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1995年10月托福阅读全真试题

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以下是小编整理的1995年10月托福阅读全真试题，本文共10篇，欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。本文原稿由网友“试探”提供。

篇1：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题

1995年10月托福阅读全真试题

Questions 1-13

Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to

10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the

sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100

meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century,

the movement of water in trees and other tall plants

was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living

cells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated

that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed

can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations

for the movement of water in plants have been based on root

pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of

the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push

water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,

which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root

pressures.

If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it

is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, How

does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion

-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising

column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of

water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of

the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The

evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant

in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its

roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any

sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these

unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of

very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between

water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column

of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of

the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits

篇2：10月托福阅读全真试题

1910月托福阅读全真试题

Question 1-8

When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the

Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the

nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it

contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while

others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made

of a different material. Today, well over a century later, there

is still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet. Most

of our knowledge of the Earth's interior comes not from mines

or boreholes, but from the study of seismic waves - powerful

pulses of energy released by earthquakes.

The way that seismic waves travel shows that the Earth's

interior is far from uniform. The continents and the seabed

are formed by the crust - a thin sphere of relatively light, solid

rock. Beneath the crust lies the mantle, a very different layer

that extends approximately halfway to the Earth's center.

There the rock is the subject of a battle between increasing

heat and growing pressure.

In its high levels, the mantle is relatively cool; At greater

depths, high temperatures make the rock behave more like a

liquid than a solid. Deeper still, the pressure is even more

intense, preventing the rock from melting in spite of a

higher temperature.

Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great

change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core. Some

seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent

by it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude that

the outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is

almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amounts

of other elements such as nickel.

The conditions in the Earth's core make it a far more

alien world than space. Its solid iron heart is subjected to

unimaginable pressure and has a temperature of about 9,000oF.

Although scientists ca

篇3：1月托福阅读全真试题

191月托福阅读全真试题

Question 1-8

Both the number and the percentage of people in the

United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded

rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with

some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains

of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during

the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant

improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments

and communications, making possible a fundamental

transformation in the production and distribution of goods.

In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the

emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the

warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so

many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy

against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was

marked by the emergence of a “new factory system” in which

plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically

organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation

was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler,

and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered

the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and

1920.

To be sure, there were still small workshops, where

skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from news-

papers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops

in city tenements, where groups of men and women in

household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piece-

work basis. And there were factories in occupations such as

metalwork where individual contractors presided over what

were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within

a single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in

manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 18

篇4：《10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

《年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

Question 1-7

Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the

United States together. They were both creatures and creators

of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for

community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century,

Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all

corners of the nation for both public and private, business and

pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and

hotels were distinctively American facilities making conven-

tions possible. The first national convention of a major party to

choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican

party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated

Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel

that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The

presence in Baltimore of Barnum s City Hotel, a six-story building

with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other

early national political conventions were held there.

In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national

conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial.

The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the

representatives of all kinds of groups - not only for political conventions,

but also for commercial, professional, learned, and

avocational ones - in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By

mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over a third

of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about

eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually

with a total attendance of about ten million persons.

Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no

longer the genial, deferential “hosts” of the eighteenth-century

European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large

stake in the community, they exercised power to make it

prosper. As owners or

篇5：10月TOEFL试题

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) He’s disappointed with his interview.

(B) He had to cancel his interview.

now.

(D) He shouldn’t have applied for the job.

2 . (A) Have a cookie.

(B) Make cookies with the woman.

(D) Take a cookie for his roommate.

3. (A) He felt better an hour ago,

(B) His headache should be gone in an hour,

headache.

(D) His head still hurts.

4. (A) She hasn’t spoken to her friend in a long

time.

(B) She intends to visit her friend in Texas.

(D) Her friend has never been to Texas before.

5. (A) Meet at the bus stop.

(B) Finish their candy bars.

(D) Meet in front of the rest rooms.

6. (A) He won’t be able to repair the briefcase.

(B) The repair shop is closed until Tuesday.

(D) The briefcase will be ready before

Tuesday.

