加强预防医学教学的性和趣味性论文

时间:2022年12月15日

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下面小编给大家整理加强预防医学教学的性和趣味性论文,本文共11篇,希望大家喜欢!本文原稿由网友“Skylar”提供。

篇1:加强预防医学教学的性和趣味性论文

加强预防医学教学的实用性和趣味性论文

【摘要】在医学领域中,预防医学越来越显示出其重要性,其教育工作亦越发受到重视,为更好的达到教育目标,预防医学的教育工作者在教学中应该应用各种方法在学科的重要性、实用性、趣味性上下功夫,并突出其中的素质教育。

【关键词】预防医学教育;重要性;实用性;趣味性;素质教育

预防医学是一门综合性学科,在医学领域中有着较特殊的地位,随着人们对健康需求的不断提高及现代医学的发展,预防医学在医学教育中越来越显示出其重要性,而学生对预防医学往往有片面的认识,认为这一学科不重要,没有临床学科实用。因此,为了使这门课真正让学生掌握并充分发挥它的作用,就要加强预防医学教学的实用性和趣味性。

1 在教学过程中要突出预防医学的重要性

针对医学生普遍存在重视临床医学的学习而忽视预防医学学习的情况,应自始至终反复强调此学科的重要性,尤其要高度重视第一次绪论课的教学。教学中,可通过一些例子强调预防医学在现代医疗卫生事业发展中所起的巨大作用。例如强调如果没有预防医学这门学科及其不断的发展,恐怕我们的卫生工作到现在还处在与传染病做斗争的第一次卫生革命运动中[1]。反应停这种致畸率很高的药物还会被孕妇滥用,特别是曾威胁全球的SARS也就不能得到有效的控制,禽流感、甲型H1N1流感也会在全球肆虐等等,从而引起学生对预防医学这门学科的高度重视。同时让学生看到,随着生活水平的提高,社会的老龄化趋势,人们对健康的需求越来越高,这就需要加强预防卫生工作,要求医务工作者必需掌握疾病在人群中发生发展的一般规律、社区保健调查研究的方法和疾病预防控制的措施等预防医学的理论知识。做到不仅会治病、更要防病。启发学生要想适应新形势下卫生工作的需要、成为高素质的卫生工作者,不仅要学好临床医学,更要学好预防医学的理论知识和技能。

2 教学过程中体现预防医学的实用性和趣味性

为激发学生的学习积极性,提高教学效果,在教学中应注意理论联系实际,突出预防医学的实用性和趣味性。新生入学教育开始,就让学生充分认识预防医学是一门涉及面相当广泛的综合性学科,就业并非一般人理解的只有卫生监督和疾病控制,其它象环保部门、城乡建设、建筑行业、饮水管理、食品工业管理、气象局、职业病防治所、学校卫生管理等行业都需要预防医学专业人才,就业途径相当广泛,从而意识到学好预防医学大有作为。在教学中突出与学生生活密切相关的教学内容,让学生感受到所学的知识就在身边,很实用。例如,讲到三级预防的[2]内容时,就可以结合国情适当举例。在我国SARS流行期间,可结合当时SARS疫情,给学生讲明,造成SARS疫情的病源是人群普遍易感的,一旦有传染源存在,极易造成大范围的传播和流行。因此,为了控制疫情,必须做好SARS的三级预防工作,特别是重在防止疾病发生的第一级预防措施,如室内定期消毒、通风、注意个人卫生、适时戴口罩、适当体育锻炼、改善饮食等以及重在早发现以控制疾病发展的第二级预防措施,如每天组织学生监测体温等。这样将学校制定实施的SARS防治具体措施用三级预防的`思路一一列举、讲明,理论联系实际,学生不仅学到了相关的理论知识,而且能自觉主动地做好SARS的预防工作。在授课中也可以适当运用一些趣味性的表达和例子来调节课堂气氛,活跃学生思维,激发学生的学习兴趣,加深对教学内容的理解,提高教学效率。例如在介绍自我保健的内容时,就可以夸张地介绍说:“等大家都有了很好的自我保健能力,咱们医务人员就该失业了,各家都有齐全的诊疗设施,所有的健康问题在家就可以解决了,这多好啊!”学生一听就笑了:这不太可能吧?这时就可以接着指出,自我保健是一种有局限性的非专业性的卫生保健活动,要求“多依靠自己,少依赖医生”,强调的是在医务人员的指导下,积极主动的自我保健来有效地防止疾病的发生,控制疾病的发展,将健康掌握在自己手里,而并非“全依靠自己,不要医生”,对于这样的小知识点,大家在笑声中掌握会更加牢固。

3 将素质教育贯穿到预防医学教学全过程的始终

医学生的素质决定着未来医务工作者的医疗服务质量与水平,因此在教学过程中,应始终注重对学生进行各方面的素质教育,注重对学生的全面培养。如预防医学的一个重点内容就是环境与健康[3],在授课过程中,就可以从各方面培养学生的环境、群体意识及爱国思想。结合现在环境污染的状况,让大家观察身边那些不环保、不文明的行为和现象,如随地吐痰、自来水管一开就没人关、食堂里剩饭剩菜随处可见、一下课教室里粉笔头乱飞等等,体会自己身上有哪些可能增加环境负担的不良行为,教育学生环保行为要从生活中的一点一滴做起,意识到热爱环境就是热爱生命。另外,健康教育作为素质教育中不可缺少的一部分,其相关理论内容又恰恰在预防医学中有所涉及。那么在课堂上除了进行相应理论知识的讲解,也可以结合不同篇章对学生实施适当的健康教育。如在饮食与健康的关系中教会学生如何制定自己的食谱而做到合理膳食;在心理、社会因素与健康的关系中,教会学生如何调整自己的心态以稳定情绪,才有利于健康,以及控制身心疾病在自己身上出现等各方面自我保健的知识[4]。总之,素质教育不是经过一时一事能提高的,必须从小做起,而且确实可通过教师在传授专业技能知识的过程中进行,这种点滴的渗透教育在潜移默化中可起到巨大作用。

在当前社会和医学发展的大趋势中,预防医学肩负着重要的使命,作为预防医学的专业教师更要认清形势,在教学中注意突出预防医学的重要性,体现出预防医学的实用性和趣味性,将素质教育贯穿于预防医学教学过程的始终,随时总结经验,不断进取,才能培养出具有健全身心、高素质的实用型卫生技术人才。

【参考文献】

[1] 黄吉武.预防医学[M].3版.北京:北京人民卫生出版社,:95-97.

[2] 钱宇平.流行病学[M].6版.北京:人民卫生出版社,:144-152.

[3] 杨克敌.环境卫生学[M].6版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2007:15-64.

[4] 王陇德.掌握健康钥匙[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,:12.

篇2:预防医学教学改革探讨论文

预防医学教学改革探讨论文

一、教学方法的改革

预防医学课堂教学往往采用大班上课,以教师为主的“讲授式”、“灌输式”教学方式,显然不能提高学生学习这门课的兴趣。因此,教师应结合专业特点及培养目标,采用多种方法共同提高教学效果。预防医学的教学内容与现实生活息息相关。近年来,我国突发公共卫生事件频发,涉及预防医学研究的各个领域,对公众身体健康与生命安全造成严重影响,案例教学法的运用可以大大增加学生学习预防医学的兴趣。在教学过程中通过各种途径收集典型案例,经过认真选择和精心设计,保证案例具有知识性、趣味性、典型性、启发性、真实性和实践性等特点。以案例为线索,以问题为中心,围绕具体实际案例先提出各种问题,再对问题进行分析、讨论、归纳和总结,探究其内在机理,揭示其一般规律,启发学生思考,从而激发学生的学习兴趣。医学是一门实践性很强的课程,通过一些突发公共卫生事件的`情景再现,让学生进行角色扮演,不仅仅可以使学生将学到的临床知识加以实际运用,还可以让学生认识到医学不同学科的专业特点及内在联系,体会医学事件中的不同分工,培养学生的合作意识和团队精神,为将来更好的从事临床工作打下一定的基础。此外,通过优化整合和资源共享,结合预防医学学科发展特点,在满足学生需求和兴趣的基础上,紧密结合中医学专业特点,突出中医学特色,采取教学实践相结合的方法,指导学生自主设计调查问卷,如学生设计的脾胃之气在疾病中的重要性、办公室人员腰痛患病率抽样调查、食品安全等相关课题,并进行实际调查,使学生更好的将所学知识应用于实际生活,深入体会三级预防思想在实际生活中的应用、预期所能取得的干预效果,建立预防为主的思想,以利于学生开拓视野、启迪思维、培养创新能力和动手实践能力,提高学生的科学素质和人文精神。

二、教学内容的改革

分别在授课开始前和授课结束后对学生进行问卷调查,授课前问卷调查主要了解学生对于预防医学的态度、感兴趣的相关知识,在教学过程中有针对性的进行讲解,以增加学生的学习兴趣,授课结束后对授课内容进行满意度调查,评价课堂教学效果。由于课时限制,在教学过程中相关内容安排学生进行自学、讨论,布置思考题,并可尝试进行网络教学,如微课、使用相关系统平台,以加强网络资源的利用和学生自主学习能力的提高,逐步形成独立学院自己的预防医学教学模式和课堂特色。

篇3:口腔预防医学教学方式探讨论文

口腔预防医学教学方式探讨论文

摘要:目的:提高学生学习口腔预防医学的兴趣,巩固学生所学习的口腔预防医学理论,增加学生学习的兴趣和主动性。方法:选择湖北中医药高等专科学校~级口腔医学专业大学二年级学生为研究对象,进行口腔预防医学案例法教学实验教学改革探索,将学生分为试验组和对照组,试验组采用“案例法”的教学方式,对照组采用传统的教学方法。结果:试验组的课堂、课后评价表明:“案例法”教学方式被学生普遍认可,能提高学生学习口腔预防医学的兴趣。期末考试和实习考核成绩均显示试验组得分高于对照组。结论:“案例教学”教学方式提高了学生学校口腔预防医学的兴趣,符合教学改革的发展趋势。

关键词:口腔预防医学;案例教学;教学改革

随着社会经济及健康理念的发展,医学高等教育的任务并没有随之发生根本的变化,但教学模式的要求随之有了转变,对医疗人才的培养提出了更高的要求,这就对高等教育中的医学教育提出了更高的要求,所以医学教育模式也需要根据实际情况进行改革。对于医学高专类的口腔医学专业口腔预防医学的教学模式也需要进行改革,改革的目标通过学习使学生可以有从事口腔保健工作的基本能力。湖北中医药高等专科学校口腔教研室开始针对口腔预防医学实验课教学进行了“案例法”的教学实验改革,并对该教学实验改革进行了评价,以期对今后口腔预防医学教学提供借鉴经验。

一、材料和方法

(一)研究对象及分组

选择湖北中医药高等专科学校2011~2013级口腔医学专业大二学生为研究对象进行口腔健康教育实验教学改革探索,研究持续3年。根据湖北中医药高等专科学校口腔专业专科教学课程安排,口腔医学专业三年制专科生在大二时开设了口腔预防医学课程。每届均有四个教学班级,随机抽取两个班级为对照组,根据口腔预防医学授课要求,采用传统的教学方法,通过教师课堂讲授的方法学习。另外,两个班级按照“案例法”的教学方法,设为试验组。

