托福阅读考试做题顺序的技术性分析介绍

时间：2023年08月04日

来源：请允许我的浪漫

编辑：本站小编

下面是小编收集整理的托福阅读考试做题顺序的技术性分析介绍，本文共10篇，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。本文原稿由网友“请允许我的浪漫”提供。

篇1：关于托福阅读考试做题顺序的技术性分析介绍

最基本的做题顺序有两种：先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题。托福阅读最基本的做题顺序又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。

托福阅读做题顺序和题型应对关系讲解

对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”的托福阅读做题顺序会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。

在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。

托福阅读先看题目还是先看文章?

关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。

托福阅读文段一般都依照老美的思路来成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及过渡段(句)很重要，只要是依据美国人的阅读思路来安排托福阅读做题顺序，那托福阅读就不会像你想象的那样难以拿分。

托福阅读备考之传统做题策略介绍

阅读时间：

15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)

13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外，其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。

在题目上一般是(细节词汇，细节作用，细节词汇，细节词汇改写，细节词汇，黑点大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。

简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。

托福阅读高分障碍：

速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。

选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。

新托福阅读真题训练技巧：

1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。

2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)

3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色。

这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿

4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。

新托福阅读真题做题策略：

词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ . + 1’.1)耗时3分钟

词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。

In the past，whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some ofthe world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of MachuPicchu high in the eastern Andes

Mountains of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilledtask这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选A

The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to

Difficult Necessary Skilled Shared

词汇题一直是难点超爱错，猜出来的，如果有时间检查一定要再看一下，从ETS出题的角度考虑。

托福阅读：怎样进行精读训练

在阅读当中，精读和泛读都是非常重要的。很多同学做了很多TPO，但是并没有及时的总结和精读。如果只是一味刷题，而不回头看都存在哪些问题，也不知道自己的问题究竟在哪，那读十篇文章，还不如读一篇文章十遍。那么，在托福考试中，应该如何精读呢?这里跟大家分享下精读的要点：

词：专门总结、整理出你文章中不认识的单词并记忆。

句：用word文档或者是软件整理出文章中读不懂的句子，这是长难句的理解，提高你阅读速度很重要的一点;也可由授课老师指定长难句材料作为练习内容。

段：概括出这个段落大意。对于阅读，这是基本的能力素养;对于考试，这是做对多选题有很大的提示作用。

正确选项：分析正确选项为什么对，你要想明白，在原文中画出答案的依据，在比较选项，体会ETS是如何改写原文的;

错误选项：分析错误选项为什么错，你要想明白，并在word文档中标注选项错误的地方。

知其然，知其所以然，知其所以不然。

托福阅读考试练习题目解析:最常见的鸟

托福阅读Passage Three

学科分类：生物

托福阅读考试练习题目：The most common bird

内容解析：

1.讲了一种红嘴鸟在非洲是很常见的。

2.这种鸟feed on grass，而grass是seasonal 出现和消失的。

3.这种鸟为了避免食物短缺，就要migrate。

4.在grass开始长的时候这种鸟又迁移回来。

5.现在Africa种了很多cereals，这种鸟就是一种pest，每年会damage很多cereals的产量。

托福阅读词汇题：

1. evershifting

2. inhospitable - unfavorable

3. subsequent - continually

4. over estimate - may be higher

篇2：托福阅读考试做题顺序的技术性分析介绍

托福阅读做题顺序和题型应对关系讲解

托福阅读先看题目还是先看文章?

托福阅读之如何提高理解能力

对于进入托福备考的同学来说，相信大家都已经知道，托福阅读考试都是以选择题的方式出题，这样的方式和我们参与过的中高考或是四六级考试，看似有着几分相似。但是，对于考生来说，想要在选择题又更高的准确率，对于全文的理解就是有了更高的要求。中国考生在复习备考托福阅读理解题时，做到扬长避短，把复习的重点放在新出现的和自己相对生疏的题型练习上是非常明智的选择。特别是篇章应用题和基础理解题中的插话题和修辞目的题。当然，传统题型中的难点(如：推论题)也应特别下功夫才行。

在进行大量阅读时，选择阅读材料很重要。首先，在难度上，要选择略高于自己的现有阅读水平的材料，这样才不会有严重的挫败感，才能有所提高。另外，在题材方面，不能只选择自己感兴趣的，而要根据新托福阅读题目的特点，选择各个学科的阅读材料，但是这些材料的专业性不要太强。

平时要正确地进行精读训练：

1. 首先要从单词入手：扩大自己的词汇量，不仅要知道它的汉语解释，还要掌握它的英语定义及用法，尤其是单词在文章中的用法，它有无巧妙之处，是否有特定的意义。

2. 其次要从“语法”入手：这里所说的“语法”不仅指句子的主、谓、宾成份及句子主干，更重要的是指对各种语法现象在思想表达方面的作用及相应的结构形式。当然，在开始阶段需对某些语法结构复杂的句子进行分析。

3. 再次，是从句型入手：精读时，一定要学习各种好的句型，并模仿造句。同时，对于一些长句要进行分析。

4. 最后，要从文章“逻辑”入手：理清作者思想发展的脉络。提炼各个段落的内容，清楚各个段落如何组成了文章有机整体，理解作者运用的事例与他所阐述问题观点之间的联系，明确他是以什么样的方式(讲故事，列举数据，引经据典)来表达自己的观点的。

精读可以使你对文章的方方面面都有深刻的理解，无论从形式到内容，从语言到思想都是如此。

泛读要泛首先是在材料的选择上要题材广泛，因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容，在托福考题中都会涉及。推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》，既可扩大知识面，也是备考新托福阅读的好素材;其次难度应控制在每页少于五个生词;最后是在机会和手段的把握上：书刊杂志的目录、新闻标题和导语、广告通知和产品及旅游宣传材料都是绝佳的泛读材料。背诵不失为精读复习巩固的好办法。背诵不应贪大求全，应重点突出。

以上就是托福阅读中如何扬长避短的窍门，此外，要养成“边读边记”的习惯，这样会让阅读效率大大提高。从这个角度来看，同学们更应该以托福考试为契机，培养出一种良好的阅读习惯，从而在学习和研究中达到事半功倍的效果。

托福阅读素材：为何政坛女强人青睐短发造型

With a penchant for leopard print heels, latex thigh-high boots and ￡1,000-plus designer dresses, Theresa May is no stranger to political power dressing. But the Prime Minister's hairstyle, it turns out, is also the must-have 'power cut' for females in charge.

喜欢踏着豹纹高跟鞋、乳胶长筒靴，身着一身1000多英镑的名牌服装，特蕾莎?梅对政坛着装的搭配已是得心应手。不仅如此，这位新任首相的发型也是权势女性最青睐的必备发型。

Known as the political bob – or pob – the feathery, usually blonde, swept back look is now the favoured style of powerful women across the globe.

“政客波波头”——又称“pob头”——通常指亚麻金黄，蓬松微卷，梳向后方的造型，当选全球权势女性最爱发型。

White House hopeful Hilary Clinton has a perfectly coiffured, highlighted version of the pob, while SNP Leader Nicola Sturgeon and German Chancellor Angela Merkel prefer a shorter cropped, schoolboy style.

