情人节英文简介

下面是小编为大家整理的情人节英文简介，本文共10篇，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助您。本文原稿由网友“寻找激情2”提供。

篇1：西方情人节英文简介

西方情人节英文简介

There are varying opinions as to the origin of Valentine's Day. Some experts state that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries.

关于情人节的起源有许多种说法。有关人士认为情人节是一个名叫桑特-瓦伦丁的人士发起的。他是罗马人，因为拒绝放弃基督教而于公元前269年2月14日惨遭杀害，这一天也正好是全城盛行彩票抽奖的日子。

Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it “From Your Valentine”.

而另外一种说法更具有传奇色彩，相传桑特-瓦伦丁曾留下一本日记给了狱卒的女儿，署名为“你的情人”，据说这名狱卒的女儿就是桑特-瓦伦丁的情人。

Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honour St. Valentine.

还有其它的说法也颇为有趣。比如说有人认为在克劳迪亚斯君王统治时期，桑特-瓦仑丁曾经是一名神父，因为公然挑战克劳迪亚斯君王的权威身陷囹圄。所以公元前4罗马教皇格莱西亚斯特意将2月14日作为一个特别的日子以纪念桑特-瓦伦丁。

Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball.

此后2月14日就成为了一个具有特殊意义的日子。在这天人们向自己心仪的人传递信息以示爱意。而理所当然的桑特 瓦仑丁也就成为了为恋爱中的男女们牵线搭桥的人。在2月14日这天人们会特意做诗或者用一些小礼物送给自己心爱的人。而且人们还会组织各种各样的聚会来庆祝这个特殊的节日。

In the United States, Miss Esther Howland is given credit for sending the first valentine cards. Commercial valentines were introduced in the 1800's and now the date is very commercialised.

艾瑟-霍兰德小姐是美国第一位因为发送情人节卡片而受到荣誉奖励的人。早在19世纪初情人节就已处露商业化的端倪。而如今情人节已经完全被商业化了。 比如每当每年2月14日来临的时候，一些城镇如罗夫兰、克罗拉多等，这里的人们都要派送大量的为情人节特备的卡片。

The town of Loveland, Colorado, does a large post office business around February 14. The spirit of good continues as valentines are sent out with sentimental verses and children exchange valentine cards at school.

而在这天人们往往吟歌做诗并且把这些写入卡片中送个自己喜欢的人以表达自己的爱意。而在学校里孩子门也喜欢互增贺卡来度过这个特殊的节日。久而久之就形成了一种习俗并且延续至今天。

拓展阅读：

西方情人节爱神丘比特介绍

爱神丘比特是情人节最著名的象征，也一直被人们喻为爱情的象征，相传他是一个顽皮的、身上长着翅膀的小神，他的箭一旦插入青年男女的心上，便会使他们深深相爱。在古希腊神话中，他是爱与美的女神(阿芙罗狄忒)Aphrodite与战神(阿瑞斯)Ares的小儿子Eros。在罗马神话中，他叫丘比特 (Cupid)，他的母亲是维纳斯(即阿芙罗狄忒)。单身的你，情人节来拜拜爱神，说不定就会被丘比特幸福的射上一箭哦。

Cupid is the most famous of Valentine symbols and everybody knows that boy armed with bow and arrows, and piercing hearts . He is known as a mischievous, winged child armed with bow and arrows. The arrows signify desires and emotions of love, and Cupid aims those arrows at Gods and Humans, causing them to fall deeply in love. Cupid has always played a role in the celebrations of love and lovers. In ancient Greece he was known as Eros, the young son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. To the Roman's he was Cupid, and his mother was Venus.

丘比特是情人节最著名的象征。这个带着弓箭的小男孩人尽皆知，被箭射穿的心亦是如此。相传他是一个顽皮、身上长着翅膀的小男孩。箭象征着爱的欲望与激情，丘比特的箭不仅对着神也对着凡人，被射中者便会陷入爱河。丘比特一直扮演者庆祝爱与爱人的角色。在古希腊神话中，他被称作厄洛斯，是爱与美之神阿佛洛狄忒的小儿子。在古罗马神话中，他就叫做丘比特，其母是维纳斯。

There is a very interesting story about Cupid and His mortal Bride Psyche in Roman mythology. Venus was jealous of the beauty of Psyche, and ordered Cupid to punish the mortal. But instead, Cupid fell deeply in love with her. He took her as his wife, but as a mortal she was forbidden to look at him.

在古罗马神话中，有一个关于丘比特和他的凡人新娘普赛克的有趣故事。维纳斯因为嫉妒普赛克的美貌，便命令前去施加惩罚。但是，丘比特确深深爱上了普赛克，并娶她为妻。但是作为凡人，普赛克不可以看丘比特的脸。

Psyche was happy until her sisters persuaded her to look at Cupid. as soon as Psyche looked at Cupid, Cupid punished her by leaving her. Their lovely castle and gardens vanished too. Psyche found herself alone in an open field with no signs of other beings or Cupid. As she wandered trying to find her love, she came upon the temple of Venus. Wishing to destroy her, the goddess of love gave Psyche a series of tasks, each harder and more dangerous then the last.

在她的姐妹说服她看丘比特的脸以前，普赛克一直生活得很快乐。在普赛克看了丘比特的脸之后，丘比特便惩罚性地离她而去。他们秀丽的城堡和花园也一同消失了。普赛克从此便孤身一人逗留在荒野中，身边丝毫没有其他生命的迹象，也没有丘比特的身影。当她四处徘徊试图找到丘比特的时候，普赛克来到了维纳斯神庙。爱神维纳斯试图杀死她，便交给了她一连串的任务，一个比一个更险更难。

For her last task Psyche was given a little box and told to take it to the underworld. She was told to get some of the beauty of Proserpine, the wife of Pluto, and put it in the box. During her trip she was given tips on

avoiding the dangers of the realm of the dead. She was also warned not to open the box. But Temptation overcame Psyche and she opened the box. But instead of finding beauty, she found deadly slumber.

终于，在她的最后一项任务中，维纳斯给了普赛克一个小盒子，交代她将盒子拿到地下去。她被告知给冥后普洛塞尔皮娜送去美丽，于是就将美丽装进了这个盒子。一路上，她获得了各种提示，避开了冥界的种种凶险。她还受到警告说不要打开盒子。但是诱惑还是争胜了普赛克，她最终打开了盒子。可她并没有发现美丽，却只有死亡睡眠。

Cupid found her lifeless on the ground. He gathered the deadly sleep from her body and put it back in the box. Cupid forgave her, as did Venus. The gods, moved by Psyche's love for Cupid made her a goddess.

丘比特在地面发现了已经死亡的普赛克。他从普赛克的体内召回了死亡之眠，并将它放回了盒子。丘比特宽恕了普赛克，并且维纳斯也宽恕了她。众神感动于普赛克对丘比特之爱，于是将她封为女神。

Today, Cupid and his arrows have become the most popular of love signs, and love is most frequently depicted by two hearts pierced by an arrow, Cupid's arrow.

如今，丘比特和它的箭已是最著名的爱的象征，而爱也通常被描绘成被丘比特的箭射穿的两颗心。

篇2：老人与海英文简介

老人与海英文简介

Santiago, an old, weathered fisherman has just gone 84 days without catching a fish. On the 85th day, he is determined to catch a big, impressive fish.