7. (A) Find out how much work will be required

for the class.

(B) Take another class instead of creative

writing

Wednesday class.

(D) Sign up for the Wednesday class.

8. (A) He’ll take his friends to Florida.

(B) He’s not sure what he’ll do.

(D) He’d rather not travel during spring break.

9. (A) He thinks clothing prices will decrease

even further.

(B) He’s going to go shopping soon.

sales now.

(D) He wants to see what the woman bought.

10. (A) She’s glad the man waited for her.

(B) She’d like to reschedule the meeting.

篇6：5月托福阅读全真试题

195月托福阅读全真试题

Question 1-12

Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed

of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive

organs are fused in a single structure called the column.

The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize

hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds,

so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze.

Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals,

sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous,

weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable

of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically

marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract

the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.

To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately

intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different

aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family,

each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of

insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest

different insects at different times.

Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids

present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it

does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.

By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators,

orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in

the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities.

At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Birds

(B) Insects

(D) Perfume

2.The orchid is unique because of

(A) the habitat in which it lives

(B) the structure of its blossom

(D) the length of its life

篇7：5月托福阅读全真试题

195月托福阅读全真试题

Question 1-8

With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving

enters into the story of modern sculpture in the United States.

Direct carving - in which the sculptors themselves carve stone

or wood with mallet and chisel - must be recognized as some

-thing more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic

principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty

and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their

own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, some-

times the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests,

perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but

even the subject matter.

The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-

century tradition in which the making of a clay model

was considered the creative act and the work was then turned

over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved

in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel

in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they

employed were far better than they were at carving the finished

marble.

With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the

discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as

wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for

hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the

medium. Even as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist

European artists were attempting direct carving. By

the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans -

Laurent and Zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary

means of working.

Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigy

who received his education in the United States. In 1905

he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in

the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism,

discovered primitive art, and le

篇8：8月托福阅读全真试题

198月托福阅读全真试题

Questions 1-10

The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light

Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary

light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously,

when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves,

without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission

is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding

onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.

Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of

stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However ,

for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules

always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and

that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.

It was not until after the Second World War that physicists

began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They

sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate

many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher

powers.

The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at

Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with

light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a

much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a

“maser” for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated

Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in

1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years

later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers

and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at

even shorter wavelength.

The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and

Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote

a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify

stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time,

similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a

37- year-old gradu

篇9：5月托福阅读全真试题

question 1-8

with robert laurent and william zorach, direct carving

enters into the story of modern sculpture in the united states.

direct carving - in which the sculptors themselves carve stone

or wood with mallet and chisel - must be recognized as some

-thing more than just a technique. implicit in it is an aesthetic

principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty

and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their

own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. for example, some-

times the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests,

perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but

even the subject matter.

the technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-

century tradition in which the making of a clay model

was considered the creative act and the work was then turned

over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved

in marble. neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel

in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they

employed were far better than they were at carving the finished

marble.

with the turn-of-the-century crafts movement and the

discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as

wooden african figures and masks, there arose a new urge for

hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the

medium. even as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist

european artists were attempting direct carving. by

the second decade of the twentieth century, americans -

laurent and zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary

means of working.

born in france, robert laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigy

who received his education in the united states. in 1905

he was sent to paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in

the years that followed he witnessed the birth of cubism,

discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of wood-

carving from a frame maker.

back in new york city by 1910, laurent began carving

pieces such as the priestess, which reveals his fascination with

african, pre-columbian, and south pacific art. taking a walnut

plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.

it is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in american

sculpture. the plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view

and the low relief. even its irregular shape must have appealed

to laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that

required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

1. the word “medium” in line 5 could be used to refer to

(a) stone or wood

(b) mallet and chisel

(d) principle

2. what is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?

(a) a sculptor must work with talented assistants.

(b) the subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.

(d) designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.

(3) the word “dictates” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(a) reads aloud

(b) determines

(d) records

4. how does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?

(a) sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.

(b) sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.

(d) sculptors receive more formal training.