美国总统候选人希拉里?克林顿的完美发型堪称波波头经典，而苏格兰国民党领袖尼古拉?斯特金和德国总理默克尔则更偏爱更短的学生头造型。

Hairdressers say the 'pob' is being used by female politicians to demonstrate they are in charge and mean business.

发型师表示，波波头更能表现女政客严肃干练的强势形象。

Julia Carta, international celebrity hair and make-up artist, said: 'People are judged by their looks and the first thing people notice is hair.

国际名人造型化妆师茱莉亚?卡尔塔认为：“人们常倾向于‘以貌取人’，而发型往往是最先被留意到的部位。”

'Shorter, more precise styles give the impression that women can hack it in the man's world of politics. It gives the sign that they have a strong head on their shoulders, they are more intelligent, articulate and should be taken seriously.

“女性留干脆利落的短发，能让人认为她们能在男性主导的政坛得心应手。这种发型能着重表现她们睿智的头脑，突出她们足智多谋、表达清晰、更应该受重视。

'Longer, flouncy locks, by contrast, give the impression that women are perhaps fresh out of school, less intimidating and, in turn, less in control. They draw the eye down to a woman's bosoms, so a shorter bob above the collar bone keeps attentions at eye level, up towards the brain.

“相比之下，长发和波浪卷发则会给人以初出茅庐的毕业女大学生印象，看上去欠缺威慑力和领导力。长发会将人们的目光吸引到胸前，而长度位于锁骨之上的短发波波头则能让人们的关注点保持与视线平齐，目光朝头上看去。”

'These women are ruling the world, they don't want people to be distracted by their hair, so shorter, sharper power cuts all help them to be taken seriously.

“这些在世界政坛上挥洒自如的女性不愿意人们因她们的发型而分心，因此更短、更利落的政客短发能让她们受到严肃对待。”

'Previous high profile female politicians, such as Mo Mowlam and Glenda Jackson, also favoured the bob, and Margaret Thatcher also had similar length hair, even though hers was set in rollers. It has been proven time and again that a shorter look gives women much more gravitas than those who have longer hair.'

“以往的政坛女强人也都偏爱波波头，比如莫?摩兰姆和格伦达?杰克逊，玛格丽特?撒切尔也留有类似长度的卷发。事实胜于雄辩，短发比长发让女性显得更为庄重。”

Hair stylist Teddy Mitchell also claimed that the 'pob' was useful to female politicians because it could be swept off their face and 'allows the camera' to see them.

发型师特迪?米切尔还认为，波波头对女性政客还有一层切实意义：这种短发不会遮住她们的面部，因而摄像头能更清晰地捕捉拍摄到她们。

'A pob can also be tucked behind the ear, all the better to say: voters, I'm listening,' he added.

“梳在耳后的波波头就像在帮她们发声：选民们，我在倾听你们的诉求，”他补充道。

For aspiring politicians, who are perhaps not as powerful, but harbour ambitions of making it to the top, a more feminine, longer bob is favoured. Newly promoted cabinet ministers, Amber Rudd, Elizabeth Truss and Karen Bradley all sport such barnets.

对于一些志存高远但或许并不那么强势的女政客，长度稍长、更女性化的波波头会是不错的选择。新上任的英国内阁大臣安博尔?鲁德，伊丽莎白?特鲁斯和卡伦?布拉德利都留着这种发型。

篇3：托福阅读考试基本做题顺序介绍

托福阅读考试基本做题顺序介绍

托福阅读做题顺序和题型应对关系讲解

托福阅读先看题目还是先看文章?

托福阅读：文章的十大重点

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： First,... Second,... Third,.。。等逐条列出。并列句是指：A ，B and C，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ??? 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。

利用这一特点。我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点，如年 10 月第 48 题。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。

相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ，like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ，i.e. ，or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等

(2)表示因果的动词：cause ，result in ，originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名词： base, basis, result,consequence 等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青陈。因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出(1)主题性问题，(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围，它们是：

(1) 破折号，表示解释。考细节性问题;

(2) 括号，表示解释。考细节性问题;

(3) 冒号，一股同上，有时冒号也表示列举，则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4) 引号。表示引用，考细节性问题：

(5) 惊叹号，表示作者感情，考态度性问题。

托福阅读：举例长难句解析

1. 定义：如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示。

2. 分析方法：对于难度较大的简单句，阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾，找出句子的主干，忽略其他的成分，将长句变成短句，将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。

3. 复杂的简单句解析：

(1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语

例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.

中文译文：督促人们为自己的行为负责是十分重要的。

结构分析：不定式短语to hold people accountable for their action 做主语。

(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语

例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative so lutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.

中文译文：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出交易和妥协。

结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)。在阅读中经常出现“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中a 与b 同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。

(3)后置定语

例3. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication intended to reach agreement.

中文译文：做这件事最常用的方法是谈判，一种想要达成一致的交流的行为。

结构分析：The most common procedure for doing this 是主语从句;过去分词短语intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定语，the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是negotiation的同位语，对negotiation 进行解释。

托福阅读

篇4：雅思阅读考试第一步--确定做题顺序

雅思阅读考试第一步--确定做题顺序

一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。真正的雅思考试并不是想象中的由易到难，很有可能一开始的文章就很难。设想，如果用30分钟先解决一道难题，再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目，效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例，三篇文章分别 “lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇文章题目是最简单的，实际上它反而是最难的。

二、题型决定做题顺序，而不是题目。“lost for words”题型分别是：summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是：multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是：信息段落配对，多选多，人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化，理清做题思路。第一篇文章难度适中，summary 属主旨类型题建议先做，同时可以把人名全部找到以节省时间。

matching题中出现五对五配对还有NB。第二篇文章题目虽难但是引言部分交待很清楚，属简单的题目。填空题实属数字游戏，整篇文章完全按顺序出题。第三篇文章难度系数较大，信息段落配对难把握，之后的人名理论配对干扰选项过多，从一开始相当于八选一。这样分析下来，我们的做题顺序应该是“Passage 2/1/3”。

三、掌握技巧，灵活运用。题型没有绝对的难易之分，对其他考生难也许对你反而容易，要结合自己的实际情况。可以先做送分题“表格填空，图形题，完成句子”。在五大主流题型中，配对题比较费时，其中信息和段落配对最花时间，建议放在最后。而作为主旨的heading 和summary 可考虑先做，因为完成主旨题型后文章大致的内容和结构都可以掌握，对于细节题的定位会方便很多。

雅思考试像是一场战斗，应该灵活运用作战的策略和方法，后期更需要成套的阅读训练。如果能够运用这些提高效率节省时间的方法，有助于学生信心的塑造和雅思分数的提高。

雅思阅读模拟练习及答案

1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of ’good’ cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.

2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib， a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)。 In a trial of 15000 patients， a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.

3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. “There have been no red flags to my knowledge，” says John Chapman， a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. “This cancellation came as a complete shock.”

4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs， which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically， torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)， which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density， plaque-promoting ones. Statins， in contrast， mainly work by lowering the ’bad’ low-density lipoproteins.

Under pressure

5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired， something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation， it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.

6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed， says Moti Kashyap， who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach， California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver， they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP， which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL， might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. “You’re blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway，” says Kashyap.

Going up

7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug， called niacin， is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by， for example， introducing synthetic HDLs. “The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib， not the whole idea of raising HDL，” says Michael Miller， director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center， Baltimore.