For years, Santiago, living in a small fishing village in Cuba, has been fishing with a young boy named Manolin. Manolin started fishing with the old man when he was only 5 years old. Santiago is like Manolin's second father, and has taught the young boy everything about fishing. Manolin's parents, however, force the boy to leave Santiago and fish on a more lucrative fishing boat.

He feels the 85th day will be lucky for him. He sets out on his old, rickety skiff. Alone on the water, Santiago sets up his fishing lines with the utmost precision, a skill that other fisherman lack. Finally, a huge Marlin has found Santiago's bait and this sets off a very long struggle between the two. The Marlin is so huge that it drags Santiago beyond all other boats and people . His hands become badly cramped and he is cut and bruised from the force of the fish.Santiago and the Marlin become united out at sea. They are attached to each other physically, and in Santiago's case, emotionally. He sees the fish as his brother. Despite this, Santiago has to kill it. He feels guilty killing a brother, but after an intense struggle in which the fish drags the skiff around in circles, Santiago harpoons the very large fish and hangs it on the side of his boat.

For a while , a pack of sharks detects the blood in the water and follow the trail to Santiago's skiff. Santiago has to fend off each shark that goes after his prized catch. Each shark takes a huge bite out of the Marlin, but the old man fends them off, himself now bruised, but alive. He sails back to shore with the carcass of his Marlin. He is barely able to walk and slowly staggers back to his hut, where he falls into bed.

The next morning, the boy cries when he looks at Santiago's bruised hands. He said that he would vows to fish with Santiago again.

篇3：《老人与海》英文简介

Santiago, an old, weathered fisherman has just gone 84 days without catching a fish. On the 85th day, he is determined to catch a big, impressive fish.

For years, Santiago, living in a small fishing village in Cuba, has been fishing with a young boy named Manolin. Manolin started fishing with the old man when he was only 5 years old. Santiago is like Manolins second father, and has taught the young boy everything about fishing. Manolins parents, however, force the boy to leave Santiago and fish on a more lucrative fishing boat.

He feels the 85th day will be lucky for him. He sets out on his old, rickety skiff. Alone on the water, Santiago sets up his fishing lines with the utmost precision, a skill that other fisherman lack. Finally, a huge Marlin has found Santiagos bait and this sets off a very long struggle between the two. The Marlin is so huge that it drags Santiago beyond all other boats and people . His hands become badly cramped and he is cut and bruised from the force of the fish.Santiago and the Marlin become united out at sea. They are attached to each other physically, and in Santiagos case, emotionally. He sees the fish as his brother. Despite this, Santiago has to kill it. He feels guilty killing a brother, but after an intense struggle in which the fish drags the skiff around in circles, Santiago harpoons the very large fish and hangs it on the side of his boat.

For a while , a pack of sharks detects the blood in the water and follow the trail to Santiagos skiff. Santiago has to fend off each shark that goes after his prized catch. Each shark takes a huge bite out of the Marlin, but the old man fends them off, himself now bruised, but alive. He sails back to shore with the carcass of his Marlin. He is barely able to walk and slowly staggers back to his hut, where he falls into bed.

The next morning, the boy cries when he looks at Santiagos bruised hands. He said that he would vows to fish with Santiago again.

篇4：《老人与海》英文简介

The boy loved the old fisherman and pitied him. If Manolin had no money of his own, he begged or stole to make sure that Santiago had enough to eat and fresh baits for his lines. The old man accepted his kindness with humility that was like a quiet kind of pride. Over their evening meals of rice or black beans they would talk about the fish they had taken in luckier times or about American baseball and the great DiMaggio. At night, alone in his shack, Santiago dreamed of lions on the beaches of Africa, where he had gone on a sailing ship years before. He no longer dreamed of his dead wife.

On the eighty-fifth day Santiago rowed out of the harbor in the cool dark before dawn. After leaving the smell of land behind him, he set his lines. Two of his baits were fresh tunas the boy had given him, as well as sardines to cover his hooks. The lines went straight down into deep dark water.

As the sun rose he saw other boats in toward shore, which was only a low green line on the sea. A hovering man-of-war bird showed him where dolphin were chasing some flying fish, but the school was moving too fast and too far away. The bird circled again. This time Santiago saw tuna leaping in the sunlight. A small one took the hook on his stern line. Hauling the quivering fish aboard, the old man thought it a good omen.

孩子喜欢并且可怜这个老渔人。曼诺林要是自己没有挣到钱，就会乞讨或偷窃以保证桑提亚哥有足够的食物和新鲜的鱼饵。老人谦卑地接受孩子的好意，谦卑中带有某种隐而不露的自豪感。晚餐时(吃的是大米饭和黑蚕豆)他们总会谈论在运气好的日子里一起捕获的大鱼，或是谈论美国的棒球赛和伟大的狄马吉奥。夜间桑提亚哥一个人躺在自己的小棚屋里，梦见非洲海滩上的狮子，几年前他航海去过那个地方。他不再梦见自己死去的老婆了。

在第八十五天，桑提亚哥在寒冷的黎明前的黑暗中，把小船划出了港口。在把陆地的气息抛在身后之后，他放下了钓丝。他的两个鱼饵是孩子给他的鲜金枪鱼，还有把鱼钩遮盖起来的沙丁鱼。钓丝垂直地下到暗黑的.深水里。

太阳升起时，他看到别的一些船只都头朝着海岸，在海上看来海岸象是一条接近地平线的绿带子。一只盘旋的军舰鸟给老人指明了海豚追逐飞鱼的地方。但是鱼群游得太快、也太远了。这只猛禽又在盘旋了，这次桑提亚哥瞧见金枪鱼在太阳光下跃起。一条小金枪鱼咬住了他艉缆上的鱼钩。老人在把颤动的金枪鱼拉上船板以后，心想这可是一个好兆头。

篇5：简介的英文是什么

The students showed great interest after the professor gave a brief introduction to the course.

教授简单介绍了这门课程之后，学生们表现出极大的兴趣。

There is a brief introduction column about the company on the homepage.

网站首页有一个版块是介绍公司简况的。

Brief introduction is made on roller mill application and development.

简要介绍辊式磨的`应用和发展。

A brief introduction to the research work on adsorption process was given.

给出其中的吸附工艺的研究结果。

Would you please give us a brief introduction of your company?

可否请您简要介绍一下你们公司？

篇6：海伦凯勒英文简介

海伦·凯勒简介

Helen Keller (June 17, 1880 - June 1, 1968), the famous American writer, educator, philanthropist, social activist. In the nineteen months due to suffering from acute gastric congestion, cerebral congestion and was taken away vision and hearing. In 1887 met with Sally teacher. In 1899 June admitted to Harvard University Radcliffe Women's College. June 1, 1968 died, at the age of 87 years old, there are 86 years living in the lightless, silent world. In this time, she has completed 14 books. One of the most famous are: “If you give me three days bright” “My life story” “stone wall story”. She was committed to the benefit of the disabled, the establishment of many charities, in 1964 won the “President of the Medal of Freedom”, the following year selected the United States, “Time” named “Twentieth Century American ten hero idol” one.

海伦·凯勒人物贡献

Helen Keller is committed to socialism, from her special experience as a disability, and her sympathy for other disabled people. At first, she simplified the alphabet to make it suitable for people with disabilities; but she soon realized that a simple solution to the problem of blindness was a temporary solution. Through the study she found that blind people are not randomly distributed in a variety of people, but concentrated in the bottom of society. The poor are more likely to be blind due to production accidents or lack of adequate treatment. Some poor people become prostitutes, the addition of a syphilis caused by the risk of blindness. Thus, Keller recognized that the social class system controls the fate of a person's life, and sometimes even decide whether they will be blind. Keller 's study is not a zaiban: “I visited the candy shop, factory, shantytown, and even if I could not see it, I heard it.

