帮助消化,消化系统就会很重,从而阻碍了它们的飞行。而会飞的鸟很少吃植物,多以肉为食,它们尽可能要保证自己体重最小。
二是Flightless birds的蛋都很大,好处是吸收的营养多,容易生存下来,生出来的小鸟比较强壮也不容易被捕食者吃掉。举了Kiwi和domesticated hen两个例子,母鸡的飞行能力虽然也退化了,但还是能够飞起来一点点的,而Kiwi的蛋要比鸡蛋大很多,它在体内有蛋的时候无法像hen一样飞那么远。
三是flightless birds进化出了可以叼住食物的喙,很多动物进化出了手而鸟没有,但是有些鸟也进化出了类似于手的东西(claw)可以capture preys。
Passage 4 The Rise of Florence佛罗伦萨的崛起
(重复2016.07.16,2018.09.15)
首段描写佛罗伦萨的崛起,虽然相比于意大利其他城市佛罗伦萨发展得较晚,但最终赶超了它的竞争对手(overtook its rivals),原因是什么呢?
第二段从制造业的角度分析佛罗伦萨的崛起:中世纪原有的制造业依靠工匠大师们(master craftsmen)在小作坊里共同劳作,成品交由商人(merchants)拿去买卖。这种传统的制造业模式在中世纪后期发生了两大变革:首先,出现了一种新型企业家(a new breed of entrepreneur),他们同时掌控制造环节和销售环节——他们在欧洲各大城市成立自己的销售点,并且大量买进制造作坊,聘请管理者运营。而佛罗伦萨正好在这一变革中走在决定性的前列(took the decisive lead)。
第三段指出制造业的第二个变革是相关银行业的发展,佛罗伦萨仍然走在这一变革的前列。在佛罗伦萨出现了银行担保人(guarantors)、信贷和各种财务会计服务(financial and accounting services),使得新型企业家能够顺利高效地进行制造生产和贸易销售。
第四段说到技术的进步也推动了佛罗伦萨的经济繁荣:造纸技术的出现、阿拉伯数字的采用、机械钟表的使用(mechanical clocks)和复式记账法(double-entry bookkeeping)的发明等,这些都提高了生产组织的效率,推动了经济繁荣。
第五段讲佛罗伦萨高度发展的教育,培养出了大量的精通数字和银行业务的专业人员;此外,佛罗伦萨实行共和政体,全民参与政府事务,通过工匠联盟形成行会(guilds)管理制造业,所以没有形成大家族垄断经济的恶果。
Passage 5 Polar Bear北极熊
(重复2017.11.04)
文章介绍了北极熊和它捕食的海豹(seals)北极熊是经过很长时间才进化成现在这个在极端天气下也能生存的样子。北极熊的生存一方面受限于需要很大的ice land,一方面又需要很多很多的seal。用了 black brown bear和一种稍微小一点的bear来说明所有的bear都需要大量的肉类摄入来维持能量。北极熊只能捕大只动物的原因:植物不能提供足够的energy,寻找植物的时候会消耗更多的能量。另外文章将seal和一种更大的seal进行比较,一只更大的seal能够抵得上三四只一般的seal。
Passage 6 Chemical and Biological Weathering化学与生物风化
(重复2018.10.20)
土壤的风化作用主要分为两类:化学风化(chemical weathering)与生物风化(biological weathering)。化学风化作用包括氧化、碳酸化(carbonation)以及自然风化。有的岩石较难发生风化作用,比如石英(quartz)。而有些岩石较易风化,留下多孔的痕迹。比如石灰石(limestone)接触到空气中的氧气,加上环境湿润,就会逐渐风化。而干旱的环境则不太容易发生。
生物风化作用是指植物在岩石表面生长,根部会压迫岩石的裂隙,植物可以汲取风化作用后土壤里的矿物质。但植物的根部力量往往被高估,植物的扩张确实会导致岩石破裂,但通常化学风化与生物风化是同时发生的。风化有助于形成更多的土壤。
Passage 7 Magma 岩浆
(重复2019.01.12)
由于火山种类不同,会产生两种岩浆(magma),B与G,其中一种凝固速度快因为有大量二氧化硅(silica),还讲了压力(pressure)高低对其差异的影响。
Passage 8 Middle Class of Society Structure社会中的中产阶级
Passage 9 The Problem of Micro Plastic塑料颗粒问题
第1段科学家指出百分之十的塑料都汇入到海里。因为其密度不高,所以漂浮在水面上,继而被海浪击打磨损成碎片。第2段提到如今漂浮在海上的塑料并不多,只有7000-35000tons。第3段给出理由,是因为海洋中会有storm 和一些常规的movement,这些都使得塑料沉到海洋底部。第4段提到,大部分的海洋生物也会以plastic为食,尤其是一些无脊椎的动物,但是来自工厂的一些污染物质被它们,也会构成一定伤害。第5段提到一种生物copepod吃一些小海藻(包含micro plastic),之后行动缓慢,下很少的蛋。
Passage10 How We Are Aging变老的奥秘
Passage11 Extinction of the Mammoths猛犸象的灭绝
(重复2018.06.30,2017.10.28)