Questions 1-7

This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. How does torcetrapib work?

ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial

iii. One failure may possibly bring about future success

iv. The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidence

v. It is the right route to follow

vi. Why it’s stopped

vii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result

viii. What’s wrong with the drug

ix. It might be wrong at the first place

Questions 7-13

Match torcetrapib，HDLs，statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)。。

Write the correct letter A， B， C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

7.It has been administered to over 10，000 subjects in a clinical trial.

8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.

9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.

10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.

11. According to Kashyap， it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.

12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.

13. It could inhibit LDLs.

List of choices

A. Torcetrapic

B. HDLS

C. Statin

D. CETP

(by Zhou Hong)

篇5：托福阅读该遵循怎样的做题顺序

第一点，托福阅读词汇量是关键。

各位如果觉得托福阅读考试很难的话，请你一定要肯拿出时间来背单词。磨刀不误砍柴工，这句话一点都不假。即使你用一周时间，能把80%的单词都记住，那也是很值得的。

篇6：托福阅读该遵循怎样的做题顺序

现在还有人问，先看问题再读文章，又说自己不习惯等等。其实，这个完全在你自己。如果你觉得“先看问题再读文章，而且找到答案就停止，再读下一个问题”这样很习惯，那就保持下去。如果你觉得整个文章读完再做心里踏实，那就读完好了。

第一题，一般都是主题题。先不管。从第二题开始，看问题，然后看是读第一段。不管有没有找到答案，把这一段读完再停。这样，如果词基本认识，句子结构比较清楚的话，答案差不多就出来了。接下来还是这样，即使那一段很长，我也是读完一整段再做题。

但是这里要强调一下。如果你的托福阅读水平不是特别高的话，当你读完一段，有些问题的答案你可能已经知道了，但是还是请定位到原文，再看一遍。看看问题问的是不是的确就是你得出的答案等等。总之一句话，托福阅读的答案都是从文章里来的，如果和文章矛盾了或者文章没有这些说法，那就肯定不是正确答案!

第三，托福阅读解题技巧。

遇到不确定的题目，一定从原文找到定位，然后把肯定不对的选项排除。就算是瞎蒙，50%也比25%好。这个也是做主题题的一贯原则。等你把文章通篇都读完了，再回过头看这个题目的时候，不正确的说法就可以排除了(如果你也是最后做主题题的话，一定不要忘了，还有一道题!)

推荐托福阅读进行限时连续练习，就是每套题不超过53分钟，连续做两套。这可是最后的部分了，最容易疲劳的阶段，因此也需要适应性训练。同样在答题纸上写答案。错题看看是为什么错的，是不是因为定位没找对。把做过的阅读里出现的词对，就是那些单词题的正确选项都摘抄下来，尽管重复的几率不大，但是有些词是经常出现的。

托福阅读长难句分析：天然维生素

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like.

(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)

关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。

分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports

分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs

分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like

分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。

托福阅读长难句分析：管弦乐音响

The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy)，and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)

A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

(介词结构from…to…作定语)

持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;

分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;

分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;

分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;

分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;

分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。

本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.

托福阅读长难句分析：城区土地扩展

The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.

(宾语从句what we now know as)

现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。

分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled

分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl

分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.

整句话的谓语动词是 sparked 和 fueled, 两个并列的动词。

本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为(供给燃料)激发，促使、造成。

篇7：托福阅读3这种高效做题顺序讲解

托福阅读3这种高效做题顺序讲解做不完阅读题赶快来看

托福阅读做题顺序一：按照标准顺序做题

按照题目给出的顺序做题是大部分同学的标准做题顺序。在这样的顺序中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇文章，而将大概的重点都放在文章的结构和关键内容的理解中。而剩余的15分钟时间，就会从题目的第一题顺序做到最后一题。也就是说，文章应对题目，看了一段题目后，找到相应要解决掉的题目。这样的方法相信是大部分备考学生都会采用到的。其优点在于，可以让大家对于整题的文章有了一定的把握，同时，容易理解文章的细节信息，建立阅读的自信。当然，其中的缺点就是很难控制好答题的时间。另外考生在做最后一题时候，往往会需要重新阅读一下整篇文章。

托福阅读做题顺序二：先做最后一题

而针对以上这样的问题，很多同学也曾经考虑过改变顺序从而应对答题时间的做法。也就是是说，在阅读完整篇文章之后，先做最后一道小结题，然后再从第一题做到倒数第二题。当然，这样方法有着一定的好处，因为在刚刚阅读结束后对于整篇文章有着比较深的印象，在完成最后一题能有比较高的准确率。但如果在这道题中稍稍耽搁了一会儿，也将会之后解题带来很大的时间压力。

托福阅读做题顺序三：先看题目再读文章

用题目还原到文章这样的解题方式，目前也是被大家逐渐推崇的一种不错的答题方法。也就是说，我们可以先题后文，读题目根据关键词定位到段落中某段话。然后，进行这句话和选项内容的比对，找到最终的答案。而最后的5分钟，我们就可以留给最后一题了。这样的方法不仅可以保证在规定时间内完成答题，同时，也可以保证绝大多数题目的准确率。但是，想要使用这种方法，我们就必须有着很好的答题技巧，必须对于各个题型的解题方法和流程非常娴熟，否则只能增加自己解题的心理负担。

新托福阅读考试中最易混淆的36组单词

1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地

2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响

3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行

4) angel 天使 angle 角度

5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记

6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛

7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则

8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的

9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文

10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打

11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下

12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水

13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近

14) costume 服装 custom习惯

15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的

16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的

17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)

18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变

19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音

20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役

21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓

22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式

23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续

24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物

25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房

26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴

27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳

28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉

29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏

30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物

31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从

32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照

33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事

34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛

35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹

36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水

托福阅读突破必背的介词短语

一、带-ing词尾的介词

barring：except，not including除……外

concerning：about，regarding论及，关于

excepting=except

failing：in default of因缺少……;在缺少……时

following：after in time;as a sequel to在……以后

including：if we include如果包括我;……包括在内

pending：during/until在……期间/直到……为止

regarding：about，concerning，in respect of

二、成语介词

according tas stated by/ in proportion根据……/依照……

ahead of：further forward in space or time sb/sth; ealier tan sb/sth; further advanced than sb/sth

along with：in addition to;together with另外，加之，还有

apart from：exceping，not considering; in addition to除……外/且莫说;除……之外尚有

as for：with regard to至于

as from：on and after(a specified time)从一特定时间开始

as of=as from

as regards：about，concerning至于，就……而论

as twith regard to关于，至于

because of：on account of，by reason

but for：without the help or hindrane etc.of假如没有……(帮助或障碍等);要不是

by means of凭借……的方法

due tbecause of由于

except for：not including，other than除了

in accordance with：in conformity to一致;依据

in front of：ahead of ，in the presence of在前面;当着……的面

in place of：in exchange for，instead of作为……的交换

in spite of：notwithstanding不管，不顾

instead of：in place of

in view of：considering由于，鉴于

with a view twuth the hope or intention of指望，考虑到

near tto or at a short distance from(in space，time，condition，or resemnlance)

next talmost，virtually几乎

on account of： beause of

on behalf of：in the interests of;as representative为了……的利益/代表

owing tbecause of由于

prior tbefore在前，居先

together with：as well as和，连同

up tuntil/below or equal to直到/不多于

in regard to=with regard tas concerns，in respect of

in that由于，因为

now that由于

如何克服托福阅读的三大不良习惯

一、读文章之前先做题

在考试的时候，很多考生一拿到试卷便直接翻看后面的题目，自己揣测题意。在这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部而主观的认知，整个文章的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测文章大意，很多时候会偏离主旨。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

