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代词的指代问题

时间：2022年12月11日

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以下是小编整理的代词的指代问题，本文共10篇，欢迎阅读分享。本文原稿由网友“一条德牧”提供。

篇1：代词的指代问题

代词的指代问题

1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?

2）动物名词的.指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。

篇2：考研英语语法之代词及其指代一致

考研英语语法之代词及其指代一致

代词的指代

1.that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2.one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

答案为[C]

3.do的替代作用。

do代替动词，注意数和时态的.变化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.

二.代词指代一致问题

代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

这里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

这里me必须用宾格形式。

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：

1.邻近和靠近原则

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2.当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3.当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family

4.由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数

如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

() ■

篇3：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。具体请看下文!

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。

那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类，人称代词

人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

第二类，指示代词

指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。

例如：

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older， these claws are used mainly as weapons。”

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

该题中的these一定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。

第三类，关系代词

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由“， which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。

例如：

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。”

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类，不定代词

主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。

例如：

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应该是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应该是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。

需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。

托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤

一、问题形式

被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解题步骤

1. 根据解题技巧确定答案

2. 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路

1. 主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。

新托福阅读背景知识：植物适应沙漠

Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)

Cactus adaptations.

The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.

As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.

If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.

Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.

If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.

The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.

The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.

Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.

Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.

As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.

Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).

The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.

篇4：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

第一类，人称代词

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

第二类，指示代词

例如：

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

第三类，关系代词

例如：

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类，不定代词

例如：

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

托福阅读真题原题+题目

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.

Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.

Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.

Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance

(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center

(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because

(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets

(B) the High Street Market was forced to close

(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tradition

(B) association

(D) region

4. The word it in line 6 refers to

(A) the crowded city

(B) a radius

(D) the period

5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) returned

(B) started

(D) continued

6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held

(A) on the same day as market says

(B) as often as possible

(D) whenever the government allowed it

7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that

(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell

(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia

(D) could easily be transported

8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) eliminate

(B) exploit

(D) operate

9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants' side ?

(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.

(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.

(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.

10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) requesting

(B) experiencing

(D) including

托福阅读背景知识汇总之达达派

达达派(Dada)

第一次世界大战后, 达达派(Dada)由瑞士向欧洲蔓延了出来. 当时的环境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他还有立体派, 表现派, 未来派等画派在欧洲盘据地盘, 但每一个都逃不出达达派的批判. 因为达达派如表现派般厌恶战争而厌恶过去, 但程度上比未来派还要激进. 他们大胆的摧毁一切旧有的传统, 而采取无理性的表现方式. 达达派的表现方式着重在天然形成与自由涂写. 他们喜欢用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成为一个新的艺术. 例如, 把色纸剪成块状(有一点儿像野兽派大师马蒂斯后期的表现方法)然后让他们自由飘散在地上, 而取得灵感. 达达派的文学家把报纸的字母写下, 然后抖动他们再依字母的自然排列成了一首新诗(这又有点像台湾的乩童在上身后鬼画符一番, 之后再由旁人解说). 所以达达派的创作是象征的且无定形的呈现(因为他们也不知道抖完后会成什么样子). 我想达达派最大的成就, 应该是让当时的人有完全逆向思考的机会. 大战结束后, 德国, 法国, 甚至隔海的美国都有不少人从事此风格的创作.

篇5：托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

第一类，人称代词

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。”

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

第二类，指示代词

例如：

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

第三类，关系代词

例如：

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类，不定代词

例如：

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

托福背景阅读：风靡美国的煎饼

Jian bing, a form of grilled savory crepe with stuffing, is a popular dish in North China. The mung-bean-and-millet crepe is often made on a well-heated pan. Freshly scrambled egg, pickled vegetables, scallions, cilantro, black bean paste, chili sauce and a crispy fried crackers (the secret that adds a crunch to the crepe) are added on the crepe and rolled up. Often sold by street vendors, Jian bing is a popular choice for breakfast for on-the-go commuters.

煎饼，是一种包有内馅儿的咸味煎薄饼，它在中国北方广受欢迎。在烧得滚热的案板上，摊开绿豆和小米面糊烙成面饼，在面饼上打一个鸡蛋，撒上泡菜、大葱、香菜，涂上豆瓣酱、辣椒酱，然后放上一块薄脆(让煎饼酥脆的秘密)，再卷起来。煎饼通常是大街小巷的小贩在卖，它是许多赶着上班的通勤族爱的早餐。

Alisa Grandy, the owner of Bing Mi!, fell in love with the snack when she returned to Portland from her trip in China.