(二)“案例法”教学改革实施过程

1.准备阶段。学生每4~5名分为一个小组,组员随机产生。案例教学法选定窝沟封闭为案例进行教学,然后,学生利用图书馆和网络查询等手段搜集相关资料,并结合进课堂学习。各小组组内学生之间结合窝沟封闭的要求展开讨论,确定可行的操作方式,制订出具体操作计划。在这一环节,教师只需发挥技术指导作用,给学生充分自由发挥的空间,自主完成试验。

2.课堂表现。每组学生在实验室按照既定的分组计划和操作流程进行窝沟封闭操作,全组同学轮流操作,规定时间为45分钟。操作流程按照窝沟封闭操作流程进行。在操作过程中一人作为助手,其余组员则进行观摩交流和讨论。

(三)评价方法

1.课堂评价。对试验组同学课堂现场做出评价,评价包括同组同学互评、不同小组之间评价和实验课教师评价三部分。组内同学互评评出本组操作效果最好的学生为代表参加小组之间的互评,最后由实验课教师评论全班操作效果做好及相对较差的。在同学互评阶段是由其他小组同学对被评小组同学的表现进行现场提问和评价,并指出优缺点。实验课教师只对结果进行点评。评分标准:操作过程中没有违反医疗无伤害原则、操作过程中是否遵守窝沟封闭操作的流程、对窝沟封闭材料和操作器械的了解以及窝沟封闭的效果。

2.课后评价。对于所有参加试验组的学生均参加问卷调查。问卷采取集中发放、当场填写、当场收回的方式。调查项目包括:(1)对今后的工作是否有帮助;(2)是否引起学习兴趣;(3)是否可以激发主动学习的动力;(4)能否提高窝沟封闭操作的能力;(5)是否提高了课堂活跃气氛;(6)是否对窝沟封闭的理论知识得到了巩固;(7)内容形式是否新颖。[1]3.考核评价。对两组学生的最终考核评价内容包括期末考试和实习考核两部分:(1)根据湖北中医药高等专科学校的教学大纲要求,总分为10分的口腔窝沟封闭的考题设置于期末考试的试卷中。两组学生同时闭卷参加考试,试卷由任课老师严格按照评分标准批阅。(2)实习考核分为口腔健康教育和临床窝沟封闭技术操作两个部分。

二、结果

1.课堂评价。对于参加试验的学生来说,“案例法”的教学方式可以使同学们及时发现操作过程中的优缺点,促使学生在课堂前进行较为充分的准备,同学们对“案例法”教学方式认可度较高。“案例法”教学方式在教学过程中可以促进同学之间的`学习交流,取长补短,共同提高窝沟封闭操作水平。

2.课后评价。对于“案例法”教学方式的评价才有课堂问卷调查方式进行,问卷当堂发放当堂收回,其问卷100%回收,有效率达到100%。学生们认为“案例法”教学方式可以激发学习的兴趣,并且形式灵活新颖,对于提高学生窝沟封闭的操作能力很有帮助,同时也可以对所学的理论知识进行有效的复习,为今后的工作打下坚实的基础。

3.考核评价。(1)实验组和对照组的最终期终成绩和实习成绩表明,两组之间的期终成绩之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),试验组期终成绩高于对照组期终成绩。(2)试验组与对照组间实习考核分数的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),试验组实习考核成绩高于对照组实习考核成绩。

三、讨论

口腔预防医学教育是以教育的手段促使人们主动采取有利于口腔健康的行为,以达到建立口腔健康行为的目的[2]。传统的口腔预防医学教学模式大多数是教师在课堂上照本宣科,学生在实验课上照本操作,学生之间缺乏交流与合作;还有的学生在实验课上马虎了事;还有一部分学生理论知识虽然掌握的还可以,但是在操作的过程中却是错误百出。因此照本宣科式的教学模式对学生的实际操作能力的提高可以说是毫无帮助的。对于照本宣科式教学中存在的不足,湖北中医药高等专科学校医疗系口腔教研室进行了“案例法”的教学方式改革的尝试。通过同学之间相互评价和教师的互动,可以充分调动学生的学习兴趣,开阔学生的专业视野,培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的自主学习能力[3]。期末考试结果说明“案例法”的教学方式能更好地巩固学生所学的理论知识。实习考核时学生对窝沟封闭操作的结果显示:实验组学生的操作水平比对照组学生的操作水平要高,这也说明了“案例法”教学方式对学生操作水平的提高是有帮助的,同时也对今后的临床工作有一定的帮助。综上所述,“案例法”的教学方式有以下几个优点:(1)可深化学生对所学知识的理解,加深其对所学知识的记忆,锻炼其对所学知识的运用能力。(2)为学生提供了展示自我的平台,增强其自信心,促进其身心健康发展。(3)可为学生营造轻松、活跃的学习氛围,能调动学生的学习兴趣,使其能够主动地思考问题、交流信息[1]。总之,“案例法”的教学方式对于学生实际操作能力的提高是有很大帮助的,对于巩固所学的口腔理论知识也有很大的帮助,有利于学生综合素质的发展,符合教学改革发展趋势,值得进一步探索。

作者:胡倩 单位:湖北中医药高等专科学校

参考文献:

[1]陈曦,冯希平.浅谈建构主义理论在口腔预防教学中应用的体会[J].西北医学教育,,20(3):537-539.

[2]周学东,石冰,于海洋.口腔医学教材建设与创新人才培养[J].华西口腔医学杂志,,26(1):1-3.

[3]周刚,张静,杜格非,等.构建多元立体化互动式口腔黏膜病教学模式[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2012,30(1):106-108.

篇4:临床预防医学教学认知论文

临床预防医学教学认知论文

1让学生意识到预防医学的重要性

教学中应自始至终反复强调预防医学的重要性,并把预防医学中的知识与同期开设的临床专业知识联系起来,让学生在应用理论知识解决实际问题中体会到预防医学实用性、趣味性、重要性。例如,讲授三级预防的内容时,就可以结合同期开设临床课程中的常见病:流行性感冒、高血压、糖尿病等防治具体措施用三级预防的思路一一列举、讲明,理论联系实际。学生不仅学到了相关的理论知识,而且体会到预防疾病比治疗疾病可以取得更大的社会效益和经济效益,从而引起学生对预防医学这门学科的高度重视。

2改革教学内容

首先是教材改革,目前临床医学专业学生所使用的预防医学教材实际上是预防医学专业的压缩版,教材内容落后于实际工作需要。据报道,就我国当前预防医学知识的现实需求对该领域专家及工作在社区卫生服务一线的医生(共计22人)进行访谈的结果显示:当前我国社区卫生服务中最需要和最缺乏的业务力量是既精通临床又熟悉预防的高级临床医学人才。在“环境与健康”方面,52%的社区临床医生对居室内空气污染感兴趣;“营养与健康”方面,65%的调查对象对特殊人群的营养、营养与疾病感兴趣;其他感兴趣的内容70%的`被调查者集中在老年保健,尤其是老年人的居家安全、慢性病的三级预防等方面[1]。因此根据临床的实际需求,对大专临床医学专业预防医学的教学内容进行调整,在保留本学科的基本内容基础上适当增加临床工作者感兴趣的内容,删除陈旧的、理论性太强的内容,并吸收与临床相结合的新知识。

3改革教学方式

长期以来,我国的预防医学教育以传承专业知识为主,不少教育内容脱离现代科技和临床实际,教育方法和手段落后,学生学习兴趣差,知识面窄,应用能力、创新能力弱。针对这些情况,我们钻研教材、精选内容、突出重点,尝试更新教学观念,改革和探索教学方法,取得了较好的教学效果。

3.1问题式教学许多教学实践发现,问题式教学有利于提高学生的学习能力、创新能力和实践能力[2,3]。授课教师根据所讲内容,把教学内容以“问题”的形式表现出来,以问题为核心,让学生主动围绕问题展开讨论进而得出结论。如传染病防治部分内容,对传染病的流行过程以提问方式复习,以艾滋病为例,重点讨论如何应用三级预防原则和措施开展防治。让学生既掌握了传染病防治,又引发了对传染病防治的思考。

3.2案例式教学在预防医学课教学中,案例讨论最能提高医学生的思维能力。案例教学法与传统教学法相结合的方式是提高预防医学教学质量的有效途径,是预防医学教学改革的方向[4]。如在食物中毒的教学中,可以给出几种食物中毒的案例让学生讨论分析中毒类型以及如何防治。在临床医学大专《预防医学》中学生以为最难学的莫过于医学统计学内容,并且在学习阶段意识不到统计学的实际用处,到工作中要搞科研写论文才知道其重要性。对医学院学生《医学统计学》教学调查结果显示[5],在理论课教学方面,60%以上的学生认为案例教学法比传统教学法更具优势,几乎所有学生认为理论课教学应理论联系实际。对于实验课教学,一半学生认为最好能上机操作,并参与实际资料的统计分析。因此我们在教学中增加了实际案例,从而使授课过程中理论与实际相结合,如学习率和构成比时,我们给出实例,让学生发现其不同点,然后进行概念的讲解,增加记忆,最后找有代表性的统计学误用两概念的发表论文,让学生集体讨论,使概念学习与运用相结合,促进了学生的学习兴趣及知识的应用能力。

3.3联系实际生活,使学生在实践中掌握理论知识在教学中突出与学生生活密切相关的教学内容,让学生感受到所学的知识就在身边,很实用。预防医学的重点内容就是环境与健康,在授课过程中,让学生明白环境污染的危害、环境污染与人群健康的关系以及增强他们的环境保护意识显得尤为重要。在社会因素与健康中,教会学生如何调整自己的心态以稳定情绪,有利于健康,以及如何改变不良行为生活方式,实现自我保健、家庭保健等。在饮食与健康中教学生如何制订自己的食谱而做到合理膳食,或安排一次实验课教学生如何制订一份特殊人群(如糖尿病患者)食谱。

3.4融入现代化教学手段在预防医学教学中应充分利用多媒体、网上教学资源等,制作课件时结合教学内容增加最新的新闻、图片或案例等信息辅助教学,让学生能利用现代化科技从多种渠道获取知识,拓宽知识面,增加学习兴趣,提高学习效率。可以开设实验课统计学软件操作教学,加强学生动手能力和实际应用能力。

3.5重视培养学生的自学能力改变传统的单一的课堂讲授方法,鼓励学生主动学习,发挥学生的主体作用。教学的重点不是单纯地传授越来越多的医学理论和成果,而是将重点放在传授学习方法、引导学生自学、培养自学能力上。教师可以把一些学生易理解的内容,如环境与健康中的一些章节,先布置一些题目让学生边自学边思考,然后在课堂上专题讨论或分小组讨论,鼓励学生自由发言,还可以分小组进行比赛增加趣味,活跃课堂气氛。

3.6开展社区预防医学实践活动教学不能局限于课堂,必须走向社会,使学生有机会以直接的身份参与处理与预防医学有关的问题,在临床实践中学到实施疾病预防和健康促进相结合的知识和技能,提高分析问题、解决问题和处理实际问题的能力。如带学生参观学校联系的社区医院,参加社区的调查或义诊活动,以了解我国居民健康现状和医药卫生现状,加强责任感,培养环境、群体和预防观念。

总之,在当今社会和医学发展的大趋势中,预防医学肩负着重要的使命,作为预防医学的专业教师,在教学中要注意提高学生的预防医学实践能力,为培养和造就一批面向基层既能治病又能防病的临床医生而努力。