二、精读文章后再做题

有些同学与上述情况则相反，过度地依赖文章，在看到试卷之后，一字不将文章精读一遍再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群，或者这篇文章你很熟悉，那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说，采用细读会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道，阅读理解测试的不止是理解，更是速度。

三、词汇题仅信任认识度

熟悉托福考试的同学都知道，托福阅读试题中的词汇题经常会出现一些难度比较大的词汇，因此在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键

这三大不良习惯看似都很轻易克服，但是它或多或少都会存在你的身上，往往很多考生托福阅读分数不高都因为这三种坏习惯。希望有以上不好做题习惯的考生朋友能克服坏习惯。祝愿大家早日取得满意的托福成绩。

篇8：托福阅读考试流程介绍

托福阅读考试流程介绍

托福考试(TOEFL)作为国际上最有影响的几大英语水平考试之一，在国内拥有极高的知名度和庞大的考生群体。近年来由于面对雅思(IELTS)等考试的有力挑战，托福考试主办方ETS为阻颓势，在经典形式的PBT(Paper-based test)、CBT(Computer-based test)之后，又推出了新形式的iBT(Internet-based test)，即所谓新托福。

1、基本形式

既然被称为iBT，新托福阅读便不同于PBT，不再是完成纸质试卷上的一系列问题;也不同于CBT，而是经由互联网直接从ETS位于美国的服务器传输题目至电脑终端。TOEFL iBT的阅读部分在新托福四个module(读、听、说、写)中最先进行，也是唯一不需要借助听力完成的一个部分。

一旦开始答题，每一篇阅读文章必须先通读或滚动至屏幕末尾，才可以看到问题。一般来说，在每一道题目的回答界面，屏幕右手边是该题所对应的文章部分内容，题目则出现在屏幕的左侧。通过点击屏幕右上方区域的不同功能键，可以实现不同题目间的前进、后退、检查答题情况、查看文本、帮助等功能。同时，屏幕右上方还可以点击选择显示/隐藏的考试所剩余的时间。在每个计时部分剩余时间为0时，考试自动进入下一部分，而不再允许回看。

2、考试时长

新托福阅读由3或5篇长度为每篇700单词左右的文章构成，包括阅读文章及解答题目的时间在内，每次考试阅读部分一共有60(如果考3篇文章)分钟或100分钟(如果考5篇文章)。考试过程中，第1篇文章单独倒计时，长度为20分钟;第2、4篇文章以及可能有的第4、5篇文章每2篇合并倒计时，长度各为40分钟。因此整个新托福的阅读考试可以被看成由两(考3篇文章时)到三(考5篇文章时)个分别计时的部分构成，每个部分之间相互独立，先后进行。所以考试研究中心提醒考生必须注意，这60或100分钟考试时间不是可以自由分配到不同文章和题目中的。

3、文章类型

新托福阅读的3或5篇700单词左右的文章全都节选自高校本科水平的教材，通常为针对某一学术领域的介绍。一般不做任何修改，从而能够更好地被用于评估考生在学术英语氛围下的阅读能力，因而所涉及的词汇量相对较大，但对于一些专业性较强的词汇仍会给出注释。主题广泛，但并不要求考生对其非常熟悉，这是由于所有被考察的信息都包括在文章之中。

文体一般可分为说明(exposition)、议论(argumentation)和史实(historical)三类，而架构则常常会表现为分类(classification)、比较(comparison/contrast)、因果(cause/effect)、解疑(problem/solution)四种之一。由于每篇新托福考试阅读文章所对应的题型都至少会包含一道涉及对文章总体架构把握的多分值问题，上述文体方面的信息需要引起考生备考期间的充分注意。

托福阅读题目练习：棉花

托福阅读文本：

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth

centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was

easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant

centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the

demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand

largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown

throughout the South, but separating the fiber — or lint — from the seed was a laborious process.

Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds

were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only

along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,

but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could

hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with

revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker

could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by

horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the

cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing

all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a

36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of

American exports was represented by cotton.

In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports

in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for

cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural

settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States — west of the Appalachian Mountains

and east of the Mississippi River.

托福阅读题目：

1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when

(A) the European textile industry increased its demand forAmerican export products

(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry

(D) cotton became the most importantAmerican export product

2. The word “favored” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) preferred

(B) recommended

(D) included

3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT

(A) cotton's softness

(B) cotton's ease of processing

(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

4. The word “laborious” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) unfamiliar

(B) primitive

(D) difficult

5.According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its

(A) abundance of seeds

(B) long fibers

(D) adaptability to different climates

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?

(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.

(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.

(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.

7. The word “surge” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sharp increase

(B) sudden stop

(D) excess amount

8. The author mentions “wheat and wheat flour” in line 23 in order to

(A) show thatAmericans exported more agricultural products than they imported.

(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.

(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.

9. The word “unprecedented” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) slow

(B) profitable

(D) never explained

10.According to the passage , the Mississippi River was

(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place

(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops

(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery

托福阅读答案：

DACDB BACCA

托福阅读高频词汇总结整理

impertinent adj.无关，鲁莽，不相干

impenitent adj.不悔悟的n.不悔悟的人

nonchalant adj.冷淡的，满不在乎的

immobile adj.静止的n.稳定

breeze n.微风

frost n.霜

seep v.渗漏

plummet v.骤然跌落

fine shadow n.细微的差别

black gold n.石油

black diamond n.煤

as……go n.和……相比

skull n.头骨

cranial adj.头盖的

earthquake n.地震

seismic adj.地震的

succint/concise/terse adj.简洁的

furnace n.暖气

mundane adj.