艾丽莎?格兰迪是Bing Mi的店主，在她从中国旅游回到波特兰以后，她对煎饼的爱就一发不可收拾。

“When she got back from China, that's all she would talk about,” says her husband Neal. Grandy spent months perfecting the right mix of ingredients to recreate the exact taste she enjoyed in China. Six months later, the couple opened a store. Business is good, as they've already got two crepe-makers on back order.

她的丈夫尼尔称“自打她从中国回来以后，她成天都在谈论煎饼”。后来格兰迪花了好几个月，专门研究煎饼的原料和配方，以复制她在中国尝过的那种味道。六个月后，夫妇俩开了家店。生意非常红火，两个煎饼师傅都忙不过来。

Bing Mi! sells a piece of jian bing for $6. In fact, it is the only item that they sell. According to Grandy's husband, Chinese customers nostalgic for the taste of home have given their compliments.

Bing Mi!的煎饼每个售价6美元。事实上，他们只卖煎饼。格兰迪的丈夫称，因思乡而来品尝故乡味道的中国顾客称赞了他们做的煎饼。

托福阅读：阅读词汇的认识误区

首先，托福阅读确实是需要六级以上的词汇量才能得到相对较高的分数。为什么?

第一是因为托福阅读中有一种题目叫做词汇题，词汇题是这样的一种题：你认识这个单词就肯定能做对，而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断，耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果，所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上说，每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀)，可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了，就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数，还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇，也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见，单词的水平要达到6级以上，这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。

第二是阅读速度的问题。对于中国考生，托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用，读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章，而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!

托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假，但绝非很难很专的词汇。

第一是托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的，原因是这样：托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识，因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的，而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。

第二是托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的，因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试，又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现，但根本不是考察的内容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。举个例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词，你只要认识了whales，dolphins，mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物，而且是哺乳动物，这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal，whale，dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇，而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型，把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。

篇6：it是什么代词

(1) it用作人称代词

it用作人称代词，一般指未知或不明身份的.人。

例句：Who is it in the room? Open the door!

谁在房间里啊？把门打开！

(2) it用作指示代词

作指示代词时，it的用法相当于this或that。有时候it并不特指某件具体的事物，而是代表前面提到的、或者即将提到的某件事情。

例1：She said it was a very popular film, but I don't like it.

她说那是一部非常流行的电影，但我却不喜欢（它）。

例2：She does not really treat me as a family member, and it has hurts me badly.

她并没有把我当家人看待。这就让我很受伤。

(3) it作非人称代词

代词it还可以用来指代时间、距离、价值、天气、温度、环境等无生命的抽象事物，无阴阳之分。

例1：—What time is it by your watch? 你的表到几点了？

—It is 9:39 9点39。

例2：It is really quiet in the woods.

小树林里真安静。

篇7：托福阅读指代类问题4种解答基本思路

托福阅读指代类问题4种解答基本思路分享

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。

3.平行结构中的指代

平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

The word others in the passage refers to

A. chambers

B. paintings

C. beasts

D. parades

原文包含平行结构some…others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。

4. 所有格的指代

所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，

Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

The word “their” in line 1 refers to

A. folk

B. nations

C. countries

D. objects

根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此D为正确答案。

托福考试阅读技巧列举题解析

托福考试阅读中的列举题主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。所以，ETS也这类题型称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出题形式为：

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?

The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?

一、列举题两大分类：集中列举和分散列举

1. 集中列举

集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开;三个短语连续出现;三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举题，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如，

They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?

(A) To hold food.

(B) To wash clothes.

(D) To transport objects.