篇5:急诊医学渐进式教学实践探讨性论文

急诊医学渐进式教学实践探讨性论文

摘要:传统急诊医学教学存在“重理论、轻实践;内容多、教法少”等问题,在急诊医学教学中对传统教学方式进行改革,采用“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学模式,以症状为纲、以疾病为重点、以急救技术为关键,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高其参与度,可收到良好的教学效果。

关键词:“症状-疾病-急救技能”;急诊医学;渐进式教学

急诊医学是在医学领域中的一门具有多专业性质的临床边缘学科,有着不可替代的特点和规律性。同样,随着现代急诊医学的飞速发展,原有的急诊医学教学模式已难以适应急诊医学教学发展的需要。本文就“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学在急诊医学教学中的实施做一简述。

1现阶段急诊医学教学

急诊医学作为临床医学的二级学科,不是以独立的器官系统来界定自己的专业范围,而是以疾病的急缓和危重程度来界定[1]。在现阶段,急诊医学存在着许多突出的弱项,特别是急诊医学教育的薄弱更加成为阻碍急诊医学全面发展的主要因素[2]。医院急诊科作为急诊医学的主体,肩负着急诊临床教学和研究的重要任务[3]。而临床工作是急救医学的重点,在具体工作中,急诊医师需要应对各种突发事件和各类急危重症患者,因此对于急诊医师个人的综合素质有着严格的要求[4]。传统的急诊医学教学方法以教师教、学生学的“填鸭式”教学方法为主,教学形式单一,互动性差,实践性不强,学生缺乏积极性和主动性,其分析能力、推理能力、创新能力以及对知识的拓展能力明显不足,不利于培养急诊医师的创造能力和现代医学思维[5]。另外,在目前的医疗环境中,实习医生、进修医生在进行急诊医学临床实践学习时,因现实环境所限,缺少实践的机会。患者经急诊抢救后很快转至专科治疗,传统教学方法在这里受到限制。

2“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学模式的具体实施

急诊医学的教学首先要让学生思考如何去面对临床急诊问题,应将敏锐的观察能力、快速决策能力与综合抢救能力作为一名急诊医生必须具备的专业素质来着重培养。因此,急诊教学课程建设的重点应放在培养学生在“急诊”这一特殊环境下快速判断病情、建立诊疗思路、完善相关检查、做出相应处理、综合急症救治的能力。

2.1以症状为纲

新的课程建设中,打破以病种为纲的内容编排,教学内容以症状为纲。设置急诊常见的临床症状,如:呼吸困难、胸痛、腹痛、昏迷等。尽管学生已在诊断学、内科学、外科学、妇产科学等课程中学习了以急性腹痛为发病症状的相关疾病,但学生并不清楚在面对一位以腹痛为主诉的患者时,如何厘清临床诊疗思路,并运用所学的诊断学、内科学、外科学、妇产科学等学科知识做出初步诊断,进而实施检查并进行有效治疗。因此在教学内容设置上,就以腹痛为教学内容,模拟医生在急诊室的实际工作场景,对上述症状进行引导性教学,以教师丰富的临床经验作为指导,培养学生的临床思维,让学生在回顾已学知识的基础上,积极思考如何做出正确的临床判断、如何进行快速诊断与鉴别诊断,从而提高学生的逻辑分析能力和快速判断能力(见案例1~2)。通过设置这样的学习内容,采用相应的教学方法,如问题导入式教学、PBL教学等,使学生在学习腹痛这一内容后,能够在临床、在急诊遇到腹痛患者时不至于感觉无从下手,并随着其临床经验的积累,对腹痛这一常见急诊病症有清晰的临床诊疗思路、准确的临床判断和正确的诊治处理。案例1:急性腹痛。病史:李某,男,33岁,因“上腹痛2天”入院。患者于2天前在正常饮食情况下,无明显诱因出现上腹痛,且持续性胀痛,初始尚可忍受,至次日晨加重,并出现左腰背放射性痛,进食后加重。遂急送当地医院诊治(具体资料不详),腹痛不能缓解,故急送我院急诊内科。患者自发病以来精神欠佳,睡眠极差,近两天未进食水,小便偏少,大便未排,体力下降。既往无特殊病史。

体格检查:T:37.2℃,P:110次/分,R:20次/分,BP:120/80mmHg。神志清,营养中等,精神差,自主体位,急性面容,面部无红斑,眼睑无水肿。皮肤、巩膜无黄染和出血点,全身各浅表淋巴结未触及肿大,口唇无发绀,口腔黏膜无溃疡。瞳孔等大等圆,对光反射正常,咽无充血,双侧扁桃体无肿大,颈无抵抗感。心肺查体无明显异常。腹平,腹肌稍紧张,剑突下压痛明显,无反跳痛,肝脾肋下未触及,肝区无叩击痛,Murphy’s征阴性,肾区无叩击痛,肠鸣音减弱。生理反射存在,病理反射未引出。实验室检查:血常规:WBC:27.9×109/L,N:0.88,L:0.10,Hb:117g/L,Plt:88×109/L;ESR:63mm/h;尿常规:RBC(+),WBC(-),Pro(+),比重:1.030,pH:5.5,尿糖(+);尿淀粉酶:5417IU/L;粪常规正常;血清生化显示:ALT:68U/L,AST:101U/L,TP:59.2g/L,ALB:34.9g/L,Pre-ALB:62mg/L,TB:17.2umol/L,DB:2.80umol/L,ALP:39U/L,r-GT:6U/L,TCH:3.22mmol/L,LDH:838U/L,K+:4.79mmol/L,Na+:133.4mmol/L,Cl-:94.0mmol/L,Ca2+:1.65mmol/L,Mg2+:0.92mmol/L,BUN:18.14mmol/L,Scr:110.40umol/L,UA:470.1umol/L,Glu:12.69mmol/L,HCO32-:18.80mmol/L,AMs:1147.0IU/L。胸部X线显示:双肺纹理增粗,考虑感染;心电图显示:窦性心动过速;腹部B超显示:胰腺体积增大,局部液体积聚,建议CT检查;腹部平片:肠腔气体积聚,余无明显异常。

(1)根据现病史,请学生学习和思考:①引起腹痛的常见原因有哪些?②该患者上腹痛的病因可能是什么?③上腹痛的诊断思路是什么?④为了进一步明确诊断,还需要做哪些检查?⑤作为急诊内科医生,需要给患者进行哪些治疗?

(2)根据体格检查和实验室检查结果,请学习并思考:①患者目前的诊断是什么?诊断依据有哪些?②该病的常见病因有哪些?③该病要和哪些疾病相鉴别?④该病的治疗原则是什么?⑤作为住院部接诊医生,如何开出治疗患者的临时医嘱?⑥该患者在治疗过程中还有哪些问题需要特别注意?案例2:案例1中患者李某入院后的病情汇总如下。

病情发展:患者入院12小时出现神志不清,极度烦躁,胡言乱语;呼吸困难;无尿。体格检查:T:38.5℃,P:140次/分,R:38次/分,BP:130/70mmHg。神志不清,口唇发绀,瞳孔等大等圆,对光反射正常。双肺呼吸音粗,布满干音、痰鸣音,双肺底有湿音,心率140次/分,律齐。肠鸣音消失,余腹部查体不合作。实验室检查:血常规:WBC:28.9×109/L,N:0.89,L:0.10,Hb:117g/L,Plt:68×109/L;尿常规:RBC(+),WBC(-),Pro(+),比重:1.030,pH:5.5,尿糖(+);尿淀粉酶5417IU/L;粪常规正常;血清生化显示:ALT:66U/L,AST:111U/L,TP:59.2g/L,ALB:34.9g/L,Pre-ALB:62mg/L,TB:17.2umol/L,DB:2.80umol/L,ALP:39U/L,r-GT:6U/L,TCH:3.22mmol/L,LDH:838U/L,K+:5.79mmoL/L,Na+:133.4mmol/L,Cl-:94.0mmol/L,Ca2+:1.55mmol/L,Mg2+:0.92mmoL/L,BUN:31.14mmol/L,Scr:340.40umol/L,UA:510.1umol/L,Glu:21.69mmol/L,HCO32-:16.80mmol/L;血气分析:pH:7.31,PaO2:52.1mmHg,PaCO2:28.3mmHg,BE:8.9mmol/L,SaO2:83%。(1)根据上述信息,请学生学习并思考:①该患者病情发生变化,如何考虑?②试分析该患者出现上述病情变化的原因及机制?③目前的诊断?④目前的处理?(2)通过对案例1、2的分析应达到的目标要求:①掌握腹痛的常见原因;②掌握上腹痛的诊断思路;③掌握急性胰腺炎的病因、分型、诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗;④熟悉多器官功能障碍综合征的诊断和治疗原则;⑤了解重症急性胰腺炎出现多器官功能障碍综合征的病理生理机制。

2.2以疾病为重点

对与外科学、内科学重复的.内容,在急诊医学课程设置中则不再重复,如气胸、急性左心衰、消化道出血等,而对于急危重症所特有的、多发的、常见的疾病则在明确了症状诊疗思路的基础上进行重点讲述、学习。以休克为例,在传统的教学体系中,并无某一门课程系统、详细讲述其病理生理机制、临床表现、诊断及急救措施,而休克又是每一位医生,尤其是急诊医生经常需要面对的,因此对即将进入临床的医学生以急诊的角度对休克进行系统教学是极为必要的。这将使得学生重温休克的病理生理知识,联系内科、外科、妇产科、儿科所学的可能导致休克的疾病,进而明确休克的病因学,最后掌握休克的治疗原则。通过这样的学习,学生的视野将得到极大开阔,不但能将以往学习的知识通过“休克”联系起来,更能将休克的具体治疗方法带入到各专科的临床实践中。

2.3以急救技术为关键

在学习了急诊症状诊疗思路、常见疾病诊疗后,急救技术则是急诊医学的落脚点,也是学习的一个关键点。因此,与传统重理论、轻实践相比,本教学将急救技术放在了极其重要的位置,例如将心肺复苏术、多发伤处置、气道管理(含气管插管、气管切开)、深静脉穿刺等急救技术加入到课程中,提高学生的实践能力,培养学生扎实的临床操作能力。对基本技能的教学,我们以医院的临床技能培训中心为教学场所,采取模拟教学,先由教师讲解、示范,再由学生在模型上训练、掌握,最后设置各类急诊场景对其进行考核[6]。以心肺复苏为例,以往学生通过大课学习了心肺复苏的知识,但由于并未真正掌握心肺复苏的技术,在临床实践中常常表现得手足无措。针对这一实际情况,一方面我们加强了心肺复苏理论课程中对实践操作技能的细节讲述,在重视理论学习的同时提高实践能力的培养;另一方面我们设置了心肺复苏实践课程,充分利用临床学院所拥有的现代多媒体模型,采取小班授课,教师手把手教,学生亲自动手实践。同时,我们科学制订了考核标准,以最新的心肺复苏指南为指导,编写了标准化的考核大纲,让每位学生都能掌握心肺复苏的理论知识和操作技能。

3“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学模式的意义

“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学模式指的是在急诊医学教学中,以症状为纲,形成急诊医学的诊断思路;以疾病为重点,掌握急危重症疾病的诊断治疗方法;以急救技术为关键,掌握常规的急救技能。夯实急危重症的理论基础、培养学生急危重症的诊疗思路、掌握急危重症的急救技能,以适应新时期对急诊医学专科人才培养的需要。同时,“症状-疾病-急救技能”教学模式也符合学生学习的特点,充分体现了“以学生为中心,以教师为主导”的教学理念。综上所述,在急诊医学教学中采用“症状-疾病-急救技能”渐进式教学,以症状、疾病、急救技能为核心,与各专科形成互补。此教学适应现代教学和急诊医学发展的趋势,应用这种模式,不仅能够使医学生快速掌握相关知识点,而且能够培养其学习能力,提高其在处理临床问题时有效运用知识的能力。

参考文献:

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[2]张鸿,代华平.PBL教学法在内科呼吸系统疾病教学查房中的实践与思考[J].中国病案,,11(3):53-54.