Helen Keller as a socialist, started in 1909. In 1909, she joined the Massachusetts Social Party. As early as before graduating from Radcliffe College, she was a social activist. She himself stressed that this was not due to any education received there. After the outbreak of the Russian revolution, she praised the new communist country, ”In the East, a rising star! In the painful struggle, the new order was born from the old order.“ In the east, The baby was born! Comrades, Qi forward! Run to the campfire in Russia! Welcome to the dawn! ”Keller hung a red flag at the top of her desk. “Later, she gradually became the left wing of the Socialist Party and became a member of Wobbly, the World Federation of Industrial Workers, a coalition of syndicalists persecuted by Woodrow Wilson.

When Keller became a socialist, she was a famous woman of the world. But she soon became discredited, because of the shift to socialism, which led to a new public opinion storm. Those who once praised her courage and wisdom of the newspaper, instead of emphasizing her disability. Columnists have accused her of having no independent sensory acceptance and are subject to those who instilled in her thoughts. The most typical is the editor of the Brooklyn Eagle. He wrote that Keller's ”error stems from the obvious defects of her physical development.“

Keller recalls that she had seen the editor. I was embarrassed, but now that I stand up to support socialism, he reminds me and the public that I am a deaf and blind person who is particularly error-prone. Probably, since I had seen him, my brain was shrinking. ”She went on to say:“ Oh, ”the Brooklyn Eagle“ is too funny, it is deaf and blind on social issues, it maintains a difficult We are trying to prevent blindness, and this system is the root cause of most blind deafness.

Keller's second generation is largely committed to raising funds for the American Blind Foundation, and she believes that our society needs a radical change that has never been shaken. She supported the socialist presidential campaign of Eugene V Debbs. She also published articles on women's movement, politics and economy. In his later years, she wrote to the American Communist Party leader, Elizabeth G. Flynn, who was the victim of the McCarthy era, who was in prison during the years: ”Dear Elizabeth Flynn, the best birthday Blessing! Willing to serve the good feelings of mankind for your fearless mind to bring strength and tranquility!

海伦·凯勒人物评价

Famous writer Mark Twain said: “The 19th century there are two worthy of attention, one is Napoleon, the other is Helen Keller.” American “Time magazine” selection Helen Keller as “the 20th century American 10 idol one”. And she left people's greatest revelation is that the courage to accept the challenges of life will be able to win the light of life. This book is a detailed account of Helen Keller's life, is considered one of the most important two major contributions in the history of literature.

“A gift from Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan to the whole world is constantly telling us how wonderful the world is around, and so much,” said a collection of educational films issued by McGraw-Hill Publishing. People are teaching us to know it; no one is not worthy of help or can not help, one of us greatest benefit is to help others to play their true potential.

Helen Keller is also a rare woman in the world.

Helen Keller was regarded as one of the most inspiring writers of this century.

Helen Keller is a famous 19th century American writer, educator, philanthropist, social activist, and blind deaf.

Helen Keller is our example of learning, is the performance of human goodness, her deeds can become a model for future generations.

The nineteenth century there were two great people, one is Napoleon, one is Helen Keller. --Mark Twain

Helen Keller is one of the top ten great men of the twentieth century. - American “Time”

“The two most important contributions to the history of literature in 1902 were Jimmin's” Jim “and Helen Keller's” My Life “.

- Well - known American writer Dr. Haier

海伦凯勒英文简介相关

篇7：曹雪芹简介英文

曹雪芹简介

Cao Xueqin (about May 17, 1715 - February 12, 1763), the name of dip, the word dream Nguyen, No. snow celery, and the number of celery, celery, Chinese classical ”Dream of Red Mansions“ author, native of Shenyang (a Said Liaoyang), was born in Nanjing, about 13 years old moved back to Beijing. Cao Xueqin was born in the Qing Dynasty House House is white flag coating family, he is Jiangning weaving Cao Yin's Sun, Cao Yong's son (one said Cao Zi son).

Cao Xueqin early years in Nanjing Jiangning weaving house witnessed a Jin Yi Wan Ku, rich romantic life. To Yongzheng six years (1728), Cao was guilty of being guilty of a crime, Cao Xueqin moved back to Beijing with his family. And later moved to the western suburbs of Beijing, by selling calligraphy and friends relief for a living Cao Xueqin plain release, hobbies widely, on the stone, poetry and literature, painting, garden, Chinese medicine, weaving, technology, diet, etc. have been studied. He persevered in perseverance, after years of hardships, and finally create a very ideological, artistic great works - ”Dream of Red Mansions.“

曹雪芹主要功绩

The greatest contribution of Cao Xueqin lies in literary creation. He created the ”Dream of Red Mansions“ large-scale, rigorous structure, complex plot, description of vivid, shaped many of the typical character of the artistic image, called the ancient Chinese novels peak in the history of the world literature occupies an important position. Cao Xueqin for the Chinese nation, for the people of the world left a valuable cultural heritage and spiritual wealth, not only the creation of later writers far-reaching, but also in the painting, film and television, animation, online games and other fields have a large number of outstanding derivative works, academia, society On the ”Dream of Red Mansions“ author, version, text, ability and other aspects of research and talk and even formed a special learning - red school.

曹雪芹文学特点

”Born in the bustling, and finally reduced.“ Cao Xueqin's family from the flowers of Jin Sheng, all of a sudden fall into the dying of the environment, so that he deeply experienced the sadness of life and the ruthless world, but also out of the original class vulgar and narrow, see the feudal aristocratic family irreparable Of the trend of decadence, but also brought disillusion sentimental emotions. His tragic experience, his poetic emotion, his spirit of exploration, his sense of innovation, all melting into the ”Dream of Red Mansions“.

Love life and a sense of fantasy, accession and birth, this is Cao Xueqin in the exploration of life contradictions. Cao Xueqin is not a disgusting doctrine, he does not really think that everything is empty, but also did not really explore the Red, really want to persuade people to wake up from the so-called dust dream, otherwise, he would not be so painful for the earth Sad tears of bitterness, it will not be as emotional in the reality of life. He is a kind of deep feelings, to their own personal experience, write the immigration of the WTO and the longing of the birth, write the indulgence of the pain of the truth and the desire to escape the common desire to write a contradictory emotional world and real The life experience.

”Dream of Red Mansions“ open book the first time there are two authors preface. In these two preface, Cao Xueqin readme writing origin, writing experience and experience, clearly express their own literary ideas and creative principles. He first criticized those formulaic, conceptualized, contrary to the reality of the creative tendencies, that this creation is far better than ”according to their own things reasonable“ creation works ”fresh chic“, those ”disgusting, self-contradictory“ , ”Really as I half a century to see the witness of this few women,“ ”to if the separation of joys and sorrows, the rise and fall of the fortune, then track traces, not a little chisel, for the purpose of the people and lost their true By“. He does not rely on any historical story, nor to any folk creation as the basis, but directly based on the real social life, is ”words are all blood“, infiltration of the author's personal feelings of blood and tears. Works ”truthfully description, there is no taboo“, to maintain the diversity of real life, the richness of the phenomenon. From all kinds of character relations, showing the kind of wealthy family of absurdity, weakness and its segregation, the trend of decline. He wrote the characters to break the past, ”Syria is completely good, bad people are completely bad,“ the writing, ”the characters are true,“ the ancient novel characters to shape from the type to the personalized Change, shape the typical character image. Cao Xueqin to the poet's sensitive to perceive life, focusing on the performance of their own life experience, and consciously create a poetic mood, so that works graceful subtle, is that vivid, but also so difficult to match. He is not like the past novels condescending ruling life, the creation of moral court, the righteousness of the judgments of personnel, but the very bit of the minds of the trembling, it is imperceptible to understand the mind, life unavoidably bitter and cold and so warm, let Readers taste the taste of life.