overlook v.源：考试大

阅读词组精选

on the right track——well on one's way

whales on the beach n.不呆在该呆的位置上

be engrossed in/be absorbed in/in absession with/concentrate on表全神贯注

urban crowding n.城市人口集中化

social stress n.社会压力

pilot reclamation project n.试验性改造工程

be indulged in沉迷于

Geology

canal n.运河

core n.地核

crater n火山口

crust n.地壳

cycle n.天体的循环

dam n.水坝

debris n.碎片，岩屑

deformation n.变形

diversity n.多样性

edge n.边缘，边界

erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀

eruption n.爆发，火山灰

former n.形成者，模型

frontier n.边界，新开发的地带

funnel n.漏斗

glacier n.冰川

interval n.时间间隔

lodge n.小屋

mantle n.地幔

margin n.(湖，池等的)边缘

offshore adj.海面上的，远离岸的

orbit n.轨道

range n.山脉，多山的地区

mountain range

mountain chain

knot n.山脉的交结点

summit，top，crest，peak n.山顶

ravine n.峡谷

canyon n.峡谷

gorge n.峡谷

crevice n.断裂

precipice n.悬崖

cliff n.悬崖

receptacle n.接受器，容器，储存器

remnant n.残余物

ridge n.脊背

sediment n.沉淀物

slope n.斜坡

tectonics n.构造学

topography n.地形学，地貌学

tunnel n.隧道，地道

apply v.应用

cluster v.丛生，群聚

collide v.碰撞

compact v.压紧，固结

concentrate v.集中

conduct v.传导

demolish v.破坏，粉碎

diffuse v.传播，扩散

dispose v.处理，处置

distribute v.散布，分布

drill v.钻孔，钻通

eliminate v.排除

erode v.侵蚀

evaporate v.蒸发

extract v.开采，提炼

hem v.给……镶边，包围

hypothesize v.假设

insulate v.隔离

melt v.融化

impertinent adj.无关，鲁莽，不相干

impenitent adj.不悔悟的n.不悔悟的人

nonchalant adj.冷淡的，满不在乎的

immobile adj.静止的n.稳定

breeze n.微风

frost n.霜

seep v.渗漏

plummet v.骤然跌落

fine shadow n.细微的差别

black gold n.石油

black diamond n.煤

as……go n.和……相比

skull n.头骨

cranial adj.头盖的

earthquake n.地震

seismic adj.地震的

succint/concise/terse adj.简洁的

furnace n.暖气

mundane adj.

ordinary

overlook v.

neglect

篇9：托福阅读做题速度慢3大重要原因分析

托福阅读做题速度慢3大重要原因分析

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：基本功不扎实

同样一个单词，对于认识的学生和需要上下文语境理解的学生来说，显然前者更快。所谓的巧妇难为无米之炊就是这个道理。同样的一个句子，有的同学读了一遍，意思就在脑子存在了，而有的同学却是需要反复读句子，断句，分析意群，还有可能理解错了，如果文章都理解错了，那么想做题做对就难了。

所以，磨刀不误砍柴工，时间充裕的同学，在备考之初，努力打下坚实的词汇和读句子的基础是明智之举。

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：对待考试的态度决定你的速度

小编曾听一些托福老师反映，常会遇见这样的学生，距离考前还有1个月或者一周来上课。有位老师甚至接过考前一天找她上课的学生，说老师你帮我把题型过一遍，明天就考试了，我熟悉一下。这样的做法小编不能说一点用没有，确实也会有帮助。必须承认，出国类的考试确实有一些规律可循，可以利用，这也是托福老师的任务，总结规律，抓住规律，帮助学生考到理想的分数。

但是想拔高，想拿到高分，不能只靠捷径，不能只靠技巧。

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：做题数量不够导致做题慢

导致做题慢的另外一个原因就是做题少。做题规律好说，但是真正落实笔头上的练习才是最重要的。就像我们中国的高考，一般的规律都是，各科老师会在高一高二把知识点讲解完毕，最多也会在高三上学期把各科的知识点讲解收尾，留下将近一年的时间进行刷题模考练习，其用意无外乎就是学以致用，把学过的规律活学活用，在规定的时间内完美的呈现在考卷上。

这也是为什么小编不是特别推荐“临时抱佛脚”。没有大批量的做题练习，就不会引起质量的变化。同样，做题时间是需要刷题来缩短的。所以Practice makes prerfect是真理。

关于学生在规定时间内，也就是1个小时不能完成3篇托福阅读还有很多其他的原因，比如不适应机考，比如自己会无限制的脑补等等，但是以上提及的3条如果能够对症下药，克服掉，那么阅读的时间不再会是问题。

托福阅读素材之缺失碳的情况

托福阅读材料The Case of the Missing Carbon

Here's what you need to know about the warming planet, how it's affecting us, and what's at stake.

By Tim Appenzeller

Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine

It's there on a monitor: the forest is breathing. Late summer sunlight filters through a canopy of green as Steven Wofsy unlocks a shed in a Massachusetts woodland and enters a room stuffed with equipment and tangled with wires and hoses.

The machinery monitors the vital functions of a small section of Harvard Forest in the center of the state. Bright red numbers dance on a gauge, flickering up and down several times a second. The reading reveals the carbon dioxide concentration just above the treetops near the shed, where instruments on a hundred-foot (30-meter) tower of steel lattice sniff the air. The numbers are running surprisingly low for the beginning of the 21st century: around 360 parts per million, ten less than the global average. That's the trees' doing. Basking in the sunshine, they inhale carbon dioxide and turn it into leaves and wood.

In nourishing itself, this patch of pine, oak, and maple is also undoing a tiny bit of a great global change driven by humanity. Start the car, turn on a light, adjust the thermostat, or do just about anything, and you add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If you're an average resident of the United States, your contribution adds up to more than 5.5 tons (5 metric tons) of carbon a year.

The coal, oil, and natural gas that drive the industrial world's economy all contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds of millions of years ago—carbon that now is returning to the atmosphere through smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining emissions from forest burned to clear land in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is foremost in an array of gases from human activity that increase the atmosphere's ability to trap heat. (Methane from cattle, rice fields, and landfills, and the chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators and air conditioners are others.) Few scientists doubt that this greenhouse warming of the atmosphere is already taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier springs, and a steady rise in global average temperature are just some of its harbingers.

By rights it should be worse. Each year humanity dumps roughly 8.8 billion tons (8 metric tons) of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons (5.9 metric tons) from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion (1.4 metric) from deforestation. But less than half that total, 3.2 billion tons (2.9 metric tons), remains in the atmosphere to warm the planet. Where is the missing carbon? “It's a really major mystery, if you think about it,” says Wofsy, an atmospheric scientist at Harvard University. His research site in the Harvard Forest is apparently not the only place where nature is breathing deep and helping save us from ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the waters of the oceans must be acting as carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the effects on climate.

Who can complain? No one, for now. But the problem is that scientists can't be sure that this blessing will last, or whether, as the globe continues to warm, it might even change to a curse if forests and other ecosystems change from carbon sinks to sources, releasing more carbon into the atmosphere than they absorb. The doubts have sent researchers into forests and rangelands, out to the tundra and to sea, to track down and understand the missing carbon.

This is not just a matter of intellectual curiosity. Scorching summers, fiercer storms, altered rainfall patterns, and shifting species—the disappearance of sugar maples from New England, for example—are some of the milder changes that global warming might bring. And humanity is on course to add another 200 to 600 parts per million to atmospheric carbon dioxide by late in the century. At that level, says Princeton University ecologist Steve Pacala, “all kinds of terrible things could happen, and the universe of terrible possibilities is so large that probably some of them will.” Coral reefs could vanish; deserts could spread; currents that ferry heat from the tropics to northern regions could change course, perhaps chilling the British Isles and Scandinavia while the rest of the globe keeps warming.

If nature withdraws its helping hand—if the carbon sinks stop absorbing some of our excess carbon dioxide—we could be facing drastic changes even before 2050, a disaster too swift to avoid. But if the carbon sinks hold out or even grow, we might have extra decades in which to wean the global economy from carbon-emitting energy sources. Some scientists and engineers believe that by understanding natural carbon sinks, we may be able to enhance them or even create our own places to safely jail this threat to global climate.