介绍猛犸象(Mammoths)生活和灭绝的时间。猛犸象生活在距今180万~1.1万年期间的更新世(Pleistocene),在这一时代结束之时基本灭绝,原因主要是气候变化。气候灭绝理论认为距今1.3万年-1万年的时候,气温上升了6℃,夏天变的更长更热,冬天变得更长更冷,温和气候时间持续较短。这就影响了食草动物们的食物,也即是植被的生长。该理论模型认为,如果猛犸象常常食用三种类型的食物A, B, C,气候变化后,会使得这几种植物生长地理位置发生变化,不再生长在同一处区域。
虽然猛犸象随着水草迁徙,但因为猛犸象赖以生存的植被生长区的变化,导致猛犸象不再像以前一样能获得足够的营养,所以体型变小,数量减少。同时,因为植被导致了猛犸象的迁徙,使得猛犸象的种群数量被隔离成很小的种群,不同种群之间无法繁殖。小种群内部的繁殖导致基因质量越来越差,最终灭绝。证据表明,生活在欧亚大陆的猛犸象就符合上面给出的气候灭绝理论模型,而与因为食物减少、营养降低导致猛犸象灭绝的理论相违背。因为虽然气候变化,但北美地区的哥伦比亚猛犸象能够很容易迁徙到附近160公里的水草丰美的地方,但是哥伦比亚猛犸象还是灭绝了。气候变化灭绝理论受到质疑,是因为猛犸象生活的更新世Pleistocene期间至少有个22次较大的气候周期变化,之前的气候变化都没有导致猛犸象灭绝,而它们却在这一次灭绝了,是说不通的。
词汇题:
1. mundane=ordinary普通的
2. drastically=extremely非常
3. substantially=massively大量地
4. segregate=separate分离
5. facilitate=make easier使容易
6. estimate=calculate approximately估计
7. eventually=ultimately最终
8. proponent=supporter支持者
9. inevitably=unavoidably不可避免地
10. refined=improved改善
11. revert=back to回到...上
12. rival=competitor对手
13. prosperous=thriving繁荣的
14. speculate= puts forward as a possibility 假设15. promote=encourage促进
16. swift=fast快速的
17. rigid=stiff僵硬的
18. inadvertently=unintentionally非故意地19. gradually=slowly逐渐
20. diverse=varied多样的
21. compensated=made up for补偿22. refuge=protected庇护
23. critically=dangerously危急地24. decisive=determining决定性的25. apparent=seeming表面的
26. submerged=put under water淹没
sionally=sometimes偶尔地
2019年5月26日托福写作考试真题及解析
考题解析
综合写作:探讨在网上买药的好坏。
独立写作:
Do you prefer to be in a large class or a small class?
名师点评
综合写作:
阅读:认为在网上买药不好
1. 网上的药品缺少官方保证(official assurance),存在潜在风险。
2. 可能存在没有说明的副作用(side effects)。
3. 因为药品的来源不一的问题,所以没有办法保证质量。
听力:反驳
1. 人们有权在网上购买且药品的质量不错。
2. 药品的信息可以从网上的数据库中获取。
3. 可以选择药品的供应商是本地的。
独立写作:
解题思路:in a small class
1. First, students can have a better learning experience. As we know, in a small class, usually less than six students, teachers can adjust materials and teaching methods more easily according to students’ aptitude and need. +具体论证
2. Second, students’ expression ability and independent thinking ability will be improved. The less knowledge learners in the class, the more opportunities they will be asked to express their own opinions clearly about the same topic. While, when engaged in the large class, some students will be passed over due to the limited class time, thus their presentations skills will never be improved, never to say thinking independence. +具体论证
让步段:承认在大班学习的好处,比如可以聆听到不同的声音(hear different voices),学生的视野会得到相应的拓宽。只有不断吸收不同的知识,自己才会变得更加具有创造力。但是,大班教学会让老师觉得疲惫的同时,很多学生也抱着划水的心态(does not involve me),根本学不到东西。
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