曹雪芹简介英文相关

篇8：惠特曼英文简介

沃尔特·惠特曼简介

Walt Whitman (Walt Whitman, May 31, 1819 - March 26, 1892) was born in Long Island, New York, a famous American poet, humanist, who created the free body of poetry ), Its representative works are poems ”grass leaves set“.

沃尔特·惠特曼生平简介

Born

Poet. May 31, 1819 was born in Long Island. The father was farming, and the poor moved to Brooklyn, working as a carpenter and building a house. He was interested in the imagination of the socialist thinker and the composer of the democratic thinker, Paine. Whitman studied in public schools, served as rural teachers; childhood also had a messenger, learned typography. Later in the newspaper work, has become editor. He likes to wander, meditate, and enjoy the beauty of nature; but he prefers the city and the streets, like opera, dance, speech, like reading Homer, Greek tragedy and Dante, Shakespeare's works. From February 1846 to January 1848, he was editor of the ”Brooklyn Eagle“. In 1848 went to New Orleans to edit the newspaper and soon returned to Brooklyn. After five or six years, he helped the old father to build a house, operating a small bookstore, a small printing factory, free to loose, free to wander; and teenager, enjoy and boatman, navigator, coachman, mechanic, fisherman , Handyman, etc. make friends.

Grass set

1855 ”grass leaves set“ the first version of the advent of a total of 12 poems, and finally out of the 9th edition of a total of 383 poems. One of the longest one, that is later known as the ”song of their own“ that poem. A total of 1336 lines. The content of this poem almost includes the author's main thought of his life, is one of the most important poems of the author. The poem has repeatedly mentioned the grass leaves: grass leaves symbolize all ordinary, ordinary things and ordinary ordinary people. This epic poetry is universally cold, and only Emerson wrote a warm letter to the poet. Whitman received great encouragement from this letter.

”Grass set“ is the most important work of Whitman poetry, named after the concentration of such a poem: ”Where there is soil, where there is water, where the long grass.“ Poems in the poems like the United States The earth's grass, vibrant and exudes attractive aroma. They are world famous masterpiece, created a new era of American national poetry. The author has bold innovation in the form of poetry, created the ”free body“ of the poetic form, breaking the traditional poetry of the law, to break the sentence as the basis of rhythm, the rhythm of free and unrestrained, Wang Yang unrestrained, Shu volume freely, with blew of momentum and no Not the capacity of the package.

1856, the second edition of ”grass leaves set“ published a total of 32 poems. ”All the way through the Brooklyn ferry“ is one of the poet's best works. In addition, ”the song“, ”song of the road“ is also famous.

In 1859, ”Saturday Weekly“ published on the Christmas number of Whitman's excellent lyrics ”from the never-ending swing in the cradle“, this is a love and death of the carol. The next year should be a publication of Boston, please print the ”grass leaves set“ version 3, this poem is the first ”official publication“. There are 124 new poems, including ”from the never-ending swing cradle“ and three groups were named ”song of democracy“, ”Adam's descendants“, ”reed“ poetry.

War era

During the Civil War, Whitman, as a firm democratic fighter, showed his deep humanitarian character. When the war intensified, he took the initiative to Washington to serve as a nurse, all day care and injury of the soldiers, resulting in serious damage to health. His life is very hard, by copying the date, the money saved in the sick and wounded. He served as a nurse for nearly two years, approaching about 100,000 soldiers, and many later kept in touch with him.

Postwar life

After the war, Whitman was appointed as a small staff member of the Indian Affairs Office of the Ministry of the Interior. Soon the minister found that he was the author of the ”Grass Leaf Set“ and dismissed him; he later served in the office of the Minister of Justice for eight years. As a result of the exercise in the civil war, increased experience, political thought has also been improved, his creation has entered a new stage. In 1865, Whitman in New York at their own expense printed his poems in the late civil war ”桴 drum set“, which received a total of 53 new poems. A few months later he published a sequel, including the memorial Lincoln's famous ”recently lilac in the courtyard when the open.“

沃尔特·惠特曼作品出版情况

In 1867 the ”grass leaves set“ fourth edition only eight new poems, but the income of the ”drum set“ and its sequel. It is worth noting that the long article published in 1871 ”democratic vision“, it summed up the author's literary and political ideas.

The fifth edition of the ”Grass Leaf Set“ was printed once in 1871 and 1872.

The first income of 13 new poems, the second income general critics recognized as the poet's last important long poem ”Road to India“ and a few new poems. In January 1873 Whitman was suffering from paralysis, writing ability from also depressed. But his optimism, love and sensitivity to life, his ideal of democracy, or so to death. His old age depressed unsuccessful, in addition to the preparation of several versions, and occasionally write some poetry. In 1876, the 6th edition of the ”Grass Leaves“ was published to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. This is a collection of essays, including the two volumes, the first volume of the fifth edition of the content, the second volume he named ”two streams“, including prose, 18 new poems, ”leading to India Road “and poems, poems tend to abstract. The text of the seventh edition (1881-1882) of the ”Grass Leaf Set“, the title of each poem and the order of the arrangement, have been finalized, and this edition has received 20 new poems. Whitman continued to write poetry until his death in 1892.

In 1882 the poet published his essay collection ”Typical Days“, which included the ”democratic vision“ article. Published in 1888, ”November“, the income of 62 new poems and some articles, concentrated poems later income ”grass leaves set“ 8th edition (1889), and become ”poem“. In 1891 Philadelphia's publisher published Whitman's new work ”Goodbye, my fantasy“, where the poem became ”grass leaves“ and ”poem“. ”9“ (1892), including ”poem“, ”seventy years“ and ”attached poem two“ ”goodbye, my fantasy.“ Poet after the death of the poem ”Elderly echo“, as ”with poetry“. See 1897 to 1898 published collection, after the collection of the whole collection also income. After 1898 the universal collection, is the so-called ”dying version“, that is published in 1892 edition 9.

”Flying in freedom and strength“ was incorporated into the second edition of the first semester of the seventh edition of the seventh edition.

惠特曼英文简介相关

篇9：哥白尼简介英文

尼古拉·哥白尼简介

Nikolai Copernicus (Polish: Nikolaj Kopernik, February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543, at the age of 70), is the Renaissance Polish astronomer, mathematician, church law, priest The

At Copernicus 40 years old, he put forward the heart of the heart, denying the authority of the church, changed the human view of nature on their own. At that time the Roman Catholic Church believed that his day-minded violated the Bible, Copernicus remained convinced that the heart said it was not contradictory, and after years of observation and calculation to complete his great work ”celestialism“.