The backdrop for these hopes and fears is a natural cycle as real as your own breathing and as abstract as the numbers on Wofsy's instruments. In 1771, about the time of the first stirrings of the industrial revolution and its appetite for fossil fuel, an English minister grasped key processes of the natural carbon cycle. In a series of ingenious experiments, Joseph Priestley found that flames and animals' breath “injure” the air in a sealed jar, making it unwholesome to breathe. But a green sprig of mint, he found, could restore its goodness. Priestley could not name the gases responsible, but we know now that the fire and respiration used up oxygen and gave off carbon dioxide. The mint reversed both processes. Photosynthesis took up the carbon dioxide, converted it into plant tissue, and gave off oxygen as a by-product.

The world is just a bigger jar. Tens of billions of tons of carbon a year pass between land and the atmosphere: given off by living things as they breathe and decay and taken up by green plants, which produce oxygen. A similar traffic in carbon, between marine plants and animals, takes place within the waters of the ocean. And nearly a hundred billion tons of carbon diffuse back and forth between ocean and atmosphere.

Compared with these vast natural exchanges, the few billion tons of carbon that humans contribute to the atmosphere each year seem paltry. Yet like a finger on a balance, our steady contributions are throwing the natural cycle out of whack. The atmosphere's carbon backup is growing: Its carbon dioxide level has risen by some 30 percent since Priestley's time. It may now be higher than it has been in at least 20 million years.

Pieter Tans is one of the scientists trying to figure out why those numbers aren't even worse. At a long, low National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) laboratory set against pine-clad foothills in Boulder, Colorado, Tans and his colleagues draw conclusions from the subtlest of clues. They measure minute differences in the concentration of carbon dioxide in air samples collected at dozens of points around the globe by weather stations, airplanes, and ships.

These whiffs of air are stacked against a wall in Tans's lab in 2.6-quart (2.5-liter) glass flasks. Because the churning of the atmosphere spreads carbon dioxide just about evenly around the planet, concentrations in the bottles don't differ by more than a fraction of a percent. But the differences hold clues to the global pattern of carbon dioxide sources and sinks. Scientists calculate, for example, that carbon dioxide should pile up in the Northern Hemisphere, which has most of the world's cars and industry. But the air samples show a smaller than expected difference from south to north. That means, Tans says, that “there has to be a very large sink of carbon in the Northern Hemisphere.”

Other clues in the air samples hint at what that sink is. Both the waters of the ocean and the plants on land steal carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But they leave different fingerprints behind. Because plants give off oxygen when they absorb carbon dioxide, a plant sink would lead to a corresponding oxygen increase. But when carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, no oxygen is added to the atmosphere.

Plants taking in carbon dioxide also change what they leave behind. That's because plants prefer gas that contains carbon 12, a lighter form of the carbon atom. The rejected gas, containing carbon 13, builds up in the atmosphere. The ocean, though, does not discriminate, leaving the carbon ratio unchanged. From these clues, Tans and others have found that while the ocean is soaking up almost half the globe's missing carbon—2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) of it—the sink in the Northern Hemisphere appears to be the work of land plants. Their appetite for carbon dioxide surges and ebbs, but they remove, on average, more than 2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) of carbon a year.

Forests like Wofsy's are one place where it's happening. For more than a decade his group has monitored the carbon dioxide traffic between the trees and the air. Instruments on his tower track air above the treetops as wind and solar heating stir it. As each waft of air passes the tower, sensors measure its carbon dioxide content. The theory is simple, says Wofsy: “If an air parcel going up has less carbon dioxide than an air parcel going down, you have carbon dioxide being deposited onto the forest.”

The amount changes fast. “Sunshine, perhaps the temperature, rainfall over the past week—all those factors affect what the forest does on an hour-to-hour basis,” he says. Even a passing cloud can dampen photosynthesis, spoiling the trees' appetite for carbon. In winter, when leaves fall and decay, more carbon dioxide—a by-product of plant respiration and decomposition—seeps back out of the forest and into the atmosphere. Still, over more than ten years, the bottom line of billions of measurements has been positive. On balance, Harvard Forest is sieving carbon from the atmosphere.

It shows in the trees and on the forest floor. To check that their high-tech air measurements weren't somehow being fooled, Wofsy's group strapped calibrated steel bands around trees to measure their growth, gathered and weighed deadfall, and set up bins to collect fallen leaves. The idea was to measure just how much carbon-containing wood and other organic matter was building up in the forest, and to see if it matched the gas measurements. It did. Each acre of the forest has been taking roughly 0.8 ton (0.75 metric ton) of carbon out of the atmosphere annually, doing its humble part to counteract greenhouse warming.

Other forests at research sites in the eastern U.S. are putting on weight as well. That's no surprise, Wofsy says. “In the eastern U.S., the most common age for a forest is 40 to 60 years. That's the kind of forest that's going to be growing.”

The current Harvard Forest, in fact, has a precise birth date: 1938, when a hurricane barreled in from the Atlantic and leveled earlier stands of trees. Elsewhere in the U.S. humans were the hurricane, clearing vast stands of forest for farming. Abandoned in the early 20th century as agriculture shifted westward to the plains, the land is yielding to forest again. The trees, still young, are getting taller and stouter and putting on denser wood. Year by year this slow alchemy locks up carbon in thousands of square miles of eastern forest.

More missing carbon could be hiding in the West. Fire once regularly swept the grasslands, rejuvenating them while killing off woody shrubs like mesquite, juniper, and scrub oak. Decades of firefighting policies called for dousing the smallest blaze and allowed the brush to thrive. The practice disrupted the grasslands' natural cycle and led to bulkier, woodier brush that fueled larger, more destructive fires. But it may also have created a major storehouse for carbon. All told, forest and scrub across the 48 states could be taking in half a billion tons of carbon, balancing out more than a third of the emissions from U.S. cars and factories. It's a huge gift, says Wofsy: “That's at least four times what they were trying with Kyoto”—the climate treaty that the U.S. refused to ratify—“and it hasn't hurt anyone.”

That leaves more than 1.5 billion tons (1.4 billion metric tons) of missing carbon to account for in the Northern Hemisphere. Mature forests, such as tropical rain forest and the great belt of coniferous forest across Alaska and Canada, probably can't help because they're in a steady state, taking in no more carbon dioxide for growth than they give off (plants breathe too). But Europe's managed woodlands, new forests planted in China, and forests regrowing in Siberia after decades of logging could account for another half billion tons (.45 billion metric tons), researchers say.

Then there is a change in the far north, where satellite measurements over the past 20 years have shown that vegetation is getting lusher and enjoying a longer growing season. Natives of the North American Arctic report a new luxuriance on the tundra, where once stunted plants, such as dwarf birch, willow, and alder, are growing taller. The reason is simple, says Princeton's Pacala: “You go to the far north, and it's just palpable how much warming there is.”

Indeed it is. While the world as a whole has warmed by about 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degree Celsius) since 1900, parts of Alaska have warmed by 5 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8 degrees Celsius). Brad Griffith studies caribou at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he has noticed a change in the winters. He remembers clear, cold days and powder snow. “It was never slick, never cloudy; you never had to clean your windshield.” Now the winters arc warmer, wetter, and slushier. The shrubs on the North Slope seem to love the change, and Griffith has found that the lusher forage gives newborn caribou a better shot at survival.

That's the good news from the north: Right now global warming, ironically, may be helping forestall even more warming, by speeding the growth of carbon-absorbing trees. But balanced against that are warning signs—hints that northern ecosystems could soon turn against us. Eventually, warming in the far north may have what scientists call a positive feedback effect, in which warming triggers new floods of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, driving temperatures higher.