[3]唐子人,李春盛.急诊医学教学方法初探[J].中国病案,,14(11):65-67.

[4]王长远,秦俭.加强急诊医师综合素质培养[J].中国误诊学杂志,,9(4):757.

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[6]向强,刘明华,文亮.急诊医学临床教学的思路和模式探讨[J].基础医学教育,2014,16(1):50-52.

篇6:预防医学教学实验室安全管理经典论文

预防医学教学实验室安全管理经典论文

一、预防医学教学实验室管理中的安全隐患分析

1.安全培训不够到位。虽然,学院组织过多次消防安全和生物安全知识讲座,任课教师和实验教师也有较高的安全意识和安全技术水平,但所具备的安全知识还不全面,在实验课的具体授课过程中难免发生一些纰漏。同时,因招生规模的扩大、专业的增加以及任课教师不足等原因,各学系常常安排研究生代上实验课,而大部分研究生只接受过一次针对科研实验开展的安全培训,在实验授课过程中容易忽视各种安全隐患。

2.未对事故应急预案进行实地演练。预防医学实验中心在成立伊始就已有针对性地制定了事故应急预案,但并未根据事故应急预案进行实地演练。虽然实验教师都了解在事故发生情况下自己的职责和行动步骤,但缺乏事故应急预案的实地演练无疑是纸上谈兵。

3.实验室安全监管制度不严、执行力度不强。大部分高校实验室缺乏污染物处理设施,缺少专业部门对废液进行统一回收、管理和后续处理。未经严格处理的成分复杂、毒性较大的废液,如果直接排放或只简单稀释后就直接排入下水管道,毒性物质会逐渐累积,造成的污染是非常严重的。教学实验时还存在本科生未将解剖完的小白鼠尸体与脏器放入指定的垃圾桶进行统一处理,而直接丢入普通垃圾桶的现象,这种不规范随意丢弃生物源废弃物的行为会造成环境的污染。

二、预防医学教学实验室安全管理工作的改进措施

通过分析预防医学教学实验室管理过程中存在的主要安全隐患,笔者拟结合预防医学教学实验室管理过程中的经验,提出以下几点实验室安全管理的具体改进措施,以期提高和完善预防医学教学实验室的安全管理工作,尽可能地降低安全风险。

(一)加强化学试剂、生物样品和废弃物的安全管理

预防医学教学实验需要使用大量的化学试剂、实验动物和微生物,其中包括各种强腐蚀性、易燃、易制毒化学危险品,因此化学试剂、生物样品和实验废弃物的安全管理至关重要。

1.化学试剂和生物样品的贮存。危险化学品储存场所应根据国家相关规定安装通风系统。对于化学品储存应依照各种化学品的种类、性能分开存放,对化学性质相抵触的化学试剂要严格分类贮存,各种腐蚀性化学试剂应存放在试剂架的最底层。试剂储存室必须指定专人专管,确保储藏室入门钥匙双人双锁并妥善保管,储存室要根据条件安装防盗监控和火灾报警系统,配备相应的消防灭火设备。

2.化学试剂的安全使用。任课教师和实验教师应清楚地了解实验课所涉及的所有化学试剂的化学特性和防范措施,并悉心指导实验人员。易燃、易爆和易挥发的化学品应在有安全防护的通风橱中使用,并采取必要的劳动保护和安全防护用具,以确保实验过程的安全。实验准备室内仅允许存放少量无毒或低毒的化学试剂和有机溶剂,任何化学试剂均应严格按实验室的规定,两名管理人员同时在场方可领取,并做好出入库登记和详细的领用记录(领用时间、领用剂量、使用方向、领用人、剩余试剂去处等)。对于易燃、易爆、易制毒和腐蚀性的化学危险品应现用现领,使用剩余部分禁止随意存放,必须及时登记与退还试剂储备室,妥善保管安置。

3.化学废弃物与生物源废弃物的处理。实验室废弃物的处理应严格遵守《环境保护法》《水污染防治法》等法律法规,对于剧毒化学危险品的残余物必须作无害化处理,并由专人负责监督和管理。废弃化学危险物品的处置和销毁应上报并征得学校实验室管理部门同意后,请具备资质的单位进行处理。动物尸体和脏器等生物源废弃物应统一放入指定的冷冻设备中等待下一步的统一处理,而微生物类废弃物应进行严格的消毒灭菌处理。

(二)加强实验仪器使用培训和管理

预防医学教学实验室仪器种类繁多,涉及环境卫生、劳动卫生、毒理学、营养卫生学等等,需要实验管理人员加强仪器的管理,保证实验人员正确并安全地使用仪器。

1.编写培训讲义。实验教师应结合预防医学教学实验室的特点有针对性地编写各种仪器的培训讲义,具体内容应包括仪器原理、仪器应用范围、仪器基本结构、仪器操作参数设置、仪器使用操作具体步骤、仪器使用注意事项等等。

2.仪器操作培训。全体实验人员在使用仪器前必须由任课教师统一进行仪器使用培训,实验课任课教师应详尽地讲解仪器的基本原理,具体功能、使用方法和注意事项,并要求每位同学在教师指导下进行实际操作。

3.仪器的日常维护。加强实验室仪器、设备和设施的日常维护和保养,确保其能够正常运行是实验工作顺利开展的.前提,不仅保证了实验结果的准确、可靠,更是实验室安全运行必不可少的重要一环。要做好实验仪器的日常维护工作,除了定期校准外还应时常除尘保养,并做好水、电和燃气管路的定期检查,发现松脱、老化以及损坏应及时维修或更换。

(三)利用现代科技改善实验室安全管理

实验室要充分利用现代科学技术进行安全状况的实时监控。当发生火灾等安全事故时,需要有先进的技术手段(安装热感应探头和烟雾报警系统)及时发现事故并发出警报。此外,开放性实验室的建立意味着本科生在实验室内进行创新实验的时间增加,而实验室不可能一直有人在现场照看。因此,应采用网络摄像监控的形式对预防医学教学实验室安全状况和实验过程进行实时动态监控。

(四)健全实验室管理制度,落实责任

实验室的安全运行必须建立健全各种规章制度予以保障。例如:实验教学的防火和安全检查、危险化学试剂的安全使用、大型精密仪器安全使用与管理、仪器设备的损坏赔偿、废弃物的安全排放、气瓶的安全管理等,都需要制定合理和规范的规章制度为本科教学实验的安全运行提供制度保障。除了制度保障外,还应建立和健全以预防医学教学实验室为基本单位的安全管理机制,制定实验室安全操作指南和实验人员在实验室的行为准则,并明确安全第一责任人。

(五)进一步加强安全培训,进行应急预案的实地演练

要做好预防医学教学实验室的安全管理工作,必须努力提升实验人员的安全意识和安全素质,促使实验室管理专业化和规范化。

1.提高安全意识,深化安全教育。科研人员的安全意识和安全技术水平的高低,很大程度取决于安全教育培训。对于实验课任课教师、实验教师以及学生来说,只有不断地强调安全工作的重要性,进行系统的安全教育,进一步普及安全防护知识,增强安全防范意识,提高安全技能水平,才能减少事故的发生。因此安全培训是实验室安全管理中极其重要的组成部分。

2.进行事故应急实地演练。预防医学实验中心应每年定期举办一次全员参加的消防应急逃生演练。实验课任课教师和实验教师要熟悉事故应急预案的内容,应具备一定的初期灭火指挥和应急疏散能力,提高灾害性事故发生时紧急应变能力。火场危机常给实验人员带来震撼性、突发性和危险性,不仅干扰实验人员的正常思维,还可能干扰实验人员正常的行为,因此在事故应急演练中应理论结合实际,对实验人员进行一定的心理健康教育。

(六)定期检查维护,消除安全隐患

实验室应每日安排值班人员,坚持日常安全检查和检查登记制度,对实验室的安全情况进行定期的巡查,实验室负责人应不定期地对实验室的仪器设备和安全状况进行抽查,发现问题立即整改。各类危险化学试剂、高压气体钢瓶等重点防范对象的管理要指定专人专管,及时发现和排除存在的各种安全隐患,将可能出现的事故消除在萌芽状态,确保各项安全防范措施落到实处。

篇7:中医院校预防医学教学教育改革论文

摘要:十二五规划初期,是我国经济快速、健康发展的重要时期,也是我国高等教育快速、健康发展的关键时期,高等学校不论从管理上,还是教学过程中必须贯穿与时俱进、更新观念、创新制度、深化改革、努力提高人才培养质量的方针,只有这样,高校才能得到更好的发展。

在这个既是契机又是挑战的今天,中医院校的预防医学专业也同样面临着许多契机和挑战,我们只有敏锐地抓住契机,勇敢地迎接挑战,才能让我们的学科培养出具有“创新精神”和“实践能力”的高素质人才。

关键词:中医特色 预防医学 教学改革

一、加强教学基本建设

1.加强专业建设

专业建设是每一学科基本的教学条件之一。

尤其是中医院校开设的预防医学专业,在专业方向上存在着很大的优势,因为深厚的中医学理论与预防医学专业存在着天然的结合点,中医在早期就提出中医治未病的成熟理论,这就使中医院校的预防医学专业就业方向更灵活,专业口径更宽阔。

因此,探索建立交叉学科专业,实施人才培养模式多样化的教学实践是中医院校预防医学发展的重要方向。

2.加强教师队伍建设

教师是高等学校教学活动的主导,师资队伍建设是提高高校教学水平、科研水平和人才培养质量的基本保证。

针对中医院校预防医学专业属于初期发展阶段,师资队伍比较薄弱的特征,教师队伍建设应以引进和培养有资历、有经验、有科研能力的学科带头人为首要,以培养、稳定骨干教师队伍为重点,以提高人才培养质量为目标,建立一支数量够、素质高,结构合理、业务优良、治学严谨、相对稳定的教师队伍。

同时,根据自身实际,制定向预防医学专业教师倾斜的分配制度和管理机制,确保专业教师队伍的数量和质量。

3.加强课程和教材建设

随着国家对社区建设的逐步重视,投入的进一步加大,预防医学专业学生毕业后更多的将走向社区工作,因此,为突出中医院校预防医学专业的特色,修订适于中医院校该专业发展的教学培养方案,如将中医基础理论、针灸、推拿等中医特色学科融入预防专业的学习中,让学生毕业后在社区工作中技能更多,能力更强。

同时,为了宣传、突出预防医学的特点,开展优质课程、精品课程建设是推动课程建设的有效形式。

建立中医特色的预防医学“五大卫生”的教学梯队,严格主讲教师岗位资格,严把教学质量关。

教材的'质量直接体现着高等教育和科学研究的发展水平,也直接影响到人才培养的质量。

因此,我们必须重视教材建设。

要突出中医院校的预防医学特点,可能在教材建设上还存在着学生无教材或无统一教材可参考的现实,因此,组织教学团队,编写适用于预防医学中医特色学科的教材是主要任务之一。