In 1533, 60-year-old Copernicus made a series of speeches in Rome, and finally decided to publish it until he was near the seventies. May 24, 1543 Copernicus died that day the publisher received Copernicus sent a book he wrote.

Copernicus's ”heart said“ corrected people's cosmology. Copernicus is a giant of the European Renaissance. He devoted his life to the study of astronomy, leaving a valuable legacy for later generations.

The Copernicus remains on the rehearsal of the Fraunberg Cathedral in Poland on May 22, 20xx.

February 19, 20xx is the 540th anniversary of the birth of the astronomer Copernicus, Poland held a series of activities throughout the country to commemorate the great change that has changed the human universe.

尼古拉·哥白尼成长背景

Nicholas Copernicus On February 19, 1973, a wealthy family born in the city of Toruń on the Vistula River in the Kingdom of Poland.

At the age of 18, he studied at Kraków University, the old capital of Poland, and was interested in astronomy during his study of medicine.

In 1496, the 23-year-old Copernicus came to Italy, where he studied law, medicine and theology at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua, the astronomer of the University of Bologna (De Novara, 1454-1540) had a great influence on Copernicus, where he had learned astronomical observations and Greek astronomy.

At the age of 40 he proposed the ”heliocentric theory“ (the heliocentric theory). And later received a doctorate in religious law from the University of Ferrara. Copernicus as a doctor, because of medical clever and was known as ”the doctor“.

Copernicus mostly spent most of his time in the church of Frauen. Copernicus is not a professional astronomer, his famous masterpiece is completed in his spare time.

尼古拉·哥白尼历史背景

Copernicus's scientific achievement is the product of his time, and turned to promote the development of the times.

Fifteen, sixteenth century Europe, it is from the feudal society to the capitalist society of the critical period, in the two hundred years, the community has undergone tremendous changes.

Before the 14th century in Europe, everywhere is a fragmented small city. Later, with the rise of urban industry and commerce, especially the development of mining and metallurgy industry, the emergence of many emerging cities, small cities have joined together to form a national trend.

By the end of the fifteenth century, there were essentially monarchical monarchies in many countries. At that time Poland not only like Krakow, Poznan such a big city, there are many handicraft industry flourishing city.

The Warsaw, which was converted into Poland in 1526, has become an important center of business, politics, culture and geography, and became the capital of the Polish state at the end of the 16th century.

And this political and economic change to adapt to the cultural and scientific also began to reflect. At that time, Europe was ”the unity of church and state“, the Holy See controls many countries, the Bible is declared as supreme truth, all contrary to the doctrine of the Bible, are denounced as ”heresy“, all against the theocratic rule, all Was sentenced to fire, the Italian thinker Bruno, in order to maintain the heart of the day, that was taught to burn with fire (one that Bruno was executed not because he insisted on scientific truth, but because he publicly publicized a different view of Christianity).

The emerging bourgeoisie for their own survival and development, set off a struggle against the feudal system and church superstition, there has been a humanistic trend of thought. They use the combat weapon is not the gods of the ancient Greek philosophy, science and literature, which is shocking the European Renaissance. The Renaissance first took place in Italy and soon expanded to Poland and other European countries.

At the same time, commercial activity has also contributed to the development of foreign trade. In the ”golden“ driven by the spell, many European adventurers voyage Africa, India and the entire Far East. Ocean navigation requires rich astronomical and geographical knowledge, accumulated from the observation of the actual data, so that people feel popular ”quiet“ cosmology is doubtful, which requires people to further explore the secrets of the universe, so as to promote The development of astronomy and geography.

In 1492, the famous Italian navigator Columbus discovered the new continent, Magellan and his companions around the earth a week, proving that the earth was round and made people start to really know the earth.

In the medieval period under the strict control of the church, there were also vigorous religious revolutions. Many of the doctrines of the Catholic Church did not conform to the teachings of the Bible, and joined the papal's personal will and the self-achievement of the various theologians, so many believers began to question the Catholicism The teachings and the organization, initiating the return to the Bible.

Czech patriots, the president of the University of Prague, Jan Hus (1369-1415), publicly condemned the oppression and exploitation of the German feudal lords and the Catholic Church against the Czech Republic at the religious conference in Constantinople. Although he was fired by the reactionary church, his revolutionary activities had aroused a strong reaction in society. Czech peasants held an uprising under the banner of the Hussists, and the movement also spread to Poland.

In 1517, in Germany, Martin Luther (1483-1546) opposed the church to sell atonement, and the Roman pope openly broke.

In 1521, Luther exposes the sins of the Holy See at the Wolm Congress and proposes the idea of establishing Protestantism. Protestant doctrine is supported by many countries, and Poland is also deeply affected.

In such a big change in the era of great turbulence, February 19, 1473 Copernicus in the Vistula River Torun City was born. His father was a wealthy businessman, he had a brother and two sisters. When Copernicus was 10 years old, his father was dead and he was sent to the uncle, Carmel is a humanist, he and then the progress of the intellectual sector in Poland is very close, and with the Italian revolutionaries, humanist Philip Buonaxi is a friend. At the time of Copernicus secondary school, the card came with him to participate in the gathering of humanists.

In 1491, according to the uncle's arrangement, Copernicus went to Krakow University to study astronomy and mathematics.

At that time, Poland had produced some famous astronomers, such as Marlene Keluoer, who wrote in 1450 as the book of ”Yaldish Star Elephant,“ and lectures in many countries. Another example is the famous astronomer Vojciehe, who has compiled astronomical calendar, he lectured at the University of Krakow, is Copernicus school mathematics and astronomy professor. Copernicus's ”Sun Center doctrine“ was born at the University of Krakow.

Although the Bible does not involve astronomical knowledge such as ”the earth is the center of the universe“ and the ”heavenly place“. In the Middle Ages, astronomy also had an official argument that had been extended to ancient Greece and had been institutionalized by the theorists. In order to consolidate the feudal rule, the Catholic Church of the Referee burned a lot of precious scientific works, and sometimes actually burned 20 carts a day.

In 1327, the Italian astronomer Cai Ke Dasi Keli was burned alive, his ”charges“ is contrary to the teachings of the Bible, arguing that the earth was spherical, in another hemisphere also human beings exist.

篇10：蔡元培英文简介

蔡元培简介

(Now Zhejiang Shaoxing) people, the origin of Zhejiang Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Revolutionaries, educators, politicians. Democratic Progressive People, the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, the National Government and the Director of the Supervision Office. The first president of the Republic of China Education, 1916 to 1927 as the president of Peking University, innovation Peking University ”academic“ and ”free“ style; 1920 to 1930, Cai Yuanpei also served as president of Sino-French University. He participated in the struggle against imperialism in his early years, and in the early years of the Republic, he presided over the development of the first decree of modern Chinese higher education - the ”university order“.

During the Northern Expedition, after the National Government laid the capital of Nanjing, he presided over the Education Administration Committee, set up the Republic of China Graduate School and the Central Research Institute, leading education and academic system reform. 1927 to participate in the launch of ”protect the country to save the party movement“ that should be clear but against the murder of the party. 1928 to 1940 full-time director of the Central Research Institute, to carry out the idea of academic research. Cai Yuanpei went to Germany and France to study abroad, study, study philosophy, literature, aesthetics, psychology and cultural history, for his commitment to reform feudal education to lay the ideological and theoretical basis. In 1933, Cai Yuanpei initiated the creation of the National Central Museum, and personally served as the first session of the Council. March 5, 1940 died in Hong Kong. Buried the Chinese cemetery at the top of Aberdeen.