5. the word “witnessed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(a) influenced

(b) studied

(d) observed

6. where did robert laurent learn to carve?

(a) new york

(b) africa

(d) paris.

7. the phrase “a break with” in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(a) a destruction of

(b) a departure from

(d) a solution to

8. the piece titled the priestess has all of the following characteristics except:

(a) the design is stylized.

(b) it is made of marble.

(d) it depicts the front of a person.

question 9-19

birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into

roosts. the reasons for roosting communally are not always

obvious, but there are some likely benefits. in winter especially,

it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve

precious food reserves. one way to do this is to find a

sheltered roost. solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or

enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and

ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering

is magnified by several birds huddling together in the

roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis

do. body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold

air, so the birds keep each other warm. two kinglets huddling

together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter

and three together saved a third of their heat.

the second possible benefit of communal roosts is that

they act as “information centers.” during the day, parties of

birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area.

when they return in the evening some will have fed well, but

others may have found little to eat. some investigators have

observed that when the birds set out again next morning,

those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to

follow those that did. the behavior of common and lesser

kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar

birds with different roosting habits. the common kestrel

hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground,

whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects overa

large area. the common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but

the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one

bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.

finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts

since there will always be a few birds awake at any given

moment to give the alarm. but this increased protection is partially

counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and

are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. even those

in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. the birds on the

edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch

small birds perching at the margins of the roost.

9. what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) how birds find and store food.

(b) how birds maintain body heat in the winter.

(d) why some species of birds nest together.

10. the word “conserve” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a) retain

(b) watch

(d) share

11. ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by

(a) huddling together on the ground with other birds.

(b) building nests in trees.

(d) digging tunnels into the snow.

12. the word “magnified” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(a) caused

(b) modified

(d) combined

13. the author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that

(a) protect themselves by nesting in holes.

(b) nest with other species of birds

(d) usually feed and nest in pairs.

14. the word “forage” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(a) fly

(b) assemble

(d) rest

15. which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?

(a) the lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.

(b) the lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.

(d) the common kestrel nests in trees, the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.

16. the word “counteracted” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(a) suggested

(b) negated

(d) shielded

17. which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping?

(a) some members of the flock warm others of impending dangers.

(b) staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock.

(d) several members of the flock care for the young.

18. which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage?

(a) diseases easily spread among the birds.

(b) groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds.

(d) some birds in the group will attack the others.

19.the word “they” in line 25 refers to

(a) a few birds

(b) mass roosts

(d) trees.

question 20-30

before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the united

states ate most foods only in season. drying, smoking, and

salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability

of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited;

there was no way to prevent spoilage. but in 1810 a french

inventor named nicolas appert developed the cooking-and-sealing

process of canning. and in the 1850's an american

named gail borden developed a means of condensing and preserving

milk. canned goods and condensed milk became more

common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because

cans had to be made by hand. by 1880, however, inventors

had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced

cans from tinplate. suddenly all kinds of food could be

preserved and bought at all times of the year.

other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible

for americans to vary their daily diets. growing urban

populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable

farmers to raise more produce. railroad refrigerator cars

enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great

distances and to preserve them for longer periods. thus, by the

1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and

western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available

for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. in

addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store

perishables. an easy means of producing ice commercially had

been invented i the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had

more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which

made home deliveries. the icebox became a fixture in most

homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator

replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.

almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. some

people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches

or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. never-

theless, many families could take advantage of previously

unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve

more varied fare.

20.what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) causes of food spoilage.

(b) commercial production of ice

(d) population movements in the nineteenth century.

21.the phrase “in season” in line 2 refers to

(a) a kind of weather

(b) a particular time of year

(d) a method of flavoring food.

22.the word “prevent” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(a) estimate

(b) avoid

(d) confine

23.during the 1860's, canned food products were

(a) unavailable in rural areas

(b) shipped in refrigerator cars

(d) a staple part of the american diet.