同时,我们应吸收科学技术和社会发展的最新成果,不能滞后于现代预防医学的发展,应紧跟全国西医院校预防医学的大发展,并突出中医特色。

4.加强实践教学

实践教学对于提高学生的综合素质、培养学生的创新精神和实践能力具有特殊作用,必须予以高度重视。

要建立和完善教学、科研、生产相结合的多功能实验室和校内外实习基地,充实专业课实验室设备,改善实验教学条件,积极开展学科具代表性的实践教学内容。

同时,探索中医、中药与预防医学结合的实验教学内容,多开设综合性、设计性实验。

5.加强毕业实习、毕业论文建设

毕业论文是预防医学专业考核的一项重要指标,是学生综合素质和科研能力的一项主要表现形式。

论文写作的好与坏,直接反映了学生在学校、医院、疾控和监督所所学基本功是否扎实及科研能力的强弱,也是实践教学活动的重要形式,必须加强管理,确保质量。

从实验的选题、开题、实施及统计分析都应严格按照专业要求来做,不能与临床医学生要求一样,因为,我们着眼的是整个人群的监控和环境,并最好能突出中医特色。

二、加强专业教风与学风建设

教风建设是建设良好学风的基础。

教师应当模范遵守教师职业道德规范,做到为人师表、教书育人、严谨治学,为学生树立典范。

学风建设是要帮助学生明确学习目的,端正学习态度,改进学习方法,形成良好的学习风气和学习习惯。

考风考纪是学风建设的重要内容之一,要加强考风建设,采取得力措施,严格考试纪律,杜绝考试舞弊现象。

总之,教育质量是学院的生命线,是高校赖以生存的根本。

学生的质量,直接影响到学校的招生、就业、社会声誉和经济效益。

学生的质量主要体现在四个方面:一是外语水平。

学生运用外语的阅读能力、听说交流能力,大学英语四、六级考试通过率等,都是专业教师在日常学习中指导学生的方向。

二是信息处理能力。

包括学校是否开设了计算机公共课,学生使用计算机和互联网的能力,以及计算机等级考试通过率,专业学生是否熟练掌握相关专业软件,如营养与食品卫生的计算器,流行病与统计学的SPSS等相关软件。

三是科技创新能力。

中医特色的预防医学药兼顾中医和预防两个方向,因此,平时学生参与科研活动,将中医基础与预防疾病有机结合,对写出高质量的毕业论文、科技论文都很有帮助,也为大学生进一步从事科学研究开阔了口径。

四是融入社会的能力。

作为预防专业的学生,工作对象是整个人群,因此,将坚实的课堂知识和工作特点有机结合起来,是我们中医院校预防专业学生平时培养的重要能力。

对中医院校的预防医学专业,要逐步凸显特色,深化教学改革,提高人才培养质量,还需要领导的重视,增加教学投入,改进人才培养模式。

同时,学生也应根据社会主义市场经济发展的需要,全面培养自己的能力,将自己的专业特色体现到社会当中去。

参考文献:

[1]朱惠莲,洪微,张作文.我国预防医学研究面临的机遇与挑战[J].生命科学,,(01).

[2]孙涛.中医治未病[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,.

[3]王宏.预防医学专业高级人才素质分析[J].中国公共卫生,,(08).

[4]钟贵良,梁维君,刘爱忠,杨光凡.新的公共卫生形势下深化流行病学课程教学改革的实践[J].湖南师范大学学报(医学版),2005,(03).

[5]王蓓.提高预防医学专业流行病学教学质量的实践与思考[J].西北医学教育,,(04).

[6]周绍聪.预防医学发展趋势[J].浙江预防医学,,2(1).

[7]于咏梅,谢雅静,韩志新.[J].职业与健康,,(07).

篇8:临床医学专科预防医学教学调查论文

临床医学专科预防医学教学调查论文

摘要:目的了解临床医学专科预防医学教学现状,为该课程教学改革提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取某专科院校临床医学专业3个自然班164名学生作为研究对象,利用自制问卷调查学生对预防医学的认知状况与学习态度以及对教师教学行为的评价,并分析影响其学习效果的因素。结果影响学生学习效果的因素依次为:学习动机不足、课程难度系数较大、教学过程趣味性不够、与专业联系不紧密、案例使用较少等。结论预防医学教学中,应合理安排教学内容,强化教学与实际的联系,激发学生学习兴趣和学习动机,提高教学效果。

关键词:临床医学;预防医学;教学效果

预防医学是现代医学的重要组成部分,也是我国高等医学教育的重要课程之一[1]。保证课堂教学效果,帮助学生树立“大卫生观”,掌握预防医学基本知识,是提高人才培养质量的关键。国内很多一线教师致力于预防医学教学改革研究,也尝试将新的教学方法,如案例教学法、以团队为基础的教学法等运用到教学实践中,但收效不大[2]。笔者认为教与学是相辅相成的,故本研究采用调查法,在课程结束后了解临床医学专科生对预防医学的认识与学习态度以及对教师教学行为的评价,并加以分析,以期从学生角度探讨适合当代大学生的教学方法、教学设计,从而提高教学效果。

1对象与方法

1.1对象

采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取某专科院校临床医学专业3个自然班164名学生作为研究对象。

1.2方法

1.2.1资料收集

采用自行设计的问卷进行调查。问卷内容包括人口学特征、对预防医学的认知与学习态度、对教师教学行为的评价、影响学习效果的因素等。由教师集中讲解填写要求,学生独立填写,并当场回收。为保证调查质量,控制问卷填写时间(不超过15分钟)。

1.2.2统计分析

运用Epidata3.1软件进行资料录入,并对数据仔细校对。采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行统计分析。

2结果

2.1人口学特征

发放问卷164份,回收有效问卷164份,有效回收率100.0%。男生62人,占37.8%,女生102人,占62.2%,平均年龄(19.58±0.36)岁。

2.2学生对预防医学的认知状况及学习态度

2.2.1学生对预防医学的认知状况调查结果显示,56.7%的学生认为学习预防医学有用,43.3%的学生则认为很少用或无用。对于预防医学课程主要内容,75.0%的学生认为环境卫生内容有用,90.2%的学生认为营养与食品内容有用,

2.2.2学生对预防医学的学习态度调查发现,62.2%的学生学习兴趣强,14.0%的学生无兴趣,2.2.3学生对教师教学行为的评价调查结果表明,55.5%的学生认为板书教学有必要,79.9%的学生认为PPT教学有必要,95.1%的学生认为增加实验课程有必要,93.9%的`学生认为增加平时作业有必要

2.3影响预防医学学习效果的因素调查结果显示,影响学生预防医学学习效果的因素依次为:学习动机不足(52.4%)、课程难度系数较大(50.5%)、教学过程趣味性不够(47.2%)、与专业联系不紧密(45.0%)、案例使用较少(33.8%)。另外,学生认为影响本课程学习效果的因素还包括专业课程任务繁重、课时安排偏少、课堂人数偏多等.

3讨论

3.1适当调整教学内容,满足教学需要预防医学是一门综合性学科,涵盖内容较多,而现有学时安排较少,导致教师课堂教学压力较大,学生学习负荷较重,不利于保证学习效果、激发学生学习积极性。因此,适当增加学时数十分必要。此外,本课程内容较枯燥,学习难度较大,这也是影响学生学习效果的重要因素。因此,可围绕教学大纲要求,结合学生需要和特点,筛选重要知识点,突出实际应用,在一定程度上降低学习难度。另外,调查发现,绝大部分学生认为环境卫生、营养与食品内容有用,职业与劳动卫生、卫生统计和流行病内容无用。鉴于此,笔者认为可考虑调整教学内容顺序,将学生认为有用的、愿意学习的内容和其他内容穿插教学,激发学生学习动力。

3.2注重趣味教学,激发学习动机研究发现,绝大部分学生学习动机不足,而这也是影响学生学习效果的重要因素。学习动机是激发个体从事学习活动或维持已有学习活动,并使行为朝向一定学习目标的一种内在过程或内部心理状态[3]。学习动机能够促进学习活动,影响学习进程及学业表现[4]。实践证明,教学内容趣味性较强时,学生学习动机较强,听课效率更高。

根据预防医学课程内容特点,可以从下几方面增加教学趣味性:

(1)设计趣味性、生活化案例。比如学习职业与劳动卫生内容时,可搜集现实生活中影响较大的事件进行课堂讨论,激发学生学习热情。

(2)播放视频。如学习环境卫生内容时,可选择环境保护的宣传片、环境污染导致的灾难视频等,培养学生环保意识,激发学习动机。

(3)进行动画设计。如学习卫生统计内容时,可尝试设计动画游戏以及动态图形,让学生在玩中学、乐中学。

3.3合理选择教学手段,提高教学效果调查发现,支持板书教学和PPT教学的学生占比较高,表明这两种教学方法在预防医学教学中有一定适用性,但PPT较板书更生动,故学生更倾向于此种方法。应根据不同教学内容选择教学方法。比如学习环境卫生内容时,为加深学生感官认识,可利用PPT播放图片或影像资料;学习统计学部分内容时,由于假设检验的步骤性较强,内容重要,如用PPT讲解,播放速度太快,不利于学生掌握,可用板书讲解,降低讲授速度,更利于教学效果的提高。综上所述,结合学生对预防医学的认识和学习态度以及对教师教学行为的评价,以符合学生特点为宗旨,以展现课程魅力为目的,合理进行课程设置,恰当选择教学方法和教学手段,在一定程度上有利于提升教学效果,提高教学质量。

参考文献:

[1]陈玉娟,黄月娥,陈柏锋,等.临床医学本科生《预防医学》课教学现状调查及分析[J].中国医学教育技术,,29(1):99-103.

[2]秦华,李慧.双向即时教学反馈法在高职预防医学课程教学中的应用初探[J].卫生职业教育,2015,33(16):111-112.

[3]田青,闫清伟.内地高校藏族与汉族大学生学习动机的比较[J].中华行为医学与脑科学杂志,2015,24(6):556-559.