蔡元培人物生平

January 11, 1868, Tongzhi Ding Mao was born on December 17 in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, Shanyin County.

In 1871, Tongzhi Xin was ten years old Cai Yuanpei into the private school.

In 1878, Guangxu Wuyin four years, Cai Yuanpei 11 years old, his father Cai Guangpu died due to illness.

In 1879, Guangxu five years 12 years old, sojourn to the aunt's home reading. In 1880, Guangxu six years Cai Yuanpei 13 years old by the aunt's home to the teacher's school. In 1884, Guangxu a ten years Cai Yuanpei 17 years old, the scholar. In 1885, Guangxu eleven years Cai Yuanpei 18 years old, set up teaching.

In 1889, Guangxu ugly fifteen years Cai Yuanpei 22 years old when the lifts. In the same year married his first wife Wang Zhao. In 1890, Guangxu sixteen years, Cai Yuanpei 23 years old, Beijing will try to become a Gong Shi, no palace test.

In 1892, Guangxu eighteen years Cai Yuanpei 25 years old, by the palace test Jinshi, was ordered for the Imperial Academy Shu Ji Shi. Temple test results for the thirty-four (equivalent to the national examination of the thirty-seventh), the content is ”Tibet's geographical location.“

In 1894, Guangxu Jiawu twenty years Cai Yuanpei 27 years old, the spring should be scattered museum test, was awarded the Imperial Academy editing. In this year, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, began to contact Western learning, sympathy and innovation. September 1898 back to Shaoxing, Ren Shaoxing Chinese and Western school supervision, to promote new school.

In 1900, Boxer twenty-six years Cai Yuanpei 33 years old, because of his wife by feudal thinking constraints, the feelings between them has been in the state of no matter, and when he gradually accepted the new Western ideas, they began to rethink feminism The definition of, so write the ”husband and wife convention“ to re-adjust the relationship with his wife Wang Zhao.

In the summer of 1901, Xin ugly twenty-seven years, Cai Yuanpei 34 years old, to the Shanghai agent Chengxue school (now Shanghai Cheng Cheng senior high school) principals, that is, the first president. In 1901 September, was hired as Nanyang public economics special science class total teaching. January 1, 1902, Ren Yin twenty-eight years, Cai Yuanpei in Hangzhou with his past students Ms. Huang Zhongyu held his second wedding in his life.

In 1902, Cai Yuanpei 35 years old, with Jiang Zhi and so on in Shanghai founded China Education Association and served as president, founder of patriotic society, patriotic school, have been pushed as prime minister. In 1903, seventy-nine years, the activities of the Patriotic Society caused the Qing government alert, ordered the investigation. Cai Yuanpei was removed from Qingdao, Japan, Shaoxing, Shanghai and other places, on the one hand learning German, ready to study abroad to escape the limelight, on the one hand still engaged in education and revolutionary activities.

In 1903, Cai Yuanpei to resist the Russian government coveted the territory of northern China, and Shanghai anti-revolutionaries to the Russian comrades in the name of the Office of the ”Russian news“ (later changed ”alarm daily“). In 1904, when he was thirty years old, he established a meeting in Shanghai.

In 1905, when he was thirty-three years old at the age of 38, the alliance was established and the reunification was incorporated. Sun Yat-sen appointed Cai Yuanpei as head of the Shanghai Branch of the League.

In May 1907, when he was thirty-three years old, he traveled to Berlin, Germany with the help of Sun Pei-ki, Germany, and lectured and studied psychology, aesthetics and philosophy at the University of Leipzig. Side of the study, one side Professor Tang Shaoyi (after the first cabinet of the Republic of China Prime Minister) 4 nephew of the Chinese teachers, nearly ten years of Cai Yuanpei began four years of overseas study life. In Germany 4 years, he edited the ”history of Chinese ethics“ and a number of academic books.

In early November 1911, Xuantong three years Xinhai years, the outbreak of the Revolution, in Chen Qimei to electricity under the urging, Cai Yuanpei Siberian return.

January 4, 1912, the first year of the Republic of China, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, he became president of the Provisional Government Education in Nanjing. The Ministry of Education under the Cai Yuanpei to the public to solicit the possible national anthem, and later promulgated the Provisional National Anthem of the Republic of China, by Shen Enfu lyrics, Shen Peng's compilation of the national anthem, the song ”five flag song“ (the Republic of China national anthem). [3-4]

January 19, 1912, the first year of the Republic, he promulgated the ”Interim Measures for General Education“, and presided over the development of the ”University Order“ and ”secondary school order“, which is China's first university and secondary school order, he stressed that The middle school and the university built into a sound national school. He served as the chief of education of the Provisional Government of Nanjing, advocated the use of Western education system, abolished the study of Confucianism, the implementation of reform measures such as men and women, and established the bourgeois democratic education system in China. After the failure of the second revolution, with relatives to go to France, and Li Shi was founded in France to work hard to learn.

In February 1912, Lu Xun was invited to the Ministry of Education. In July 1912, Cai Yuanpei resigned because he was reluctant to cooperate with the Yuan Shikai government. In 1913, the two years Cai Yuanpei 46 years old, once again went to France to engage in academic research, in Europe for three years, and compiled a lot of philosophy and aesthetics.

June 1915, the Republic of China four years, Cai Yuanpei 48 years old, he and Li Shizeng, Wu Yuzhang and other organizations to promote law and education in France, work in France advocacy work, hope to help organizations to help more Chinese to Europe, later Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping And so are through the help of this organization after the smooth study in France.

In the summer of 1916, Li Yuanhong's Beijing government finally regained the ”temporary law“ of the early years of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, among others, returned a large number of exiled revolutionaries, and some members of Zhejiang nationality also teleported to Cai Yuanpei , That is to be elected when he is the governor of Zhejiang Province.

November 8, 1916, Cai Yuanpei and Wu Yuzhang by boat from Marseille to return to Shanghai. December 26, 1916, was appointed as president of Peking University. Support the new culture movement, promote academic research, advocate ”freedom of thought, compatible“, the implementation of professors to teach school. ”May Fourth“ campaign to support students patriotic action, multi-rescue students arrested. January 9, 1917, Cai Yuanpei served as president of Peking University's speech, the students put forward three requirements: one said hold the purpose, the second said the virtue of virtue, three respect teachers, will ”hold the purpose“ in the first place.

In 1917, Cai Yuanpei hired ”New Youth“ editor Chen Duxiu as liberal arts seniors, and hired Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Qian Xuantong and other ”new“ characters in Peking University teaching, the use of ”freedom of thought, compatible package“ school policy, the implementation of ” System, to promote academic democracy, to support the new culture movement.

In the same year, Cai Yuanpei invited the famous philosopher Liang Shuming to Peking University to teach Indian philosophy; Xu Beihong invited Cai Yuanpei invited from Tokyo, Japan back to Beijing, Ren Peking University painting instructor.

In July 1917, Hu Shi from the United States to return home, when Hu Shi did not get a doctorate in Columbia University, but Cai Yuanpei Hu in order to enter the Peking University to help them forging their qualifications.

July 3, 1917, Cai Yuanpei in Peking University issued a warm speech inaugural speech is not scattered, to Li Yuanhong President resigned, wording euphemism, but the cause of depression, that is to protest Zhang Xun restoration.