24.it can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use

(a) before 1860

(b) before 1890

(d) after 1920

25.the word “them” in line 14 refers to

(a) refrigerator cars

(b) perishables

(d) distances

26.the word “fixture” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(a) luxury item

(b) substance

(d) mechanical device

27.the author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice

(a) decreased in number

(b) were on an irregular schedule

(d) occurred only in the summer.

28.the word “nevertheless” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(a) therefore

(b) because

(d) however

29.which of the following types of food preservation was not mentioned in the passage?

(a) drying

(b) canning

(d) chemical additives.

30.which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

(a) tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available.

(b) commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners

(d) people who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.

question 31-38

the ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair

and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages.

biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by

natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous.

newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin

of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up

or slows it down. if a cat has no spin when it is released and

experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist

around as it falls.

in the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling

cat resembles a magician's trick. the gyrations of the cat in

midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process

is obscured. either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's

fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. a century

ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed

photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy.

but in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling

cat constituted a scientific experiment.

the experiment was described in a paper presented to the

paris academy in 1894. two sequences of twenty photographs

each, one from the side and one from behind, show a

white cat in the act of righting itself. grainy and quaint

though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped

upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet

careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret. as the cat

rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist

counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect

accord with newton's laws. halfway down, the cat

pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends

them again, with the desired end result. the explanation was

that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible

one can readily change its orientation, or phase. cats know

this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it

happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a

thousandfold.

31.what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) the explanation of an interesting phenomenon

(b) miracles in modern science

(d) the differences between biology and physics.

32.the word “process” in line 10 refers to

(a) the righting of a tumbling cat

(b) the cat's fall slowed down

(d) a scientific experiment

33.why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an “experiment”?

(a) the photographs were not very clear.

(b) the purpose of the photographs was to explain the process.

(d) the photographer thought the cat might be injured.

34.which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late 1800's?

(a) it was a relatively new technology.

(b) the necessary equipment was easy to obtain.

(d) it was not fast enough to provide new information.

35.the word “rotates” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(a) drops

(b) turns

(d) touches

36.according to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is

(a) frightened

(b) small

(d) flexible

37.the word “readily” in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(a) only

(b) easily

(d) certainly

38.how did scientists increase “the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold” (lines 25-26)?

(a) by analyzing photographs

(b) by observing a white cat in a dark room

(d) by studying newton's laws of motion.

question 39-50

the changing profile of a city in the united states is apparent

in the shifting definitions used by the united states bureau

of the census. in 1870 the census officially distinguished

the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first

time. “urban population” was defined as persons living in

towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. but after 1900 it meant

persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more

inhabitants.

then, in 1950 the census bureau radically changed its

definition of “urban” to take account of the new vagueness of

city boundaries. in addition to persons living in incorporated

units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who

lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons

living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incor-

porated and unincorporated areas located around cities of

50,000 inhabitants or more. each such unit, conceived as an

integrated economic and social unit with a large population

nucleus, was named a standard metropolitan statistical area

(smsa).

each smsa would contain at least (a) one central city

with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having

shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and

social purposes, a single community with a combined population

of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population

of at least 15,000. such an area included the county in

which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are

found to be metropolitan in character and economically and

socially integrated with the country of the central city. by 1970,

about two-thirds of the population of the united states was

living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than

half were living outside the central cities.

while the census bureau and the united states government

used the term smsa (by 1969 there were 233 of them),

social scientists were also using new terms to describe

the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used

to be simple “town” and “cities”. a host of terms came into

use: “metropolitan regions”, “polynucleated population

groups”, “conurbations”, “metropolitan clusters”,

“megalopolises”, and so on.

39.what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) how cities in the united states began and developed

(b) solutions to overcrowding in cities

(d) how the united states census bureau conducts a census

40.according to the passage, the population of the united states was first classified as rural or urban in

(a) 1870

(b) 1900

(d) 1970

41.the word “distinguished” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a) differentiated

(b) removed

(d) protected

42.prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defines as urban?

(a) 2,500

(b) 8,000

(d) 50,000

43.according to the passage, why did the census bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?

(a) city borders had become less distinct.

(b) cities had undergone radical social change

(d) new businesses had relocated to larger cities.