这里，我们先看题干，问的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的。看完这个题目之后我们回到原文：They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出来了。A，C答案可以直接在原文中找到，D答案是对原文内容的改写。

2. 分散列举

分散列举，顾名思义，就是说各项出现的位置比较的分散，可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，我们同样需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文逐个进行比较，采用排除法，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。解答这类题目需要注意文章每个段落的首尾句。

二、解答列举题的三大步骤：

1. 看题干找关键词：

如果问题中线索，即，有和原文相同词语，我们称之为关键词，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。一般来说，IBT阅读考试题目的顺寻和原文章的顺序相同。

2. 阅读四个选项：

如果题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。

3. 排除与原文相符的选项：

将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。

总之，列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。

托福考试阅读技巧句意解释题解析

句意解释题也有人称其为“变换措辞题”，也就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话，保留其内容，而不改变原来句子的意思。在IBT阅读的三篇文章中，每篇文章可能有0-1道这样的题目，每次考试总共有2到3题。

这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

解决这类题目的三种方法：

第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。

下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：

Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.

I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.

Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.

Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.

解题：

首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。

总之，这类题目的解决步骤就是分析句子结构，找出关键词语----找出其中的重要词组进行同义替换----结合整个句子的意思进行重新组织句子------采用排除法找出正确答案。

既耗时又难定位的托福阅读排除题到底怎么破?

本种题型给考生的感觉是：1. 阅读量大;2. 缺乏“安全感”。何为缺乏“安全感”?就是没有对应的答案句，困难之处在于考生无法确定：到底读到什么地方才是关于该话题的完结，才能回选项排除。所以该题型既耗时，又难定位。

那么为解这类题型，需要先了解排除题的窍。

首先明确解题步骤：

一、阅读题目，选择定位词

二、回文章扫读粗定位，找到信息起始点

三、阅读选项，选择定位词，

四、回文章信息起始点开始，细定位

五、排除文章提及的真实内容，选出答案

这样的解题步骤我们稍后解释，在解题过程当中，题目选择定位词，回文章扫读定位都是解事实信息题的方法，而在排除题时策略有所调整。在解题过程当中，同时要注意：寻找选项的方向。第三步读选项时，可额外留心关注四个选项的陈述方向，预先质疑在内容风格上和其他三项不一致的项。

OG例题：“The United States in the 1800’s was full of practical, hardworking people who did not consider the arts—from theater to painting—useful occupations. In addition, the public’s attitude that European art was better than American art both discouraged and infuriated American artists. In the early 1900’s there was a strong feeling among artists that the United States was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions Everybody agreed that the heart and soul of the new country should be reflected in its art. But opinions differed about what this art would be like and how it would develop.”

According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of American art in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s EXCEPT:

A. Most Americans thought art was unimportant.

B. American art generally copied European styles and traditions.

C. Most Americans considered American art inferior to European art.

D. American art was very popular with European audiences.

选项A：大多数美国人认为艺术不重要;

选项B：美国艺术普遍抄袭后轴风格和传统;

选项C：大多数美国人认为美国艺术次于欧洲艺术;

选项D：美国艺术在欧洲观众中非常受欢迎。

在阅读四个选项时可以感觉到A、B、C的内容在讲美国艺术不重要、不好、抄袭和等级较次，而D项说美国艺术受欢迎。

我们当然不能就此匆忙判断为错误，但要思考：关于该话题一般有一个统一的观点，除非中间进行转折才会有态度的转变，那么读文章时主要抓本段主题，并且寻找是否有转折内容。

主题句中说“美国充满了实际的、勤恳工作的人，他们不认为艺术是有用的职业”，接下来为递进词汇，加强前一句观点，快速扫读文中标志词，仅最后出现转折but但讲述的是人们对于如何发展艺术产生分歧，不是对于艺术态度的讨论了。所以整段陈述的态度为：美国人不认为艺术有用，则可选出D项。

篇8：托福写作：如何避免写作当中的指代不明问题

托福写作：如何避免写作当中的指代不明问题

在英语当中，代词是用来代替名词或者一个句子的词。代词可以在一定程度上让英语的表达变得简介。我们在写作时会自然而然使用一些代词。可是许多同学意识不到，自己在使用代词的时候，已经犯了一种“指代不明”错误。

指代不明，顾名思义，就是作者在使用代词时产生了歧义，导致读者无法确认该代词指代的到底是什么内容，进而误导了读者对文章的理解。美国人对于学术类文章(包括托福等标准化考试的文章)的一大要求就是要具体而细致，并且我们可以看到ETS官方指南在写作部分的评分标准当中，也多次提到了“vague”“obscure”等词，说明会使文章模棱两可的“指代不明”必然影响了作文的分数。那么该如何避免在写作中出现指代不明的问题呢?