In October 1917, the Republic of China six years, Cai Yuanpei 50 years old, presided over the Ministry of Education held a meeting of representatives of the institutions of higher learning in Beijing to discuss the revision of university procedures, Peking University liberal arts credit system, the adoption of the election system, the meeting decided to decide In the North trial. Peking University election system provides a lesson every week, finished a year for a unit, the undergraduate should be covered with 80 units, half compulsory, half of elective (science to reduce the discretion), repair can be graduated, informal age; matriculation should be covered with 40 Units, compulsory accounted for three quarters, elective accounted for a quarter. Elective subjects can be crossed.

In 1918, he made it clear that “the institution of the university is a purely scholarly institution, and it can not be regarded as a place of qualification, nor as a place of trafficking.” When a scholar is interested in research, The personality. “

May 22, 1918, Cai Yuanpei for the ”Sino-Japanese armed defense agreement“ against the government in disguise, but also to the President of the resignation.

November 16, 1918, the Republic of China Cai Yuanpei 51 years old, ”a war“ just ended, organized in front of Tiananmen Square to celebrate the publication of the title entitled ”labor sacred“ speech, clearly put forward to ”understand the value of labor“, and Shouting the slogan of ”labor holy“.

In 1919, Cai Yuanpei abolished the branch in Peking University, changed the original division of the department for the department, the establishment of 14 departments, waste long, set up the Department. The original text, management, law were renamed the first three, two, three homes, only as the Department of the region where the signs (due to the original three branches in different regions), does not mean an organization.

May 8, 1919, after the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, Cai Yuanpei to protest against the government arrested students, submitted on May 8 resignation. And leave Beijing on the 9th. May 13, 1919, the school principals of the school in Beijing to resign to the government, support Cai Yuanpei.

June 15, 1919, in his ”do not want to serve as president of the University of Beijing,“ said: ”I absolutely can not be free of the university president: freedom of thought, is a general example of the world university. Tried to retain, Cai Yuanpei promised only the headmaster of Peking University teachers and students.

In early 1920, Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng, Wu Jingheng, the use of Boxer indemnity, founded the Sino-French University in Beijing. Cai Yuanpei appointed principals. In February 1920, Cai Yuanpei ordered to allow Wang Lan, Xi Zhen, check Xiaoyuan three girls into the Beijing University liberal arts auditorium, when the fall of the formal recruitment of girls, open the Chinese public universities to recruit girls precedent.

In 1920 May, Cai Yuanpei appointed geologist Li Siguang as a professor of geology at Peking University, invited the famous writer Shafei returned to Peking University professor of literature, in August, employed Lu Xun as a lecturer at Peking University. At the end of 1920, Peking University was sent to visit Europe. And the Mayor of Lyon, Herriot of France, and Lepine, Dean of the University of Lyon, co-founded the Lyon Association of Chinese and French Studies, and decided to set up a Sino-French university in Lyon.

In the spring of 1923, dissatisfied Peiyang government education chief Peng Yunyi destruction of the legal system behavior, proposed resignation, leaving the south. Autumn went to Europe, engaged in research and writings, and involved in the request of Britain, France and other countries to return to pay homage to raise educational matters. In January 1924, at the first national congress of the Kuomintang, nominated by Sun Yat-sen, elected as alternate central watchdog. Returned at the beginning of 1926. In Shanghai to participate in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces association, with the Northern Expedition, planning three provinces autonomous movement, was Sun Chuanfang wanted.

Since 1927, the Nanjing National Government as president of the University, the Minister of Justice and the supervision of the President and other staff. On March 28, 1927, Cai Yuanpei was the chairman of the meeting of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee and expressed his sympathy with the Communist Party of China on the impeachment of the Communist Party of China. He advocated “the elimination of the Communists in the Kuomintang party.” On April 2, Cai Yuanpei once again served as chairman, Cai Yuanpei again with Wu Zhihui on the impeachment of the Communist Party's statement, and took out the “Communist Party of the party evidence and the Communist Party in the report of the party.” During the first two years after the establishment of the Kuomintang Nanjing government, Cai Yuanpei still stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek politically and supported the “clear”.

But unlike others, in the process of implementing the Party, he does not support indiscriminate killing, but rather that it would include such political pressure in a more regulated rule of law, that is, agree with the party but against murder. In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, Cai Yuanpei had made severe criticism of the human rights of the Zhejiang Qing Party Committee and asked that the three principles must be implemented in the Qing dynasty and that the Communists and the revolutionary youth who had been arrested by the Kuomintang were rescued. In order to discourage the Nanjing Kuomintang authorities to kill the act, Cai Yuanpei has specially written to advise the Kuomintang authorities to inherit Sun Yat-sen's noble personality, to serve the people, to stop killing.

After a period of time, Cai Yuanpei mainly focus on the formation of the Central Research Institute, he served as president of the Central Research Institute, began to focus on the national culture of national culture and science and technology, and have resigned from other duties. “Nine one eight” after the incident advocated anti-Japanese, support the Kuomintang cooperation. In 1932, and Soong Ching Ling, Lu Xun initiated the organization of the Chinese civil rights protection alliance, and actively carry out anti-Japanese patriotic movement. Had to save Yang Kaihui martyrs, rescue Xu Deheng and other patriotic democrats, rescue Ding Ling, Zhu Yiquan and other Communist Party members.

In 1933, Cai Yuanpei proposed to create the National Central Museum (now Nanjing Museum predecessor), and personally served as the first session of the Council. March 5, 1940, died in Hong Kong. Cai Yuanpei after the death of the major domestic parties and groups as well as dignitaries have to call condolences.

蔡元培学术理论

His education model is novel, eclectic, that education is the fundamental prosperity of the country, is the foundation of the country rich and powerful. Educational ideas flexible, compatible with the package, not because of academic disputes and exclusion, widely absorbed each director. “Educators, who develop the personality of the business.” He advocated education should focus on students, against rigid rigid. He also advocated aesthetic education, health education, personality education and other new educational concepts.

Cai Yuanpei that: education in the community, there are two basic functions: one in the lead, the so-called “education to guide the community, rather than social society”; two in the service, “is the school to develop a talent, ”Or“ is the student or education on the one hand to learn, on the one hand the effectiveness of society ”.

Freedom of thought and compatibility

Cai Yuanpei generous, compassionate, Chinese society and vulgar customs have a thorough observation; twice travel to Europe, pro-Jing Ren Ren Ren after the scientific spirit and the French Revolution after the ideological trend. He advocated civil rights and feminism, advocated free thinking, and tried to eradicate the old customs of “reading official”, open scientific research atmosphere, attach importance to civic moral education and incidental world outlook, outlook on life and aesthetic education.

Liang Shuming once said that Cai Yuanpei from the ideological and academic for the people to open a new trend, breaking the old customs, to promote the overall situation of politics, which is very correct. It is precisely because of Mr. Tsai's compatibility, freedom of thought, making the new culture has a foothold, making Peking University to become the new cultural movement of the fortress, scientific and democratic ideas to spread. Therefore, in this sense, Cai Yuanpei is not only the founder of modern Peking University, but also the concept of modern Chinese university and the founder of the spirit.

As a pioneer of modern Chinese culture, Cai Yuanpei's famous cultural thought and academic point of view have had an important influence on China's historical process. Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University, put forward the “compatible package” of academic thought, not only he presided over the important guiding ideology of Peking University education, but also he insisted on the principle of running a school. After this idea was put forward, a group of representatives with new culture and new ideas entered Peking University, and Peking University became the highest institution of Chinese thought and academic prosperity. Therefore, the “compatible package” thought has played a positive role in accepting new culture and opposing feudal culture.