篇9:学校医学专业预防医学实践教学初探论文

学校医学专业预防医学实践教学初探论文

学校医学专业(三年制)是为适应各级各类学校(主要是初、高级和中等专业学校)的学生及教职工医疗保健的需要而设置的一种专业,80年代初国内几所高等医学院校开始试办该专业,经过几年的实践与探索,国家教委于1990年5月正式将学校医学专业列入普通高等学校医药专科基本专业目录中(属临床医学及医学技术类)。我院自1987年开始招收学校医学专业,至今已毕业五届学生。几年来我们连续承担了该专业预防医学的理论教学和实践教学指导工作。为适应医学模式的转变和实现“人人享有卫生保健”战略目标的需要,我们在教学过程中结合本专业特点和培养目标,就如何加强预防战略教育,坚持“教学一科研一服务”相结合的教学方法做了些初步探索。

1.重视预防医学基础理论教育,并在教学中突出其专业特点

近年来,国内有关在医学教育中加强预防战略教育的呼声甚高,对此国家主管医学教育的政府机构和学术团体都十分重视加强预防战略教育的问题,曾多次召开专题学术研讨会研究对策。我们认为,加强预防战略教育应贯穿于医学教育的.全过程,既体现在理论教育上,又充实于现场实践中,非预防专业预防医学基础理论教育应体现其专业特点。对学校医学专业,国家教委在《普通高等学校医药专科基本规范》中明确规定了该专业的业务培养目标、培养要求和主要分配去向。根据《规范》要求,我们认为该专业预防医学的理论教育应突出以下内容:①加强方法学教学,主要是医学统计学和流行病学方法,使其熟练掌握群体健康状况的研究方法和技能,为开展学校卫生工作打下坚实基础。②加强预防保健策略和措施教育。初级卫生保健是实现“20人人享有卫生保健”目标的关键,学校卫生室作为基层医疗卫生机构,直接担负学校这一特殊人群的卫生保健和医疗服务工作,通过教育使其加深对初级卫生保健的认识,熟练掌握初级卫生保健的内容、实施步骤与要求,并增强其职业责任感和使命感。③重视学校健康教育,包括熟练掌握学校健康教育的基本内容(如青少年常见病防治,如何培养良好的卫生习惯、行为习惯、青春期教育及心理卫生教育等)、一般技能、方法和效果评价方法等,其中部分知识和技能可与其它专业课(如学校卫生学、教育学)结合起来培养。基于上述认识,我们在学校医学专业预防医学理论教学中有的放矢地突出重点内容,为下一步实践教学打下了良好的基础。

2.加强预防医学实践教学,坚持“教学一科研一服务”相结合的教学方法

医学是实践性极强的学科,正如基础医学的教育需有相应的专业实验室,临床医学教育应有相应水平的教学医院一样,预防医学的教育也必需有其实践场所。因此在城市或农村建立预防医学教学基地,加强预防医学实践教学,是医学教育中加强预防战略教育的需要,也是非预防专业预防医学教学改革的需要。实践证明,这种做法对加强临床医学专业预防医学教育起到了积极推动作用,但对学校医学专业如何开展预防医学实践教学探讨的不多。我们在教学中坚持了“教学一科研一服务”相结合的教学方法,并正确处理好三者间的关系,取得了较好效果。

①在“教学一科研一服务”相结合的问题上,坚持教学和科研应眼务于社会和人群健康的需要。社会和人群健康的需要来源于社会调査,为此我们深入到市区多所中学,了解学校卫生工作现状及需求情况,初步拟定出有待研究的课题。其中有些问题出乎我们预料,如调査发现,不仅青少年生长发育和常见病防治(如龋齿、视力低下、脊柱弯曲等)是学校卫生工作需要常规研究的课题,而且校方还提出了诸如青春期健康教育、青少年不良行为干预(如吸烟、饮酒)等方面的研究课题。初步调査使我们在教学内容和科研选题方面开阔了视野,并在几年的实际工作中对本市青少年健康和行为方面的问题进行了系列研究。系列研究的专题包括:青少年血压及影响因素分析;初中学生视力低下及影响因素调査;初中学生龋齿及口腔卫生习惯调査;中学生吸烟行为及影响因素调査;初中学生性生理及性心理状况调査等。对调査中发现的患者(如龋齿、视力低下)及时给予矫治或建议治疗,并把研究成果及建议反馈给学校,用于指导青少年常见病防治及不良行为干预。如在调査研究的基础上,我们先后就如何预防青少年高血压、龋齿、近视及如何控制青少年吸烟等问题向校方提出过建议,这些建议深受老师和学生家长的欢迎,有的学校主动提出与我们建立固定联系,协助他们做好学校卫生工作。

②周密安排实践教学全过程,注重学生实际工作能力培养。根据现行教学计划,学校医学专业的实践仅2周半,这期间除完成一项专题调査外,还需讲授一堂卫生保健课。要使短暂的实践教学获得最佳效果,带教老师必须事先做好充分准备,组织协调好专题调査的每一环节,使学生有充分实践的机会。经过周密安排,多数学生在专题调査结束后都能独立地撰写出具有相当水平和学术价值的调査报告或研究论文,实际工作能力得到锻炼和提高。

3.小结

短短几年间,我们以学校为教学现场,出色地完成了学校医学专业预防医学实践教学任务,学生通过参加学校卫生方面的专题调査工作,进一步巩固了专业思想,加深了对初级卫生保健和学校健康教育在预防疾病和促进青少年健康方面所起作用的理解。同时通过我们的系列调査研究,既推动了本市中学学校卫生工作的开展,也促使我们在学校卫生方面开展了多项科研工作,至今已有数篇专题调査报告或论文先后在中华预防医学会系列杂志上发表交流,有的论文还在全省优秀

篇10:英语语法教学的趣味性论文

英语语法教学的趣味性论文

[Abstract]Grammar, as a set of rules for choosing words and putting words together to make sense, plays a significant role in language teaching. It is difficult for students to speak English without learning English grammar. However, the traditional teaching methods are so boring that modern language teaching tends to neglect grammar. There have been more and more teaching theories and teaching methods at present. In this paper, some features and rules of grammar teaching have been generalized. Besides, several teaching modes have been introduced and discussed to make students more active in the class and to enhance communicative activities between the teacher and students, so as to make abstract grammar teaching more vivid and interesting.

[Key words]English grammar teaching; teaching methodology; delights

[摘 要]语法在英语教学中占有重要地位,没有语法规则的监控和修饰,学生很难成为地道的英语使用者。机械地沿用以教师为中心的传统方法进行教学使语法教学抽象枯燥。目前又出现了各种各样的教学理论和教学方法。本文总结了语法课堂教学的`特征和规则,提出了几种基本教学方法以便更好地发挥学生的主动性,增强师生间的交互式教学活动,使抽象的语法教学形象活泼。从而使语法教学更好地服务于英语教学的最终目的---培养学生的语言交际能力。

[关键词]英语语法教学;教学法;趣味性

1. Introduction

Grammar is a set of rules for choosing words and putting words together to make sense. Every language has a set of grammar rules. It has been held that if a language is a building, the words are the building bricks and the grammar is the architect’s plan. Without a plan, there would not be any building. However, with the growing popularity of the communicative language teaching approach, grammar is more and more neglected and grammar teaching is regarded as inherently “dull” or “old-fashioned”. Some teachers are even going to extremes by avoiding talking about grammar under the supposition that grammar teaching do no good to students’ communicative competence. As a consequence, the grammatical knowledge is not timely consolidated, internalized and converted into a practical ability. There are some problems in grammar teaching, which are generalized as “five emphases” and “five neglects”, [1] that is: emphasizing instilling knowledge while neglecting practicing skills; emphasizing explaining in detail while neglecting exercising; emphasizing written exercises while neglecting oral practices; emphasizing the analyses of grammar while neglecting the usage of grammar; emphasizing the mastery of rules while neglecting knowing examples. It is because of these problems and difficulties that grammar teaching is so boring for both teachers and students.

2. Features of English grammar teaching

There are some features of grammar teaching in the class which is worth noticing.[2]

2.1 Activeness and interest

Grammar teaching should fit the students’ age, the class situation, and the content of teaching materials.

1) Try to satisfy the students’ desire of success. For instance, according to different levels of the students, teachers can teach them to sing English songs, read some interesting stories to them or talk about children’s programs with them.

2) In termsof “3-s” which is surprise, suspension and satisfaction, teachers can advance some enlightening questions to satisfy the students’ curiosity and to arouse their interest.

3) Teaching methods should be of variety and flexible.

2.2 Practicality and communicativeness

Listening, speaking, reading and writing should be developed harmoniously.

1) Emphasize communicative usage, such as doing duty report, two minutes’ talk, free chat between students and the teacher, and so on.

2) Insist on elaborate explaining and doing more exercises, which requires the teacher to give two thirds to three fourths of the class time to do exercises that should be designed according to the difficulty gradation, and according to their purposes.

2.3 Consolidation and development

Try to avoid forgetting and try to consolidate the knowledge gradually. In other words, teaching materials should be arranged systematically and organizationally. The teacher should try to connect new knowledge with the old ones, increase repetition and enhance exercises to enhance positive transference and help students grasp knowledge and train their practical skill. In a word, such features make grammar teaching particular and important.

3. Principles of English grammar teaching

In order to teach grammar successfully, the following principles should be paid attention to and obeyed. The following principles should be showed in the class.[3]

3.1 Motivation principle

Motive is the assurance of all teaching activities, including grammar teaching. Nowadays, since more and more students are not interested in grammar, it is more and more significant to motivate students. There are six points altogether in this principle.

1) Choose the topic that suits the students’ age, cognition and language learning.

2) Create the proper situation, and try to offer some ocular objects, such as pictures and slides.

3) Make grammar exercises open ended in answers which allow students to talk freely and arouse their interest.

4) Form and meaning are combined. Meaning should be the core of exercises, which can be designed with an information gap to let students join in and get what they want to know.

5) Personality should be embodied fully, which help students to carry on the real exchange.

6) The activities should be more challenging and make students moderately nervous, thus students will get the joy of success.

3.2 Efficiency principle

It is made up of six points as well.

1) The aim of the grammar teaching activities should be clear.

2) Try to increase students’ participation in pair work or group work.

3) Make sure the efficiency of practices, which means to make sure students are able to use the new grammar rules properly and make them have a sense of success and satisfaction after the teacher correcting their faults.

4) Increase the kinds of activities. The variety of activities is the condiment of the studying and teaching. Sincethere are students of different levels, the activities in the class should be different.

5) Preparation before exercises requires that there must be presentation and explanation. After students have a clear idea about the taught grammar rule, they can enter into grammar practicing.

6) Class evaluation. There is a grammar test at the end of the class.

3.3 Variety principle

The vitality of teaching activities in the class lies in the changing of teaching activities. The teacher should create fertile activities in terms of students’ situation.

3.4 Majority principle

It shows that teaching should fit every student. So implicit teaching and dominant teaching, inductive method and deductive method, controlling, semi-controlling and communicative practice should be united.

3.5 Procedure principle

This tells that teaching should follow the procedure of presenting, explaining and developing, otherwise, its effect will be damaged.

3.6 Communicative principle

Language serves communication, and the real language ability is developed in the process of communicating. So communication should also be embodied in grammar teaching.

3.7 Diversity principle

Language ability is the basis of communicative ability. And learning grammar is not the aim but the way of learning language. Teaching does not mean just teaching grammar, neither does language learning.

In a word, with the new curricular reform, the aim of grammar teaching also changes. Grammar teaching is aimed to stress the marrow of grammar by nimble teaching designs, and to make grammar class alive through creating fertile situations, thus to help students transfer the isolated and scrap language points to apply language quickly. So the new or useful methodologies should fit the features, suit the principles and display the aim.

4. Methods of English grammar teaching

According to the differences of methods of introducing the structure, there are implicit ways, such as the inductive method, and explicit ways, such as the deductive method. According to the differences of teaching aims, there are communicative approach, situational method and task-based method, which are aimed at developing students’ communicative ability. And all these methods can be adopted to make grammar teaching vivid and interesting.

4.1 The inductive method

In the inductive method, the teacher induces students to realize grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation. It is believed that the rules will become evident if students are given enough appropriate examples.