首先，我们来看一个指代不明的具体案例，让大家明确什么叫做指代不明。

题目出自TPO33的综合写作。其中阅读材料指出，研究人员在苏格兰地区发现了一些上有雕刻的古代石球，并提出了三种石球可能的用途。其中第二种提到石球可能是用于作为计量重量的物品。而听力文章则指出，这些石球虽然大小一致，但因为材质不同而导致质量不同，不可能作为统一的计量单位。以下是一位同学练习时所写的TPO33套综合写作的一篇作答文章节选：

The speaker then goes on to oppose the second point of the reading material, which the stoneballs are used as a system of measure. They use the stone balls to know the weight of the things. They have this viewpoint because of the stone balls are the same size at 70mm in diameter. According to the lecture, although they have the same size,their weights are different and made of different type of stone. The ball could not have been used as a primitive weighting system.

暂且忽略这位同学其他的语病，我们能够看出其实他已经基本掌握了阅读和听力部分的要点。但是这段作答读下来仍然非常吃力、不便理解，一大原因就是代词使用不当，使得文章出现了诸多歧义。我将这位同学在这段话中使用的其中四个代词用不同颜色表示。在我批改这段文字的过程中很难判断这四个they(their)分别指代的是什么内容。通过向这位同学求证，我得知他的本意：红色they指的是古代创造并使用石球的人;蓝色they指的是发现石球的研究人员;绿色的they/their指的则是石球。这短短三句话中出现了指代三种不同人/物的同一个单词，其中没有任何过渡或段落分割，想必除了原作者本人，世界上很难有第二个人能理解它们分别代替的是什么内容了吧(事实是这位同学也是懵X了不少时间才反应过来自己想指代的是谁……)。自然，如果这是一篇实考作文，ETS评分人员肯定会因为这个指代不明的问题扣这位同学的分数。

好了，当我们已经明白什么叫做指代不明，那么该如何避免犯错呢?其实步骤也很简单：

1.写作时要明确自己想要用代词指代的内容到底是什么;

2.确认这个内容在之前一句或本句话当中存在;

3.确认上下文中没有可能造成歧义的混淆项;

4.如果有违背了以上几条的情况，请乖乖用原本的名词/短语/句子来表达所指内容。

再次提醒，如果想用代词所指的内容是在之前相隔若干句出现的，或者所指内容周围有其他单复数一致的混淆项目(例如：Look at the boys and girls! How happy they are!中，不能用they单独指代boys或girls，因为boys和girls互为混淆项)，请不要嫌麻烦，乖乖使用具体的名词/短语/句子来描述本来想用代词所指的内容。若担心出现重复的问题，可以换一些说法。

现在我们把之前那段含有指代不明问题的段落重新措辞(其中最后一个their可以保留，因为之前该句话中已经出现了它所要指代的the stone balls，不会产生歧义)：

The speaker then goes on to oppose the second point of the reading material, which the stone balls are used as a system of measure. The ancient people usethe stone balls to know the weight of the things. The researchers have this viewpoint because of the stone balls are the same size at 70mm indiameter. According to the lecture, although the stoneballs have the same size, their weights are different and made of different type of stone. The ball could not have beenused as a primitive weighting system.

虽然其余语病还保留，但现在再看这段话，应该在大意上已经能够理解作者的表达了，不会像之前出现让人头晕眼花的歧义。

另外要说明的是，解决指代不明的问题不仅仅要靠小心，也要依靠熟练的语感来自动避开或纠正。因此，平时多读、多听、多说、多写、多多暴露在英语的使用环境下，也是很重要的提分途径。这是一个很漫长的积累过程，大家一定要坚持下去!Remember, practice makes perfect!

托福写作：如何写一个topic sentence(主题句)?

所谓托福写作主题句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句)，就是独立写作主体段中统领全文的那个句子，也就是表述在独立写作头脑风暴和谋篇布局时候想到的“主要理由”或者“论点”的那个句子。通常一篇托福独立写作有三个主题句。

例如在题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”，选择agree，三个主题句可以是：

The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one’s ability

Another reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.

A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.