Worrisome signs begin on the aircraft approach to Anchorage. As the route skirts the hundred-mile-wide (161-kilometer-wide) Kenai Peninsula, ugly gray gaps appear in the dark green canopy of spruce below. Since the early 1990s bark beetles have been on the rampage in the Kenai, killing spruce on more than 2-million acres (809,000 hectares) there. Farther south in the Kenai, says Glenn Juday, a forest ecologist at the University of Alaska, skeletal trees stretch from horizon to horizon. “It's the largest single area of trees killed by insects in North America,” says Juday. “No outbreak this size has happened in the past 250 years.”

The vast tracts of dead trees will ultimately send their carbon back to the atmosphere when decay or fire consumes them. A warming climate is likely to blame, Juday and others believe. Warmth favors the beetle by speeding up its life cycle and improving its chance of surviving the winter. And as Juday has found in his study area, warming also stresses the hardy northern trees, making them less able to fight off infestation.

Two hundred seventy miles (434 kilometers) north of the Kenai, on a hillside just west of Fairbanks, the Parks Loop Stand appears to the unschooled eye to be thriving. But Juday, who has worked in this grove of hundred-foot-tall (30-meter-tall) white spruce for 15 years, knows practically every tree's biography—and he is concerned. Heavier, wetter snowfalls have broken off branches and crowns. The trees have also been assaulted by a pest new to northern Alaska, the spruce budworm.

The first outbreak of spruce budworm in this region was recorded in 1989, and Juday thinks the warmer climate is again to blame. Sickly orange branches high in the trees and ragged spruce seedlings festooned with black pupae show that the budworm is still at work. “This was a healthy, beautiful white spruce stand,” says Juday. But so many trees have died that the formerly dense canopy has opened up, and the moss that carpeted the shadowy floor has given way to sun-loving grasses.

It's not just the snow and the pests. On the jagged stump of a recently fallen tree Juday points to another fingerprint of warming. The 200-year-old tree's growth rings are thick at the core of the stump, but the outermost rings, representing the tree's last few decades of life, are as thin as puff pastry layers. Juday believes the tree's growth has been slowing because of hotter summers. Thin rings are a sign that the trees are undergoing stress, running short of water in the heat.

Since that finding, Juday's group has examined cores from black spruce, another major tree type in interior Alaska. It too grows more slowly in warmer years because of moisture stress. The future of the northern forest could be bleak. Assuming that Alaska continues to warm at the rate some climate models predict, Juday's analysis points to “zero white-spruce growth” by 2090. If that happened, the boreal forest as we know it would be no more. A smaller carbon storehouse could take its place—perhaps a grassy parkland dotted with aspen groves, Juday suggests. Substantial amounts of carbon dioxide could be released into the atmosphere from the corpse of the old forest.

Across the far north a still bigger pulse of greenhouse gas could come from the soil. In a somber grove of black spruce on the broad floodplain of the Tanana River south of Fairbanks, Jamie Hollingsworth, who manages an ecological research site at the University of Alaska, sinks a 4-foot (1.2-meter) steel probe into a damp carpet of moss. It slips in easily at first, then stops abruptly about three feet (one meter) in. Hollingsworth digs through a foot-thick (0.3-meter-thick) layer of moss, roots, and decaying needles, then scoops aside the silty soil below until his shovel grates on the hard permafrost that defeated the probe. Chipping off a clod or two, he reveals silvery veins of ice.

That eternal ice is in jeopardy across much of the far north. Near Fairbanks, at the heart of Alaska, the soil has warmed as much as 3 degrees Fahrenheit (5.4 degrees Celsius) over the past 40 years, putting large tracts of permafrost in danger of thawing. Here and there—even at spots on the university campus—it has already crossed the threshold, and melting has left the ground unstable and boggy. Farther north there's a larger margin of safety.

Fires can speed up the melting. In the summer of a fire raced through a hundred thousand acres (40,000 hectares) of floodplain forest along the Tanana. The charred snags now stand on bare sand and silt, in many places burned clean of the usual thick moss carpet. The moss is critical to the permafrost: It insulates the soil, keeping it at subfreezing temperatures and helping preserve the ice through the summer. Any permafrost in the fire zone is now in danger of thawing—and hotter summers have made fires more common in many parts of the north, including Siberia and western Canada.

Climate experts keep a worried eye on the permafrost because vast reserves of peat and other carbon-rich organic material are frozen into it—a global trove of carbon estimated at 200 billion tons (181.4 metric tons). For hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years low temperatures entombed it. Now, says Terry Chapin of the University of Alaska, “it's potentially a very large time bomb.”

The permafrost's full megatonnage isn't certain. Some of the subterranean ice would create bogs when it melted, and the oxygen-poor waters of bogs can inhibit decay and keep the carbon locked up. But northern warming could well bring a drier climate, and that could open the way to a worst-case scenario, says NOAA's Tans. “If, due to warming in the Arctic, the permafrost warmed up and dried out, most of that carbon could be released.” The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide could jump by a hundred parts per million as a result, he says—more than 25 percent above current levels.

So where in nature can we look for salvation? Until recently climate scientists hoped it would come from farther south. In temperate and tropical vegetation, they thought, a negative feedback effect called carbon fertilization might rein in the carbon dioxide rise. Plants need carbon dioxide to grow, and scientists have found that in laboratory chambers well-nourished plants bathed in high-carbon dioxide air show a surge of growth. So out in the real world, it seemed, plants would grow faster and faster as carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere, stashing more carbon in their stems, trunks, and roots and helping to slow the atmospheric buildup. Such a growth boost could, for example, turn mature tropical forests—which normally don't soak up any more carbon than they give off—into carbon dioxide sponges.

Alas, it appears not to work. At Duke University's forest in North Carolina, William Schlesinger and his colleagues have been giving hundred-foot-wide (30-meter-wide) plots of pines a sniff of the future. Over each plot a ring of towers emits carbon dioxide at just the right rate to keep the concentration in the trees at 565 parts per million, the level the real atmosphere might reach by midcentury. When the experiment started seven years ago, the trees showed an initial pulse of growth.

“These trees woke up to high carbon dioxide and were able to make good with it for a couple of years,” says Schlesinger. But then the growth spurt petered out, and the trees' growth has slipped most of the way back to normal. That's not to say that high carbon dioxide didn't have some long-term effects. Poison ivy, for some reason, “is one of the winners,” says Schlesinger, with a sustained growth rate 70 percent faster than normal. And allergy sufferers will not be pleased to learn that the carbon dioxide-fertilized pines produced extravagant amounts of pollen.

To take advantage of a carbon dioxide bonanza, it seems, most plants also need extra nitrogen and other nutrients. Schlesinger's experiment is one of many to show lately that in the real world, more carbon just means plants will probably run short of something else essential. Resurgent forests are soaking up plenty of carbon now, but we owe that mainly to our ax-wielding forebears, who cleared the land in centuries past. That land sink is not likely to increase by much, say scientists. And it will eventually saturate as today's young forests mature. “We can expect this sink to disappear on the order of a hundred years,” says Princeton's Pacala. “You can't count on it to keep getting larger, like manna from heaven, the way a carbon-fertilization sink would.”