For instance, the teacher wants to introduce comparative adjectives to a class of low-level students, she first shows a picture of a tall, thin girl labeled Mary, saying “Mary is tall”. She shows a second picture of an even taller, thinner girl labeled Ann, saying “Ann is tall”. The teacher then puts the two pictures side by side with each other and says: “Mary is tall and Ann is tall, too. But Annis taller than Mary”. The teacher can do the same for “thin” and introduce more pictures, or objects and adjectives: long, short, big, small and so on. After several examples, students will understand the structure of the comparative adjectives. The target sentence is “Ann is taller than Mary”. Then students produce more sentences using the pattern “X is …-er than Y”.[4] The teacher may check whether students have grasped the meaning of the structure by asking some conceptual questions, then give them further practices.

In order to present the two forms “this is” and “these are”, the teacher will first hold up a book, saying “This is a book.” He or She will do the same showing other objects. Then the teacher holds up several books and says “These are books.” After several similar examples, it is hoped students will understand “these are” is used with plural forms of nouns. Then students are invited to apply the newly learned structure to produce sentences with given visual aids or verbal prompts. The teacher tries to say nothing except to correct when necessary. Then the teacher may elicit the grammar rule from the students.[5]

4.2 The deductive method

The deductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing. In the deductive classroom, the teacher gives a grammatical explanation or rule first, and then ask them to use the rule to do a set of exercises in order to understand the grammatical point and help them master the language item. One possible way of delivering such a lesson is as follows:[6]

(a) Present the structure and explain the “rule” in a way that involves the students.

(b) Write up the language structure.

(c) Set up some activities so that the students can practice the language structure in a meaningful context. For example, the teacher may use a role play, a discussion or a piece of writing to consolidate the language structure.

When teaching the structure “used to do”, the teacher firstly presents it on the blackboard and explain its meaning and usage clearly. Then the teacher gives students some examples. After that, he or she invites students to do group work to make sentences using the structure. The group that makes the most examples will be the winner.

Besides when presenting the future tense, the teacher presents the word “will” and do the same as the above. Then he or she can ask students to do a piece of writing to check their understanding. The title may be “my dream”. And read some good writings to the class next day.

4.3 The combination of inductive method and deductive method

Among the methods for teaching grammar, the deductive method and the inductive method have been discussed and adopted most frequently. Obviously, the inductive method is more interesting. It is believed that the inductive method is more effective in which students discover the grammar rules themselves while engaged in language use. This is especially true with grammatical regularities which areeasily perceived, understood and applied. However, it is a good idea to combine both methods, which avoids the bad influences of the traditional infusing method and can motivate students.

Nowadays, the teacher combine the two methods more and more. He or She usually uses the inductive method firstly and then the deductive method, especially when teaching some more difficult grammar points. For example, when teaching the structure “If I were…, I would…”, the teacher may make sentences like this: “If I were a bird, I would be kept in a hutch.” “If I were a millionaire, I would go around the world.”… The more, the better. Then the teacher asks students to find out the similarities of the sentences and encourage them to guess its meaning or features. After that, the teacher can make further explanations on the basis of students’ understanding. And to check if they have grasped the structure, the teacher can invite students to do pair work. The students discuss with their partner and make a dialog. Finally, the teacher asks several pairs to act out and do some comments. Similarly, subjunctive mood can be taught in this way.

4.4 The communicative approach

Communicative approach, which is aimed at developing students’ practical communicative ability, emphasizes how to use the right communicative context in the process of language study, and holds that language study should meet the students’ needs of exchanging and transferring information in their real life and work. So the core of it is “using language to learn and learn to use language”.

In communicative class, students are considered as the main role. The teacher organizes all kinds of real and vivid activities to make teacher-student and student-student exchanges, then help students transfer the grammar knowledge into their skill of applying language.

When teaching the article, the teacher can draw a picture and ask students to describe the picture, on which there is a book on the table, there is a bed in the room, and so on. And the two pictures are of few differences. One of them can ask the following questions: Is there a girl in your picture? Or is there a mirror in it? Also, two students can have different information to exchange. One of them has a picture with “carrot, horse, rose, and tomato” and the other has another picture of “animal, flower, fruit and vegetable”. Then they exchange the information by asking and answering some questions. So they can make a dialogue like this:

A: What is a carrot?

B: It is a vegetable.[7]

Lastly, one student has a picture and he will ask his partner to set the things according to the picture. e.g. Put the pen on the book beside the bag. All these methods can motivate students, and also develop their communicative skills.

The grammar can also be learned and taught in the form of poems or songs. Because such poems or songs are always relaxing, lively and comfortable to read, and are easy to remember. Students can learn and master the pattern “have done” by reading the following songs:

The Beaches of Mexico

Have you ever seen the beaches of Mexico?

Have you ever walked the streets of San Juan?

Have you ever been to Haiti?

[……………………………]

I’ve sure been in pain.

I’ve sure been in love.

I’d do it all again. [8]

After introducing subjunctive mood, the teacher can offer a poem to help students understand the mood as follows:

If All Were One

If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea that would be!

If all the trees were one tree, what a great tree that would be!

If all the axes were one axe, what a great axe that would be!

If all the men were one man, what a great man that would be!

If the great man took the great axe, and cut down the great tree.

And let it fall into the great sea, what a great splash that would be!

It is believed that such kind of teaching would be effective because it would make the class lively and students excited.

Communicative approach requires that the teacher should connect grammar teaching with practice and communication consciously to offer an environment for students to use the grammar through listening, speaking, reading and writing. For example, after introducing the article, the teacher can not only design some blank-filling exercises but also organize the following paragraph:

Once there lived an old woman. She had a very beautiful cat. One day she lost her cat. She looked for it everywhere but couldn’t find it. She was very disappointed. One evening she saw a cat lying by the roadside almost dying. She was very happy and bought it home.[9]

Then the teacher asks students to read the paragraph quickly by themselves and answer the questions as follows:

1) Does the article tell us if the old woman found her own cat?

2) How do you know?

If the students want to understand the paragraph and answer the questions correctly, they must know the meaning of “a”. In this way, the students can master the usage of the article by reading the paragraph, and understand the whole paragraph by knowing the rule of using the article as well, which can help them grasp the usage of the article further.

So from what have been discussed, it is easily found that the communicative approach assumes that the purpose of language teaching is to manipulate the structures of the foreign language and how to use the grammar rules. While teaching grammar, the teacher should try to provide students with many opportunities to use the language for communicative purpose, develop students’ ability to participate in communication through language rather than their perfect mastery of individual structures. By adopting communicative approach, the classroom atmosphere is relaxing and lively. The teacher is no longer dominant but an organizer, helper and participant while students are no longer “ignorant audience” and passive learners, but actively involved in the class. They are not only learning the grammatical rules but also practicing their speaking, listening and reading, thus their communicative ability will be greatly improved.

4.5 The situational method

“Situation” is the occasion where the target language is practiced. The right situation can help students understand and apply language suitably. The teacher should utilize the real environment or create lifelike situation to teach grammar, which includes objects, real language surroundings, postures, non-language ways, multimedia, pictures, examples and so on.

It is believed that the classroom is the most economical and convenient “teaching tool”. There are students, a teacher, doors, windows, walls, blackboards, desks and lights, which have formed a special relationship to be used in grammatical class. For example, when teaching “both” and “neither”, the teacher can ask two boys to stand up and introduce them: This is Li Lei and this is Wang Tao. Li Lei is a boy and Wang Tao is a boy, too. They are both boys. / Both of them are boys. Li Lei isn’t a girl. Wang Tao isn’t a girl, either. Neither of them is a girl. The teacher can write down the sentences that include “both” and “neither” while he or she is introducing, then ask students to guess their meanings and explain them to the students. In this way, students will understand the grammar easily and the teacher will also reach his or her teaching goal quickly.

Some examples also can provide the needed situation. Some language phenomenon can not be explained clearly by native language. So the teacher can design the appropriate situation by some examples, which can help students to understand and digest the knowledge in the context. For instance, when explaining “on time” and “in time”, the teacher can give the following examples:

1) The plane to Guangzhou should leave at 2:30. It took off at 2:30. It took off on time.

2) We arrived home five minutes before the TV program. We arrived home in time to see the program.

These two sentences are clear and direct for students to understand their difference.

Sentences can make a proper situation, so can dialogues and stories. Firstly, let’s take a dialogue for example:

T: Did you go to see the new film “Broken Arrow” yesterday afternoon, S1?

S1: Yes, I saw the film with my classmates.

T: How did you like the film?

S1: Exciting, very exciting. All of us liked it very much.

T: I’m sorry I missed it. If I had had time, I would have gone with you.[10]

The teacher writes down the last sentence on the blackboard, which is a good idea to teach subjunctive mood. And students can accept and digest it easily and quickly, right?

Also, the teacher can organize an interesting story which shows the new grammar point. For instance, when introducing present participle, the teacher can tell the following story:

One cold morning in winter, when I was about to go to school, a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder stopped me, saying, “My pretty boy, has your father a grindstone?” “Yes, sir” said I. “You are a fine little fellow!” said the man, “Will you let me grind my ax?” Hearing the praise, I answered, “Oh, yes, the grindstone is in the big room…”

Pictures can also create the appropriate situation. Since different students have different imagination, students will have different pictures in their mind when the teacher is introducing some abstract grammar phenomenon, which will become the obstacle of language teaching. At this time, pictures, sketches, and diagrams can make abstract concepts concrete and make teaching and learning easy and interesting.

For example, when explaining “while, when and as”, the teacher asks help from the following sketches:

He came back.

She was working.

While (When) she was working, he came back.

He listens to the music.

She works

He often listens to the music as she works.

After teaching the past participle of irregular verbs, the teacher can use a chart as follows to generalize them, which will stimulate students’ ocular organ and be easily remembered.

AAA type ABB type ABA type

cut cut cut sit sat sat come came come

put put put spend spent spent Become became become

To distinguish “have been to” from “have gone to”, the teacher can also use a diagram to make teaching lively and easy.

(1) She has been to Guangxi.

Beijing Guangxi

She is here

(2) She has gone to Guangxi.

Beijing Guangxi

She is here. or she is here.[11]

They are so clear that students can easily understand and remember them.

Simple pictures on the blackboard or on paper are always welcome in the class. For instance, when teaching comparative adjectives, the teacher can also use simple pictures. He or she can draw three persons of different height on the blackboard with yellow, green and red chalks, then name them Tom, Jack, and Mark respectively and introduce, “Tom is tall. Jack is taller than Tom. Mark is taller than Jack. He is the tallest of all”, then repeat them and underline the comparative adjectives to arouse students’ attention. Similarly, the teacher can draw three pencils and use the adjective “long” to describe them. Besides, there are still many other simple pictures that can be adopted to teach comparative adjectives.

When practicing the pattern “be + doing”, the teacher can show the picture of a woman jumping but covering up most of it with another card then ask, “what is she doing?”

Student A: She is walking.

The teacher: Is she walking?

Student B: She is running.

The teacher move down the card so that more can be seen and ask, “Is she running?”

Student C: No, she isn’t, she is jumping![12]

Such an activity not only practices the structure but also develop students’ communicative skill.

If the teacher wants to distinguish “say” from “tell” to the students, he or she can draw a person on the blackboard and writedown “say” beside it. Similarly, the teacher can draw two persons and write “tell” down between them. That is, “say” is an individual action while “tell” usually happens between two persons. Therefore, students can remember their difference firmly for long.