44.the word “those” in line 9 refers to

(a) boundaries

(b) persons

(d) areas

45.the word “constituting” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(a) located near

(b) determine by

(d) marking up

46.the word “which” in line 18 refers to a smaller

(a) population

(b) city

(d) figure

47.which of the following is not true of an smsa?

(a) it has a population of at least 50,000

(b) it can include a city's outlying regions

(d) it consists of at least two cities.

48.by 1970, what proportion of the population in the united states did not live in an smsa?

(a) 3/4

(b) 2/3

(d) 1/3

49.the census bureau first used the term “smsa” in

(a) 1900

(b) 1950

(d) 1970

50.where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area?

(a) lines 4-5

(b) lines 7-8

(d) lines 27-29.

篇10：10月工作总结

一、日常工作和学习积累使我对大发有了一定的认识。

在10月份杭州高级人才交流会上认识了杜总，我拿到的第一份资料就是介绍新厂画册，当时只是觉得企业规模很大，和杜总交谈后，感觉老板很平易近人。对其它方面就不太知道了，特别是对化纤行业几乎一无所知。通过三个月的亲身体会，对化纤行业和公司有了一定了解。公司的理念被杜总通俗的解释为五个发，确实是很恰当，本人对这一理念非常认同。公司发展不忘回报社会的壮举，令人敬佩。公司以人为本、尊重人才的思想在实际工作中贯彻，这是大发能发展壮大的重要原因。在十一年时间实现跨越发展的确很不容易，争做全球第一是大发的雄心壮志，也是凝聚人才的核心动力。现在**在涤纶短纤行业起到了举足轻重的地位，今后还将更加辉煌。

二、遵守各项规章制度，认真工作，使自己素养不断得到提高。

爱岗敬业的职业道德素质是每一项工作顺利开展并最终取得成功的保障。在这三个月的时间里，我能遵守公司的各项规章制度，兢兢业业做好本职业工作，三个月从未迟到早退，用满腔热情积极、认真地完成好每一项任务，认真履行岗位职责，平时生活中团结同事、不断提升自己的团队合作精神。一本《细节决定成败》让我豪情万丈，一种积极豁达的心态、一种良好的习惯、一份计划并按时完成竟是如此重要，并最终决定一个的人成败。这本书让我对自己的人生有了进一步的认识，渴望有所突破的我，将会在以后的工作和生活中时时提醒自己，以便自己以后的人生道路越走越精彩。

三、认真学习岗位职能，工作能力得到了一定的提高。四、不足和需改进方面。

虽然到来了近三个月，对生产工艺还不太了解，到生产现场时间不多，人员熟悉程度也不够，对分工的工作还没有形成系统的计划和长远规划。随着对公司和工作的进一步熟悉，我也希望领导今后多分配一些工作，我觉得多做一些工作更能体现自己的人生价值。“业精于勤而荒于嬉”，在以后的工作中我要不断学习业务知识，通过多看、多问、多学、多练来不断的提高自己的各项业务技能。学无止境，时代的发展瞬息万变，各种学科知识日新月异。我将坚持不懈地努力学习各种知识，并用于指导实践。在今后工作中，要努力当好领导的参谋助手，把自己的工作创造性做好做扎实，为的发展贡献自己的力量。五、几点建议。

转型期，是一个非常关键的时期，这一时期应该从管理上下工夫，企业管理的好坏，会决定企业转型的成败。首先，要加强思想观念的转变，加大培训力度，特别是管理层要改变老观念，要从实干型向管理型转变。领导层定期学习和交流，这样可以开阔视野、学习管理理论。其次，公司要健全管理制度、明确岗位职权、建立激励机制、完善考核方式。好的制度可以改变人的行为，好的制度可以激励员工，好的制度可以强化管理。第三，要做好后继人才的培养工作。从现在起，要做好老同志的传帮带工作，把他们的好做法传下来，永远留在。第四，既要引进人才，还要用好人才，特别是要挖掘公司内部现有人才，最大限度发挥各类人才的作用。

托福阅读经典加试:Modificationofweather试题及答案

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