The outlook for an increased ocean sink is no brighter. Taro Takahashi of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory has spent decades on oceanographic research ships, making thousands of carbon dioxide measurements just above and just below the water surface to track the exchange of gas between the ocean and the atmosphere.

The North Atlantic and the southern oceans have cold, nutrient-rich waters that welcome carbon dioxide, Takahashi has found. Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in cold water, and the nutrients foster marine-plant growth that quickly uses up the dissolved carbon dioxide. When the plants and the animals that feed on them die and sink into the abyss, their remains carry away the carbon and make room for more.

The traffic mostly goes the other way in warmer, less biologically rich seas. But the global balance is favorable, for now at least. More carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans than is given off. Takahashi's measurements confirm that the oceans take up nearly as much carbon as the regrowing forests and thickening brush on land: an average of 2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) a year. “One-half of the missing carbon is ending up in the ocean,” Takahashi says.

That may be as good as it gets,“ he adds. ”My major question is whether this ratio is going to change“ as global warming raises the temperature of surface waters and carbon dioxide continues to build up in the atmosphere. ”The prognosis is not particularly bright,“ Takahashi says. A warm soda fizzing over the rim of a glass illustrates one effect: carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water. What's more, dissolved carbon dioxide can easily slip back into the atmosphere unless it is taken up by a marine plant or combines with a ”buffer“ molecule of carbonate.

But the ocean's supply of carbonate is limited and is replenished only slowly as it is washed into the ocean by rivers that erode carbonate-containing rocks such as limestone. In absorbing those two billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere year after year, the ocean is gradually using up its buffer supply. Jorge Sarmiento, an oceanographer at Princeton University, has been trying to predict the impact of such changes on the ocean's ability to act as a carbon dioxide sponge. He expects that over the next century, its carbon appetite will drop by 10 percent—and it may ebb much further in the long run.

With no new help from nature in sight, perhaps it is time for us to think about creating our own carbon sinks. Scientists have dreamed up plenty of possibilities: planting new forests, for example, which the Kyoto climate treaty would encourage. The approach has already taken root on a grand scale in China, where the government has planted tens of millions of acres since the 1970s. The bureaucrats set out to control floods and erosion, not stem global change, but the effect has been to soak up nearly half a billion tons (.45 billion metric tons) of carbon.

Steve Wofsy sees another possibility in his forest studies. Young forests like his study plot are hungry for carbon right now because they are growing vigorously. So why not try to keep a forest young indefinitely, by regular thinning? ”You manage it so that every year or every ten years you take out a certain amount of wood“ to be used in, say, paper, housing, and furniture, Wofsy says. ”You might have a situation where you could make the landscape continue to take up carbon for a long time—indefinitely.“

Then there's the siren call of the sea. Although as Sarmiento points out the ocean's natural uptake is dwindling, scientists have tried to find a way to give a boost to its carbon appetite. In the 1980s oceanographer John Martin suggested that across large tracts of ocean, the tiny green plants that are the marine equivalent of forests and grasslands are, in effect, anemic. What keeps them from flourishing—and perhaps sucking up vast quantities of carbon dioxide—is a lack of iron. Martin and others began to talk of a ”Geritol solution“ to global warming: Send out a fleet of converted oil tankers to sprinkle the oceans with an iron compound, and the surge of plant growth would cleanse the air of industrial emissions. As the plants and the animals that grazed on them died and sank, the carbon in their tissues would be safely locked away in the deep ocean.

Reality has not been quite so elegant. Experiments have shown that Martin was partly right: A dash of iron sulfate does cause the ocean's surface waters to bloom with patches of algae tens of miles long, so vivid they can be seen by satellites. But oceanographers monitoring what happens in the water have been disappointed to find that when the extra plants and the animals they nourish die, their remains mostly decay before they have a chance to sink and be buried. The carbon dioxide from the decay nourishes new generations of plants, reducing the need for extra carbon from the atmosphere. Nature is just too thrifty for iron fertilization to work.

Perhaps carbon can be deep-sixed without nature's help: filtered from power plant emissions, compressed into a liquid, and pumped into ocean depths. Ten thousand feet (3,000 thousand meters) down, water pressure would squeeze liquid carbon dioxide to a density great enough to pool on the seafloor, like vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing, before dissolving. At shallower depths it would simply disperse. Either way environmentalists and many scientists are wary of the scheme because injecting vast quantities of carbon dioxide would slightly acidify the deep ocean and might harm some marine life. Last year protesters forced scientists to cancel experiments meant to test the idea, first near Hawaii and then off Norway.

But Peter Brewer, who is studying the scheme at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, says it's too early to write it off. Rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will acidify the ocean's surface waters in any case, he points out, and pumping some of the carbon into the ocean depths could slow that process. ”Why would you want to take this off the table before you know what it does?“ he asks.

The most fitting end for the carbon that human beings have tapped from the Earth, in coal, oil, and gas, would be to send it back where it came from—into coal seams, old oil and gas fields, or deep, porous rock formations. Not only would that keep the carbon out of the atmosphere, but the high-pressure injection could also be used to chase the last drops of oil or gas out of a depleted field.

In fact geologic sequestration, as it's called, is already under way. One field in the North Sea, for example, yields gas that is heavily contaminated with natural carbon dioxide. So before shipping the gas, the Norwegian oil company Statoil filters out the carbon dioxide and injects it into a sandstone formation half a mile (0.8 kilometer) below the seafloor. The U.S. Department of Energy plans to start its own test project, which would drill a 10,000-foot (3,000-meter) well in West Virginia and pump carbon dioxide into the deep rock.

No one knows yet how well such schemes might work in the long run. Tapped-out oil and gas fields are, by nature, full of man-made holes that might leak the carbon dioxide. Even if the stored gas didn't leak straight to the surface, it might seep into groundwater supplies. But the North Sea project seems to be working well eight years after it began. Seismic images that offer views beneath the ocean floor show that the thick layer of clay capping the sandstone is effectively sealing in the 6 million tons (5.4 million metric tons) of carbon dioxide injected so far.

That's encouraging news for researchers who are working on schemes that would allow humanity to keep burning fossil fuels without dire consequences for climate. Researchers at Princeton, for example, are exploring a technology that would take the carbon out of coal.

In a multistep process coal would react with oxygen and steam to make pure hydrogen, plus a stream of waste gases. The hydrogen could be burned to produce electricity or distributed to gas stations where hydrogen-powered cars—emitting nothing but water vapor—could fuel up. The waste, mostly carbon dioxide but also contaminants that coal-burning plants now emit, such as sulfur and mercury, would be buried. The scheme, says Princeton energy analyst Robert Williams, ”could make coal as clean as renewable energy, and you can exploit the low cost of coal.\"

Or maybe the future lies in fields of solar panels, armies of giant wind turbines, or a new generation of safe nuclear reactors. No one knows, but that gauge in Wofsy's shack tells us that we don't have long to dither. The trees are doing their best, but year by year the flickering red number is climbing.

篇10：托福阅读备考训练技巧和做题策略介绍

1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。

2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)

3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是什么?A的观点的问题是什么?B的观点是什么?

4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。

5，检查，每个不确定的题都做记录，如果用心理解全文，一般能省下时间检查。

确定最优做题顺序的程序

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关于商务英语BEC阅读题有什么最好的做题顺序技巧吗

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