All in all, there are so many things that can create the proper situation. Students will learn and digest the grammar rules if they are placed in a right situation. There are seldom real surroundings for teaching and learning the target language, but lifelike surroundings can be created, where students will feel relaxed and happy in the class. Thus the grammar teaching will be more interesting and effective.

4.6 The task-based method

The task-based teaching methodology is recommended as an effective teaching method by English Curriculum Standards for Secondary Schools, an official document of ELT for Secondary Schools by the Ministry of Education of China. Nunan explains the instructional roles of a task with particular reference to language development. “A piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather than form.”[13]

By the way, pair work and group work are the most common activities in the task-based method. As Hammer says, “pair work allows students to use language and also encourages students’ cooperation which is itself important for the atmosphere of the class and for the motivation it gives to learning with others.”[14] For example, after teaching the pattern “be made of”, the teacher can ask students to do pair work to make a dialogue using the main structure and imitating the dialogue in the text. Thus students will involve in it. They must think about it and discuss with their partners. When they finally finish it, they also practice their speaking at the same time. This way is better than just doing some grammatical exercises.

Compared with pair work, group work seems to be more attractive in a grammatical class. Students in groups could have more persons to discuss with and more talking time, also there could be more ideas and thoughts. It will be exciting, lively and dynamic if the teacher gives a well-designed task. Hammer suggests: “Students will be teaching and learning in the group exhibiting a degree of self-reliance that simply is not possible when the teacher is acting as a controller.”[15]

After introducing the attributive clause, the teacher can ask students to do group work. Generally speaking, there are three to four students in one group. The task is to guess who he or she is or what it is. Firstly, the teacher leads the way, and he or she describes a person or an object. Then the students respond. They will do like this:

T: She is a girl who got three gold medals in the last sports meet.

S1: Wu Yan.

T: Right, now another one, it is a book that can tell you the meaning of new words when you study English.

S2: A dictionary. [16]

Every group tries to think about more sentences and anybody in any group gives the correct answer will acquire a mark. Finally, the group that gets the most marks will be the winner and rewarded. Using this method, students will be motivated, excited, active to take part in it and try their best to gain marks for their group. What’s more, the grammar will be digested subconsciously and gradually.

It is clear that task-based teaching methodology is a useful method. In the process of such activities, the teacher should be lenient and kind to students when they make some mistakes, otherwise, students will lose heart. However, if the mistakes are serious, the teacher can correct them ingeniously and tactfully. If not, then the teacher can ask, “What did he or she say?” and make other students help him or her. In a word, students should be encouraged in the class. Making students confident and relaxed is more important, which is the basis of teaching them knowledge or instructing them.

5. The variety of activities in the class

In the grammatical class, the teacher can also adopt different activities to arouse students’ interest. In other words, the variety of activities in the class is necessary and significant to make grammar teaching vivid and interesting.

5.1 The experimentally demonstrating activity

The experimentally demonstrating activity is also an attractive activity. Students are usually so interested in doing experiments. So some easy and practical experiments in the class must be welcome. For instance, when explaining the difference between present participles and past participles, the teacher can demonstrate the process of boiling water to boiled water. When the water is boiling, the teacher shows it to students. When the temperature changes, the teacher drinks the boiled water and tells students that is boiled water.[17] In such vivid and relaxing atmosphere, students can grasp the difference and the usage subconsciously.

5.2 The movement demonstrating activity

The teacher can also teach grammar by their own movement. For example, when teaching the pattern “be + doing”, the teacher can perform and let students guess. When he performs running, students say, “You are running.” Also, the teacher can ask some student to perform in front of the classroom. Such a way is proved to attract students easily. There are also many other grammar structures that can be taught in this way.

5.3 Using games

It is believed that most students love playing, so using games must be a wonderful idea, and it is worth putting into practice in a grammatical class. When in a game, students have to take individual responsibility for what they think the grammar is about, the teacher is free to find out what students actually know without being the focus of students’ attention and everybody is working at once. With more students’ talk and less the teacher’ talk, the atmosphere in the classroom is relaxing and lively. Students produce free and natural language without teacher’s intervention. Games can be used before presenting a given structure area to find out how much knowledge of the area is already disjointedly present in the group or after a grammar presentation to see how much the group have grasped or as revision of a grammar area. When to use games mainly depends on classroom atmosphere and the topic to be dealt with. For example, after introducing the unreal conditional clauses and having students deduce the rules from the example sentences, the teacher may ask students to play a game called “chain of Events”.

The teacher gives students one “if-clause”: If I went to live in another country…. Then student A completes the sentence by saying: If I went to live in another country, I would live in France.

Student B takes the second part of A’s sentence and reforms it into an if-clause and suggest a further result:B: If I lived in France, I would visit the Louvre.

Then next students carry on such a game in the same way: If I visited the Louvre, I would take a lot of photos. … [18]

The game continues until every student has a chance to speak and practice. Some other games include: coffee-potting, I spy, if it happened, ect.. And these games have proved to be wonderful in a grammatical class.

5.4 Cultural penetration

“Cultural penetration” is another activity that can attract the students’ attention, which means that the cultural knowledge is penetrated in the process of teaching language to make sure it is carried out smoothly. [19] Such a method can also improve grammar teaching. For example, when teaching form subject and form object “it”, the teacher can tell students that the English and Americans attach importance to their formal thoughts, which is different from our Chinese. When introducing the simple past tense, the teacher can use the background of WWI or WWII as the teaching material. With this method, students not only learn something about the wars but also understand the usage of the past tense. So, if students can learn some culture of the target language, grammar teaching will be more effective and interesting than expected.

6. Conclusion

Grammar plays an important role in language learning and teaching. “Grammar teaching holds its own position in foreign language teaching. Whether the effects of grammar teaching are good or bad will affect the whole language teaching.”[20] The significance of grammar teaching is not contradictory to the curricular reform which does not negate grammar teaching but requires teachers to change their ideas to give students more time to practice language and enliven grammar teaching to serve the communicative teaching. In the class, students are regarded as the main role, and the teacher is an organizer, participant, controller, and so on.

So the traditional methods should be reformed, and the communicative approach, situational teaching method, task-based method, etc. should beadopted to improve students’ language ability. Besides, diagrams, pictures, games, objects, and so on, should be enough in classroom teaching to motivate students. In a word, the variety of teaching aids and teaching methods in a class will stimulate the students’ curiosity to make grammar teaching more effective and more interesting.

References

[1]胡春洞. 当代英语教学实用模式(上)[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,,P29-42

[2]同[1] P147-151

[3]王笃勤. 英语教学策略论[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002,P163-166

[4]宋慧文. 如何让英语语法教学生动活泼[J]. 内蒙古电大学刊,2002,4,P49

[5]王 蔷. 英语教学法教程[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,, P63

[6]同[5] P62-63

[7]洪 梅. 交际性英语语法教学初探[J]. 商丘职业技术学院学报,,4, P42

[8]阎春梅. 英语语法教学的交际化[J]. 湖北大学成人教育学院学报,,4, P53

[9]同[1] P31

[10]马福康. 关于当前中学英语语法教学[J]. 外语界,,1,P48

[11]贾冠杰. 外语教育心理学[M]. 南宁:广西教育出版社(第2版),,P83-84

[12]Andrew Wright. Pictures for Language Learning[M]. 天津:南开大学出版,2003,P21

[13]张庆宗. 英语教学法[M]. 长沙:湖南人民出版社,,P243

[14]曾宪红. Improving Grammar Teaching In Chinese EFL Class[J].郴州师专学报,1994,1,P15

[15]同[14] P15

[16]麻昌全. 运用任务设计教学定语从句[J]. 中学外语教与学,2005,5,P37

[17]同[14] P15-16

[18]沈 瑛. 新课程中语法教学的定位及其策略[J]. 中小学外语教学, 2004,8,P3

[19]胡文仲, 高一虹. 外语教学与文化[M]. 湖南:湖南教育出版社,2003,P20

[20]H. H. Stern. Issues and Options in Language Teaching[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999,P127-128

篇11:趣味性教学初中物理论文

趣味性教学初中物理论文

一、提高教学感染力,增强初中物理教学的趣味性

在物理教学过程中,教师应该在课堂上积极开展实验教学,这样能够有效地调动学生对于物理的学习趣味性。对于初中生来说,他们都受到了传统枯燥教学模式的影响,学生对于口述的教学形式完全失去了兴趣,对于物理实验教学仍存在着很多的好奇心和新鲜感。因此,在物理教学过程中教师可以积极开展物理实验教学,这样才能够增强课堂教学的吸引力,提高物理课堂教学趣味性。例如,在课堂教学开始的时候,教师可以先进行一个物理小实验,这样利用实验的吸引力来增加学生的关注度,然后教师再增加课堂知识的引入,通过这样的课堂知识导入不仅能够吸引学生的目光,使学生积极地投入到学习中去,同时还会使学生对物理充满兴趣,让学生对物理充满好奇,有利于学习效率的提高。然而,在传统的教学过程中教师也会偶尔进行物理实验,但是这些实验都是进行验证形式的实验,教师应该将实验变成探索性的教学,这样对于学生来说更加有吸引力,还能够体现实验的不确定性,使学生在实验过程中能够积极思考和探索,自己寻找问题的答案,从而有利于学生探究性的培养。同时,教师还应该给学生自己动手实验的机会和空间。在传统的实验过程中都是教师进行操作,学生在旁边观看。通过让学生自己动手实验能够让学生自己体会实验的真实性,让学生更加了解物理的实验实质,这样不仅能够提高学生的学习兴趣,还能够增强学生的动手操作能力,提高学生的个性化。

二、充分发掘教材的趣味性,提高物理教材对学生的吸引力

1.利用物理历史趣闻,提高学生学习的趣味性

在初中物理教学过程中,教师应该善于发掘教材,教师可以在教材中增加故事的因素,这样能够让学生对于教材更加具有兴趣和依赖感,从而提高教学效率。对于初中生来说他们对于一些比较情节化的内容都比较有吸引力,将其与教材结合不仅能够迎合学生的思维,还能够充分调动学生的物理学习热情,提高对教材的关注度。教师利用物理历史趣闻进行教学,就是在教学过程中植入一些名人趣事或者是与教材内容相关的物理故事,通过故事的导入引出教学内容,提高兴趣,还可以教育学生向那些著名的物理学家学习,渗透敢于创新、求真务实的精神,从而增加学生对于物理的学习决心,认真对待物理的`学习。

2.巧妙运用多媒体,提高物理教学的趣味性

在传统的物理教学过程中,教师都是进行满堂灌的教学模式,教师在课堂上进行口述教学,学生在下面被动地听课,这样的教学使学生和教师之间缺少互动,教学课堂死气沉沉。学生在面对这样的物理课堂时不仅难以产生兴趣,还会使学生对于物理课程的学习产生厌倦情绪,甚至出现抵触学习的心理。因此,在初中物理教学过程中教师应该改变传统的教学模式,在课堂上引入多媒体教学,通过多媒体将物理知识以趣味性的图片、文字或者是动画的形式展示给学生,这样不仅能够使学生的物理学习兴趣迸发出来,还会给教师的教学减轻压力。对于初中生来说,他们正处于青春时期,这个时期的学生叛逆心理特别强,如果教师的讲课方式枯燥无味,缺少创新,学生就会对这样的教学课堂产生反感的情绪。因此,在新课程理念下教师更应该注重学生物理兴趣的培养,提高教学效率,从而培养新一代的高质量人才。

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