在托福写作中，三个主题句可以说是作文中最重要的一组句子，因为主题句对段落起到“提纲挈领”的作用，同时对整篇文章的结构清晰度和文章逻辑性也至关重要。

如何将这个理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表达出来就是本文讨论的话题。

首先，每段主题句通常都位于段首，紧跟于“first, second, third”这些“信号词”之后。除此之外还需要注意以下几点。

丨简明扼要

主题句需要让读者看到之后能够快速、准确地把握本段的主要内容。这要求我们在写主题句的时候，一方面内容要简单，另一方面用语要凝练。

先来看一个反面例子：

“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”

这个主题句涵盖的内容太多，读完这个句子，读者根本不明白本段是要陈述电视节目蓬勃发展(increasingly prosperous program), 要强调电视是最强力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),还是要论证电视不可被忽视(difficult to ignore)，这就是一个典型的内容太复杂的主题句。

再看一个反例:

“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”

这个句子也有两个论点：表示尊重(show a sense of respect)，扩大社交(make more friends),同样也使读者不能抓住本段的主要内容。

如何避免这种错误，使主题句内容简单呢?很简单，首先做到每个主题句有且只有一个论点。论点就是指我们头脑风暴时候想到的那些“key words”，比如健康，安全，情感等等，每段写一个，不要把健康和安全放在同一个段落，也不要把情感和成功放在同一个段落。

例如上面第二个例子，我们只需要删去一个论点，就可以变得非常简洁：

“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”这是一个简洁的主题句，只有扩大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)这一个论点。

论点唯一还不一定能完全做到简洁，来看另一个反例：

“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child’s health.”

这句话虽然只有一个论点，可是用语太繁杂，让人头晕。主题句的语法不建议太复杂，建议大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀，在主题句，只要写一些简单句，例如：“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child’shealth.”就行了。

丨不是陈述事实

来看下面两个句子：

A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”

B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child’s health.”

哪一个是好的主题句呢?

答案是B。

因为A句的内容是一个“纯粹的事实”，而B句则是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact)，换言之，A句可以作为B句的例子，但B句不能作为A句的例子。

陈述事实的句子是不能作为主题句的，事实是不言自明的。不言自明，也就不需要后面的文字来“论证”了。主题句需要写“a sentence that you could give examples for”，而不能写一个 “example”。

来练习判断下面几组句子中哪一个可以做主题句呢?

A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”

B：“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child’s regular studies.”

A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”

B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”

A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”

B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people’s need to nurture\"

(答案：三组都是B句较好)

丨使用高级词汇

很多同学要问，如果主题句中不建议使用复杂句型，又不能出现多层结构，那如何显示自己的语言功力呢?要知道我们展示语言能力的地方并非只有复杂的句型，丰富和精准的词汇使用，同样可以展示英语的专业程度。比如

“First, go to museums can teach people different kinds of knowledge”

→ “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”

想想看，如果原本句子中只会写“good”之处，替换为“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等词汇，效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出现“important”的地方，改写为“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital，a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”会不会增加可读性呢?

在平时的阅读中，注意积累一些“高级词汇”，准确掌握词义，并且刻意练习使用这些词汇，逐渐就会取得不错的托福写作成绩。

升级!9种花样句型，搞定托福高分写作!

1.定语从句

写作中最常用的句型之一，可以将两个简单句轻松地连接成一个漂亮的复杂句。

例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句。

Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence,superstition, and sex.

→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.

2. 状语从句

写作中常用的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。

【原因状语从句】

常由because, as, since和for引导。

Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.

尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处。

【让步状语从句】

常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导。

Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

【条件状语从句】

常由if, on the condition that和providing that引导。

Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.

假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。

【时间状语从句】

常由when和while引导。

Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

【目的状语从句】

常由so that和in order that引导。

Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

3. 宾语从句

Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.

一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。

Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitableresult and there is no way to avoid it.

许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

4. 同位语从句

Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.

环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。

Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

5. 主语从句

Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.

值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。

Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole.

众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。

6. 强调句

句式：It is + 被强调的内容 + that

Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.

汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。

7. 被动语态

Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.

人们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。

8. 分词结构

包括现在分词和过去分词。

Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.

旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要来源，在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作用。

Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spittingdeliberately.

具体来说，政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾、随地吐痰的人进行严惩。

9. 插入语

一种独立成分，与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系，大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，位置较为灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。

Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.

电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。

Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.

大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。

这些就是托福写作的一些小技巧啦，你学到了吗?