Ethnological Studies

Mr. Cai Yuanpei's contribution to education and aesthetics is obvious to all, but his contribution to ethnology is little known. Cai Yuanpei said in his own chronology, one of his dreams is to write a “comparative ethnology”, “to study the ethnology of the old.”

Cai Yuanpei went to Beijing Palace test, in the relevant topics of Tibet, he elaborated in Tibet, “the vast territory, mountains and rivers.”

In 1901 Cai Yuanpei in the “school of teaching theory,” said: “The previous history only remember the emperor things, do not remember the people's livelihood, so that the number of strong and weak ups and downs, the final can not be.”

From 1908 to 1911, he studied philosophy, literature, civilization and ethnology at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

In August 1924 to attend the 21st National Congress of the International Society. November 1924 to February 1926 in Hamburg, Germany specializing in ethnology.

From 1926 to 1934 Cai Yuanpei published “Articles of Ethnology”, “Ethnology and Sociology”, “Ethnological Evolution” and other articles.

At the time of the establishment of the Central Research Institute in 1927, Cai Yuanpei hoped to set up an ethnological research institute, but because of limited manpower and material resources, this hope failed to achieve.

In 1928 the Institute of Social Sciences was established, Cai Yuanpei in the Institute of the addition of ethnology group, pro-head and researcher. The following studies were carried out in the ethnology group.

Investigation and Study on Lingyun Yao People in

Investigation and Research on Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan

Investigation and Research on the Hezhe Nationality in the Lower Reaches of Songhua River

A Study on the Knot and the Original Text of the Nation in the World

Chinese Translation of Foreign Nationality

Collection of Research Data of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China

Independent education

“Education independence” as a kind of thought, germination in the “May Fourth” before the development flourished in the 20th century, 20 years. As a result of warlord warfare, economic depression, the Northern government does not attach importance to education, the state budget in the proportion of education is very low, such as the 1920 budget before the state budget funds only about 1.2%. Only this limited amount of budgetary funds is often invaded and misappropriated, nor can it be in place, leading to uneven spending on education, education is caught in a difficult degree.

Cai Yuanpei has always regarded education as the basic way to save the country, respected the idea, academic freedom, as the president of Peking University, the government bureaucratic constraints, devastating education has deep feelings, it is an independent advocate and supporters of education, and theoretically To guide. In March 1922, he published the article “Education Independence” in “New Education”, which clarified the basic viewpoints and methods of educational independence and became an important chapter in the independent educational thought.

He argues that the opposition between political parties and education is:

① education to balance the development of human personality and group, the party is not, it should cause a special group, for the party services, obliterate the personality of the educated.

② education is seeking far away, focusing on the future, the effect can not be shown in the short term, so talk about “a hundred years tree people.” While the party is seeking work, often only consider the immediate interests.

③ In the political background of political parties, the regime is changing among the parties, and the political education of the political parties will inevitably affect the stability of the education policy and affect the effectiveness of education. So he believes that education should go beyond the factions.

In order to realize the real independence of education, Cai Yuanpei designed the independent measures of educational funding, educational administration independence and education independent of religion. Among them, the scheme of educational administration independence is divided into several university districts, one university in each district, The area of higher specialized education, primary and secondary education, social education, cultural and academic matters are organized by the university organization. The affairs of the university are presided over by the Board of Education, and the principal is elected by the Board of Education. The headmasters of the university districts form a higher education conference to deal with the affairs of the university sections. The Ministry of Education is only responsible for dealing with the affairs of the Higher Education Conference and the relationship with the central government affairs, and education statistics reports, do not interfere with the university district affairs, education chiefs must be recognized by the Higher Education Conference. This idea has become the framework of the Nanjing National Government early implementation of the “university system” framework. [twenty four]

On the Nature of the University

Cai Yuanpei that the university should become a study of advanced learning institutions, which is Cai Yuanpei school of guiding ideology, but also his university education thinking starting point. As early as May 16, 1912, he attended the opening ceremony of Peking University as the chief of education. In his speech, he put forward “University for the study of noble knowledge.” After serving as president of Peking University. He is repeatedly stated this idea. On January 9, 1917, in his speech as the principal, he clearly stated to the students that “the king will come to this school, and there will be a purpose, and the purpose of the will of the king will be known to the nature of the university. School, learn to serve, this potential is inevitable, while in the university is not, the university, the study of senior learners also ”.

He also suggested that the university can not just engage in teaching, but also must carry out scientific research. He asked the university faculty not to instill fixed knowledge, but to have a strong interest in learning, and can cause students to study interest; college students are not rote lectures, but under the guidance of teachers in the automatic research. In order to enable universities to assume the teaching and research dual task, he strongly advocated “where the university must have a variety of scientific research institute.” He in the “on the University should set up the Institute of the reasons,” the article, detailing the three reasons:

First, “no university research institute, the teacher is easy to fall into the handout do not seek progress for the bad habits.”

Second, the establishment of the Institute, for college graduates to create conditions for further study.

The third is to enable university senior students to be under the guidance of the instructor, have the opportunity to engage in scientific research.

Five props

Cai Yuanpei is the first educational thinker who puts forward the education of “national education, realism education, civic moral education, world view education and aesthetic education education.” It is a remarkable thought that Cai Yuanpei's educational thought is Features.

Set the background

After the victory of the Revolution of 1911, the Provisional Government of Nanjing was just set up. To make the reform of feudal education in the bourgeoisie be carried out in depth and health, it is urgent to define the educational purpose of reflecting the demands of the bourgeoisie as soon as possible under the guidance of unified educational ideas to define the goals and demands of the bourgeoisie for personnel training, Only in such a situation, in February 1912 Cai Yuanpei published the famous educational essay “for the new education of the views” more systematically put forward the idea of five education.

Army National Education

(A) from the foreign environment, China is in the “strong neighbors, the urgent plan of self-defense, and the loss of state power over the years, not by force, difficult to recover.”

(2) In the case of the domestic situation, it is necessary to break the situation of the military becoming a “special class in the whole country” and to “

Realistic education

Realistic education is considered by Cai Yuanpei as a means of rich countries, and he believes that competition in the world is not just in force, especially in financial resources. Therefore, strengthen science and technology education, improve productivity, develop the national economy, the country can survive in the world competition.

Civic moral education

He contrasts the morality of freedom, equality and fraternity of the western modern bourgeoisie to the ”righteousness, forgiveness and benevolence“ advocated by ancient Chinese Confucianism. He advocated the extensive absorption of foreign culture, and ”must be absorbed by the digestion and absorption“, and ”must be“ I ”food and of the, and not for each other assimilation,“ he criticized some weak volunteers, one to Study abroad, ”to abandon its“ I ”and assimilate outsiders.

Education of worldview

World view education is based on the world divided into the phenomenal world and the real world of the ideal world view, based on people to follow the principles of freedom of thought, freedom of speech, do not be bound by a doctrine of thought, at the time with a break thousands of years The Emancipation of Ideological Autocracy.

Aesthetic education

Aesthetic education is the most important way to educate the world, and the bridge from the phenomenal world to the physical world. The importance of aesthetic education comes from its characteristics, people from the phenomenon of the world to the physical world there are two obstacles, one is the difference between people, the second is the camp of happiness.

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